CE 68: Structural Design I

(Reinforced Concrete Design)

Course Project Report

Design of 4-Storey
Reinforced Concrete
Commercial Building

Department of Civil Engineering

College of Engineering
Central Mindanao University
Authors:
Joyzelle Ann C. Janiola
Lecturer:
Ronel B. Ebron
Engr. Richard J. Aquino
Joseph Christer A. Guzman
Mario P. Jumawan Jr.
Braff Wynne Y. Natinga
13 March 2015

Certification
This is to certify that part or parts of our work was not copied from somebody else work. A proper and full referencing was included for all ideas
including plans, drawings, pictures and diagrams taken from the internet
and other sources.
For the materials which is quoted essentially word-for-word is given in quotation marks and referenced.

Signed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Date . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Signed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Date . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Signed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Date . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Signed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Date . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Signed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Date . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Executive Summary
The reinforced concrete structure analyzed is located at T.N. Pepito
St., Poblacion, Valencia City. It is a four-storey building which is fifteen meters high. It is a reinforced concrete structure with commercial
and office spaces at the ground floor and a hotel from the second floor
up to the third floor. The building has five bays at its longest side and
two bays at its shortest side. To improve the safety of the building,
metal escape routes are installed in the right side of the building.
The analysis of the building focuses only on Frame 2 shown in
Figure 4.11 in Chapter V. The loads applied in the frame where individually calculated. These loads were then input on the software
GRASP (Graphical Rapid Analysis of Structures Program). Different
load combinations are used to determine which load combination can
produce the maximum effect in terms of moment, shear force and axial
force.
To simplify the analysis and design, several design aids were used.
One of which is the interaction diagram for columns shown in Figure
A.3 and Figure A.4. Spreadsheets were also used in the design and
analysis of the structural members. The design of the structural members were based on the computed loads. Beam dimension were found to
be 500mm x 280 mm, 480mm x 280m and 450mm x 250mm for beam
A and B, beam C, and beam D, respectively. Column sections were
also determined: 450mm x 400mm for column 1; 400mm x 300mm for
column 2; 400mm x 350mm for column 3; and 400mm x 300mm for
column 4.
For the slabs, analysis and design were done according to the provisions provided by NSCP. In addition, slabs used in the structure were
assumed to be one-way slabs. The slabs is 130mm thick and uses 912mm diameter bars. Footing 1 has a dimension of 2.0 m x 2.0 m
and utilizes 15-16 mm diameter bars. Footing 2 has a dimension of
1.7m x 1.7 m and uses 13-16 mm diameter bars. For a more detailed
discussion of the result refer to Chapter V of the book.

Contents
1 Project Background
1.1 Project Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2 Objectives of the Study . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3 Scope and Limitation . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4 Project Outline/Workflow . . . . . . . . . .
1.4.1 Conceptualizing . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4.2 Considering the Design Standards .
1.4.3 Computing the Structural Loads . .
1.4.4 Design of Structural Members . . . .
1.4.5 Checking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4.6 Construction of the Written Report

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11
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2 Reinforced Concrete Materials

2.1 Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1.1 Main ingredients of concrete . . . . . .
2.1.1.1 Portland Cement . . . . . . .
2.1.1.2 Coarse and Fine Aggregates
2.1.1.3 Water . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1.1.4 Admixtures . . . . . . . . . .
2.1.2 Compressive strength . . . . . . . . .
2.1.3 Tensile strength . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1.4 Stress-strain curve . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1.5 Modulus of elasticity . . . . . . . . . .
2.1.6 Creep and shrinkage . . . . . . . . . .
2.1.7 Quality control . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2 Deformed Steel Bars . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.1 Philippine standard bars . . . . . . . .
2.2.2 Stress-strain diagram . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.3 Yield strength . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.4 Modulus of elasticity . . . . . . . . . .

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3 Design Methods
3.1 Strength Design Method (SDM) . . . . .
3.1.1 Description of SDM . . . . . . . .
3.1.2 NSCP Design Assumptions . . . .
3.1.3 Loads and Load Combinations . .
3.1.4 NSCP Safety Provisions . . . . . .
3.2 Structural Analysis and Design . . . . . .
3.2.1 Structural Analysis Methods . . .
3.2.1.1 Classical Methods . . . .
3.2.1.2 NSCP Moment and Shear
3.2.1.3 Computer Programs . . .
3.2.2 Structural Design Procedures . . .
3.2.2.1 Design of Beams . . . . .
3.2.2.2 Design of Slabs . . . . . .
3.2.2.3 Design of Columns . . . .
3.2.2.4 Design of Footings . . . .

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Coefficient
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22
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30

4 Plans and Specifications

4.1 Architectural Drawings . . .
4.1.1 Perspective . . . . .
4.1.2 Floor plans . . . . .
4.1.3 Cross-sections . . . .
4.1.4 Elevations . . . . . .
4.2 Structural Drawings . . . .
4.2.1 Frames . . . . . . .
4.2.2 Foundation plan . .
4.2.3 Floor framing plans
4.2.4 Floor slab plans . .

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32
32
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43
43
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43
43

5 Results and Discussion

5.1 Structural Analysis and Design Assumptions
5.2 Computed Design Loads . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2.1 Dead load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2.2 Live load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2.3 Wind load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2.4 Earthquake load . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2.5 Factored loads and Load combinations
5.3 Structural Analysis Results . . . . . . . . . .
5.3.1 Design Envelope . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.4 Structural Design Results . . . . . . . . . . .
5.4.1 Beam sizes, bars, stirrups, sketches . .
5.4.2 Column sizes, bars, ties, sketches . . .
5.4.3 Slab sizes, bars, sketches . . . . . . . .
5.4.4 Footing sizes, bars, sketches . . . . . .

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54
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72

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6 Conclusion and Recommendations

75
6.1 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
6.2 Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
A Design aids
77
A.1 Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
A.2 Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
B Structural analysis

83

C Design Computations

96

References

116

List of Figures
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5

Main Ingredients of Concrete, adapted from several sources.

[23], [27], [25], [26], [24] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Stress-Strain Curve of Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Creep Diagram, adapted from www.lh3.ggpht.com . . . . . .
Identifying Marks on Rebars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Stress-Strain Curve of Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14
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17
20
21

4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.10
4.11
4.12
4.13
4.14
4.15
4.16
4.17
4.18
4.19

Perspective View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
First Floor Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Second Floor Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Third Floor Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Roof Deck Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Section Thru A-A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Front Elevation(Left) and Rear Elevation(Right)
Right Elevation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Left Elevation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Building Framing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Frame 1 and 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Frame 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Frame A, B and C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Frame D and E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Frame F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Foundation Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Second Floor Framing Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Third Floor Framing Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Rooof Deck Framing Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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34
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53

5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7

Design Envelope for Moment . .

Design Envelope for Shear . . . .
Design Envelope for Axial Loads
Beam Schedule . . . . . . . . . .
Column Schedule . . . . . . . . .
Slab Schedule . . . . . . . . . . .
Slab Detail . . . . . . . . . . . .

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62
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67
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71
71

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5.8
5.9

Sketch of Footing 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sketch of Footing 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

73
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A.1 Minimum Design Densities, adapted from NSCP Table 204-1,

p 2-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A.2 Minimum Design Dead Loads, adapted from NSCP Table
204-2, p 2-8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A.3 Interaction Diagram adapted from Nilson et.al,. . . . . . . . .
A.4 Interaction Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

79
81
82

B.1
B.2
B.3
B.4
B.5
B.6

Structural Analysis .
Strtuctural Analysis
Structural Analysis .
Structural Analysis .
Structural Analysis .
Structural Analysis .

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90
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94
95

C.1
C.2
C.3
C.4

Interation Diagram for Column 1 .

Interaction Diagram for Column 2
Interaction Diagram for Column 3
Interaction Diagram for Column 4

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103
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112

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78

List of Tables
2.1
2.2

Steel Reinforcement Information: Philippine Standard . . . .

Steel Reinforcement Information: ASTM . . . . . . . . . . . .

19
19

3.1

Minimum Thickness of One-Way Slabs . . . . . . . . . . . . .

29

5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
5.10
5.11
5.12
5.13

Dead Load . . . . . . . . . . . .
Live Load . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wind Load . . . . . . . . . . . .
Seismic Loads . . . . . . . . . . .
Maximum Moment for Beams . .
Maximum Shear for Beams . . .
Maximum Moment for Columns .
Maximum Shear for Columns . .
Maximum Axial LOad . . . . . .
Beam Design . . . . . . . . . . .
Column Schedule . . . . . . . . .
SLAB DESIGN . . . . . . . . . .
Footing Schedule . . . . . . . . .

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58
59
59
60
60
60
60
66
68
70
72

A.1 Design Aid for Wind Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

A.2 Design Aid for Seismic Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

77
80

B.1
B.2
B.3
B.4
B.5
B.6

Wind Load Analysis

Wind Load Analysis
Seismic Load . . . .
Seismic Load . . . .
Seismic Load . . . .
Seismic Load . . . .

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C.1
C.2
C.3
C.4
C.5
C.6

Design
Design
Design
Design
Design
Design

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of
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Beam A
Beam B
Beam C
Beam D
Column .
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C.7
C.8
C.9
C.10
C.11
C.12
C.13
C.14
C.15

Design oc Column 2
Design of Column 2
Design of Column 3
Design of Column 3
Design of Column 4
Design of Column 2
design of Footing 1 .
Design of Footing 2 .
Design of Slab . . . .

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104
105
107
108
110
111
113
114
115

Acknowledgements
The authors would like to express their sincere appreciation to all
the generous persons who have helped them from the start, those who
are always at their side in all hardships and sacrifices, those people who
are always with them through thick and thin, those who have accepted
and loved them for who they are, and for those persons who never left
them through all the obstacles in life.
To Engr. Richard J. Aquino, for his intellectual contributions, encouragement, guidance, understanding, helpful criticism, and time in
answering the authors query when they are in doubt.
To their classmates and friends who were never tired of giving them
warm friendship, encouragement and cherished memories, and many
others who had been an inspiration to the authors.
To their families, who were always on their back, who supported
them with all they can emotionally, physically, spiritually, morally, and
financially, who always enfold them with care, understanding, patience,
and an unconditional love.
And above all, to the Almighty God in Heaven, for all the guidance
and blessings that He has showered the authors all the way.

10

Chapter 1

Project Background
1.1

Project Description

Structural design is the methodical investigation of the stability, strength

and rigidity of structures. The basic objective in structural analysis and design is to produce a structure capable of resisting all applied loads without
failure during its intended life. The primary purpose of a structure is to
transmit or support loads. If the structure is improperly designed or fabricated, or if the actual applied loads exceed the design specifications, the device will probably fail to perform its intended function, with possible serious
consequences. A well engineered structure greatly minimizes the possibility
of costly failures.

1.2

Objectives of the Study

The activity generally aims to evaluate a reinforced concrete commercial

building. Specifically it aims to fulfill the following objectives:
1. Compute all the loads acting on the structure. This loads include the
dead load, live load, wind load and earthquake load.
2. Analyse and design the structural members ie., beams, columns, slab,
and footing according to the computed loads.
3. Determine whether the building is properly designed.

1.3

Scope and Limitation

The project aims to analyse a reinforced concrete structure.

1. The project is only limited in the analysis and design of one way slabs.

11

2. Environmental loads except wind loads and seismic loads are excluded
in the design.
3. The project is also limited to the analysis of Frame 2.

1.4

Project Outline/Workflow

1.4.1

Conceptualizing

The building plan was first obtained from the city engineers office of
Valencia. The work was then divided among the members of the group.

1.4.2

Considering the Design Standards

The design standards used in analysis was referred to the National Structural Code of the Philippines, 2010, Sixth Edition

1.4.3

Computing the Structural Loads

The structural loads (i.e., dead load, live load, seismic load, wind load)
were computed with the aid of spreadsheet. The factors and the minimum design dead loads were referred to the National Structural Code of
the Philippines, 2010, Sixth Edition. The computed structural loads were
then used in the analysis. sstructural analysis was then done with the aid
of GRASP.

1.4.4

Design of Structural Members

The design of structural members were done with aid of spreadsheet

1.4.5

Checking

To verify the results acquired in the previous step, the shear and moment
capacity of each structural members were taken. For the design to be accepted the design strength must be larger than the factored loads, (Mn )
Factored loads.

1.4.6

Construction of the Written Report

The written report will be created using LATEX. The format used was
the one the instructor provided.

12

Chapter 2

Reinforced Concrete Materials

Reinforced concrete is the combination of concrete and steel wherein the
steel reinforcement provides the tensile strength lacking in concrete (McCormac and Brown, 2013).
Nowadays, reinforced concrete is one of the most widely used construction material. This is because it is economical, has a considerable compressive strength, a low-maintenance material, great resistance to fire a and
water, and compared to other construction materials, it has a very long service life.

2.1

Concrete

According to McCormac and Brown (2013), concrete is a mixture of

sand, gravel, crushed rock, or other aggregates held together in a rocklike
mass with a paste and cement. For Badea and Iures (1988), concrete is an
artificial stone which is obtained after hardening the homogenous mixtures
of cement, water, aggregates and sometime admixture and/or additive to
modify the fresh and hardened concrete property.

2.1.1

Main ingredients of concrete

Concrete is basically made of aggregates, cement and water. Sometimes,

admixtures are added to modify the property of the concrete. Figure 2.1
shows the main ingredients of concrete.

13

Figure 2.1: Main Ingredients of Concrete, adapted from several sources.

[23], [27], [25], [26], [24]
2.1.1.1

Portland Cement

As cited by Montiero, Portland cement is a hydraulic cement capable of

setting, hardening and remaining stable under water. Additionally, portland
cement is a fine powder, gray or white in color, that consists of a mixture
of hydraulic cement materials comprising primarily calcium silicates, aluminates and aluminoferrites [19].
ASTM designated five types of portland cement. These cement primarily differ in their C3 A content and fineness. They also differ in their rate of
hydration and ability to resist sulfate attacks.
TYPE
I
II
III
IV
V
2.1.1.2

USE
For use when the special properties specified for any other
type are not required.
For general use, more especially when moderate sulfate
resistance is desired.
For use when high early strength is desired.
For use when a low heat of hydration is desired.
For use when high sulfate resistance is desired.

Coarse and Fine Aggregates

Aggregate is a granular material such as sand, gravel, crushed stone and

iron blast-furnance slag and when used with cementing medium forms a hydraulic cement concrete or mortar(NSCP 402).
According to NSCP 403.4.1, concrete aggregates shall conform to one of
the following specifications:
14

Specification for Concrete Aggregates (ASTM C 33);

Specifications for Lightweight Aggregates for structural Concrete (ASTM
C 330)
Sizes of concrete aggregates must be referred to NSCP 403.4.2.
2.1.1.3

Water

Water added to hydraulic cement must conform to ASTM C1602 / C1602M

- 12 (Standard Specification for Mixing Water Used in the Production of
Hydraulic Cement Concrete) or to NSCP 403.5.

2.1.1.4

Admixtures

From NSCP 402,an admixture is defined as a material other than water,

aggregate, or hydraulic cement used as an ingredient of concrete added to
concrete before or during its mixing to modify its properties.
In adding admixtures, the admixture must conform to provisions stiipulated in NSCP 403.7.

2.1.2

Compressive strength

Compressive strength is a measure of a materials ability to withstand

compressive forces, where it is squeezed laterally [8].
The compressive strength of concrete is determined by testing a 28-day
concrete specimen. Concrete compressive strength requirement can vary
from 17MPa for residential concrete and 28MPa and higher in commercial
structures. Higher strengths up to and exceeding 70MPa are specified for
certain application.

2.1.3

Tensile strength

Tensile strength measures the ability of concrete to resist lateral forces,

or to resist being pulled apart from either side [9]. While concrete has a
fairly high compressive strength, it generally has a poor tensile strength.
The tensile strength of concrete varies from about 8% to 15% of its
compressive strength. That is why reinforcements are needed to compensate
the low tensile strength of the concrete.
15

2.1.4

Stress-strain curve

The stress-strain curve of a materials shows the relationship between

stress and strain. Stress-strain curve of various materials vary widely. The
stress-strain curve may also vary when different loads are used.
Figure 2.2 show the stress-strain curve of concrete when applied with
different loads.

Figure 2.2: Stress-strain curve of concrete, adapted from McCormac, et.al.

2.1.5

Modulus of elasticity

As defined in NSCP 402, modulus of elasticity is the ratio of normal

stress to corresponding strain for tensile or compressive stresses below proportional limit of material.
The modulus of elasticity of the concrete Ec as adopted in the modified
ACI code can be calculated by the formula given below:
p
(NSCP 408.6.1)
Ec = 0.043wc1.5 fc0
p
Ec = 4700 fc0
(NSCP 408.6.1)

16

2.1.6

Creep and shrinkage

Creep is the time dependent increase in strain of a solid body under

constant or controlled stress (Fanourakis and Ballim, 2003). It is also the
property of materials by which they continue deforming over considerable
length of time under sustained stress (Buyukozturk, 2004). In concrete,
creep deformations are generally larger than elastic deformation and thus
creep represents an important factor affecting the deformation behavior.

Figure 2.3: Creep Diagram, adapted from www.lh3.ggpht.com

.
Shrinkage are deformations in the concrete in the absence of applied
loads. In contrast with creep,shrinkage is the time-dependant decrease in
concrete volume compared with the original placement volume of concrete
(SCA, nd).
To control shrinkage the following are suggested [5] :
1. Keep the amount of mixing water to a minimum;
2. Cure the concrete well;
3. Place the concrete for wall, floors, and other large items in small sections;
4. Use constructio joints to control the position of cracks;
5. Use shrinkage reinforcements; and
6. Use appropriate dense and nonporous aggregates.

17

2.1.7

Quality control

Inspection forms an integral part in quality control. The purpose of

quality control is to check that the requirements of the specification are being complied. For mill produced material quality control can be monitored
easily. Concrete in contrast, is produced at the site, and its final qualities
are affected by a number of factors.
Some of the factors that affect the quality of concrete is the rate of hydration and agggregates. The compressive strength, tensile strength, modulus
of elasticity, and the creep and shrinkage in concrete also affects the quality
of the concrete. Hence, concrete quality must be closely monitored such
that it satisfies the provisions in NSCP 405.

2.2

Deformed Steel Bars

Reinforced concrete is a concrete embedded with deformed steel bars

also known as reinforcing bars or rebars. A deformed steel bar is a common
steel bar, and is commonly used as a tensioning device in reinforced concrete construction and reinforced masonry structures. Deformed bars are
usually formed from carbon steel. The surface of the bar is provided with
lugs or protrusions (herein-after called deformations) which inhibit longitudinal movement of the bar relative to the concrete which surrounds the bar
in such construction, hence, providing mechanical anchorage.

2.2.1

Philippine standard bars

Rebars are cylindrical steel bars characterized by its protruding lugs or

deformations, and are used to reinforce concrete and give it tensile strength[22].
Rebars are manufactured in standard sizes and lengths with different strengths.
Rebars must be made in accordance with Philipppine National Standards
for Steel bars for Concrete, or PNS 49 for steel bars sizes 10mm up to 36mm.
PNS 211, for rebar sizes 6mm up to 8mm.

18

Table 2.1: Steel Reinforcement Information: Philippine Standard

Bar Size Designation Nominal Area, mm2 Nominal Mass, kg/m
10
79
0.618
12
113
0.890
16
201
1.580
20
314
2.465
25
491
3.851
28
616
4.831
32
804
6.310
36
1019
7.986
42
1385
10.870
58
2642
20.729

Table 2.2: Steel Reinforcement Information: ASTM

Bar Size Designation Nominal Area, mm2 Nominal Mass, kg/m
9.5
71
0.560
12.7
129
0.994
15.9
199
1.552
19.1
284
2.235
22.2
387
3.042
25.4
510
3.973
28.7
645
5.060
32.3
819
6.404
35.8
1006
7.907
43.0
1452
11.380
57.3
2581
20.240

19

Figure 2.4:
Identifying Marks
http://www.steelasia.com/conw.htm
.

2.2.2

on

Rebars

adapted

from

Stress-strain diagram

Stress strain curve depicts the behavior of a material when it is subjected

to load. In this diagram stresses are plotted along the vertical axis and as
a result of these stresses, corresponding strains are plotted along the horizontal axis[11]. Figure 2.5 shows the variation of the stress-strain diagram
of different standard steels.

20

Figure 2.5: Stress-Strain Curve of Steel, adapted from www.metalpass.com

.

2.2.3

Yield strength

Yield point is the point where the stress-strain diagram becomes almost horizontal and the corresponding stress is known as the yield stress or
yield strength.Yield strength is the stress at which a material has undergone
some arbitrarily chosen amount of permanent deformation, often 0.2 percent
(Britannica Encyclopedia, 2015). The yield strength of steel varies due to
materials used in the fabrication of steel.

2.2.4

Modulus of elasticity

As defined in NSCP 402, modulus of elasticity is the ratio of normal

stress to corresponing strain for tensile or compressive stresses below proportional limit of material.
The modulus of elasticity can be used to describe the elastic properties of
objects like wires, rods or columns when they are stretched or compressed.
It can also be used to predict the elongation or compression of an object as
long as the stress is less than the yield strength of the material.
According to NSCP 408.6.2, modulus of elasticity, Es , of non-prestressed
reinforcement can be taken as 200,000 MPa.

21

Chapter 3

Design Methods
3.1

Strength Design Method (SDM)

3.1.1

Description of SDM

Strength design method is a design method based on the calculated

strength of a structural member given by the Code. Compared to its predecessors, the strength design method provides a more realistic factor of
safety for the design. The method also provides a more consistent theory
throughout the design process. It also allows a more flexible design than
those provided by the working-stress method. In addition, the method uses
a more uniform safety factor against collapse.
Strength design method (SDM) is based on the ultimate strength of the
structural members assuming a failure condition, whether due to the crushing of concrete or due to the yield of reinforced steel bars. Although there
is additional strength in the bar after yielding (due to Strain Hardening),
this additional strength in the bar is not considered in the analysis or design
of the reinforced concrete members. In the strength design method, actual
loads or working loads are multiplied by load factor to obtain the ultimate
design loads. The load factor represents a high percentage of factor for
safety required in the design. The ACI code which is adapted by the NSCP
code emphasizes this method of design.

3.1.2

NSCP Design Assumptions

NSCP design assumptions are stated in section 410.3.

As stated in NSCP 410.3.2, strength in reinforcement in concrete shall be
assumed directly proportional to the distance from the neutral axis,except
that, for deep flexural beams, an analysis that considers a distribution of
strain shall be used.
22

Maximum usable strain at extreme concrete compression fiber shall be

assumed equal to 0.003 (NSCP 410.3.3 ).
Stress in reinforcement below specified yield strength fy shall be taken
as Es times steel strain and for strains greater than the corresponding yield
strength, stress in reinforcement can be taken as equal to fy (NSCP 410.3.4 ).
Concrete stress of 0.85fc0 shall also be assumed uniformly distributed
over an equivalent compression zone bounded by edges of the cross-section
and a straight line located parallel to the nuetral axis at a distance a = 1 c
from the fiber of maximum compression strain (NSCP 410.3.7.1 ).
From NSCP 410.3.7.2, the factor 1 shall be taken using the formula
below:
0.85, 17M P a fc0 28M P a
0.85

3.1.3

0.05 0
(fc 28), 28M P a fc0 56M P a
7
0.65, fc0 56M P a

(3.1)
(3.2)
(3.3)

Loads and Load Combinations

Structural loadings are broadly classified as vertical loads, horizontal

loads and longitudinal loads. The vertical loads consist of dead load, live
load and impact load. The horizontal loads comprises of wind load and
earthquake load. The longitudinal load comprises of tractive and braking
force.
The study only focuses on the dead load, live load due to occupancy,
wind loads, and earthquake loads applied to the structure.

1. Dead load
Dead loads consist of weight of all materials and fixed equipment incorporated into the building or other structure (NSCP 202).
For minimum design dead loads refer to NSCP Table 204-2.
2. Live load
Live loads are those loads produce by the use and occupancy f the
building or other structure and do not include dead load, construction
load, or environmental load such as wind load, earthquake load and
fluid load (NSCP 202).
23

3. Wind load
When structures block the wind flow, the winds kinetic energy is converted into a potential energy of pressure, which causes wind loadings.
The effect of wind on a structure depends upon the density and velocity of air, angle of incidence, shape and stiffness of the structure, and
the roughness of its surface.
Velocity pressure shall be determined using the formula below.
qz = 47.3x106 Kz Kz tKd V 2 Iw

(207-15)

Design wind pressure for buildings should be determined using the

equation below.
p = qGCp qh (GCpi )

(207-17)

4. Earthquake load
Earthquakes produce loadings on a structure through its interaction
with the ground and its response characteristics. These loadings results from the structures distortion caused by the grounds movement
and the lateral resistance of the structure.
Design base shear shall be calculated using the following equation:
V =

Cv I
W
R

(208-4)

And should not exceed the following:

2.5Ca I
W
R

(208-5)

V = 0.11Ca IW

(208-6)

0.8ZNv I
W
R

(208-7)

V =
And should not be less than

V =

5. Factored loads and Load combinations

According to NSCP 202, factored load is the product of the load specified in NSCP section 204 through 208 and a load factor.
U = 1.4D

(403-1)

U = 1.2D + 1.6L

(403-2)

24

3.1.4

U = 1.2D + 1.6L + 0.8W

(403-3)

U = 1.2D + 1.6W + 1.0L

(403-4)

U = 1.2D + 1.0E + 1.0L

(403-5)

U = 0.90D + 1.0E

(403-7)

NSCP Safety Provisions

Structural members must always be proportioned to resist loads greater

than service or actual loads, in order to provide proper safety against failure.
In the stength design method, the member is designed to resist the factored
loads which are obtained by multiplying the factored loads with live loads.
Different factors are used for different loadings. As dead loads can be
estimated quite accurately, their load factors are smaller than those of live
loads, which have a high degree of uncertainity. Several load factor conditions must be considered in the design to compute the maximum and
minimum design forces. Reduction factors are used for some combinations
of loads to reflect the low probability of their simultaneous occurrences .
In addition to the load factors, the NSCP code specifies another factor to
allow an additional reserve in the capacity of the structural member. The
nominal strength is generally calculated using accepted, analytical procedures based on statistics and equilibrium. However, in order to account for
the degree of accuracy within which the nominal strength can be calculated
and for adverse variations in materials and dimensions, a strength reduction factor () should be used in the strength design method. Values of the
strength reduction factor (Phi) are:
For flexure of tension controlled sections, 0.9. (NSCP 409.4.2.1 )
For shear and torsion, 0.75. 409.4.2.3
For compression members with spiral reinforcement, 0.70. (NSCP 409.4.2.2 )
For compression members with laterla ties, 0.65. (NSCP 409.4.2.2 )
These factors are used to account the uncertainties of material strengths,
inaccuracies in the design equation, approximations in analysis, possible
variations in the dimension of the concrete sections and placement of reinforcement, the importance of members in the structures of which they are
part and so on (McCormac, 2013).

25

Design strength Factored loads

(Nominal strength) Load factor Service load

(3.4)
(3.5)

Pn Pu

(3.6)

Mn Mu

(3.7)

Vn Vu

(3.8)

3.2

Structural Analysis and Design

Structural analysis and design were performed with the aid of computer
programs. The analysis of the structure is done with the aid of GRASP
(Graphical Rapid Analysis of Structures Program).
The design of beams, footings, column and slabs are done with the aid
of Microsoft Excel Spreadsheet. The maximum shear, moment and axial
load used in designing the structural members are taken from the analysis
of frames. For the design of column, the interaction diagram is used.

3.2.1
3.2.1.1

Structural Analysis Methods

Classical Methods

These days the analysis of most structures are carried out with the aid
of computer programs based on the stiffness method or so-called matrix
method of structural analysis. Stiffness method is a subset of the more general analysis method called the finite element method. Engineers cannot
simply rely on the generated output from a computer program when designing a structure as there could be many sources of errors such as input
data errors (due to misunderstanding of input parameters) and modelling
errors. Classical methods of analysis provide means of checking computer
generated outputs.
3.2.1.2

NSCP Moment and Shear Coefficient

The Code tabulated the moment and shear coefficient as an alternate to

frame analysis provided that (NSCP 408.4.3 ):
1. There are two or more spans;
2. Spans are approximately equal, with he larger of the two adjacent
spans not grater than the shorter by more than 20 percent;

26

3. Loads are uniformly distribute;

4. Unfactored live load does not exceed three times the unfactored dead
load; and
5. Members are prismatic.
POSITIVE MOMENT
End spans
Discontinous end unrestrained . . . . . . . .
Discontinous end integral with support
Interior spans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
NEGATIVE MOMENT
at interior face of
first interior support
two spans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
more than two spans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
at other face of interior supports . . . . . .
at face of all support for:
slab with spans not exceeding;
beams where rati of sum of
column stiffness to beam stiffness
exceeds eight at each of the span . . . . . .
at interior face of each support
for members built
integrally with support
where support is spndrel . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
where support is a column . . . . . . . . . . . .
SHEAR
at face of interior support . . . . . . . . . . . . .
at face of all support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2.1.3

wu ln2 /11
wu ln2 /14
wu ln2 /16

wu ln2 /9
wu ln2 /10
wu ln2 /11

wu ln2 /12

wu ln2 /24
wu ln2 /16
1.5wu ln /2
wu ln /2

Computer Programs

AutoCAD AutoCAD is an industry leader in 2D and 3D CAD software,

and in design, drafting, modeling, architectural drawing, and engineering
software.[15]
Graphical Rapid Analysis of Structures Program Graphical Rapid Analysis of
Structures Program, GRASP, is a user-friendly software for two dimensional
analysis of framed structures, specially developed Windows. GRASP provides an interactive, easy to use, graphical environment for modelling and
analysis of two-dimensional structures.

27

Spreadsheet Spreadsheet applications or sometimes referred to simply as

spreadsheets, are computer programs that let you create and manipulate
spreadsheets electronically. Spreadsheet application simulates a physical
spreadsheet by capturing, displaying, and manipulating data arranged in
rows and columns. Nowadays, spreadsheets are widely used in a variety of
calculations such as in structural analysis.

3.2.2

Structural Design Procedures

The structural design procedures developed are based on provisions provided by NSCP 2010 and ACI.
3.2.2.1

Design of Beams

The beam section is assumed with a b (beam width) to h (beam height)

ratio ranging from 1 12 to 2. Identify the ultimate moment Mu . This ultimate
moment, Mu , is identified with the aid of any structural analysis program.
Compare design moment Mn with the ultimate moment Mu . If Mn
Mu , the design is good. If not, redesign the section.
Determine the steel ratio .
s


1
2Rn
=
1 1
m
0.85fc0

(3.9)

The value of must not be less than

min =
nor greater than
max

1.4
fy



fc0
cu
= 0.85 1
fy
cu + s

(3.10)

(3.11)

The minimum required reinforcing area is then calculated with the formula As = bd. Determine the number of reinforcing bars by dividing the
required steel area by the area of one reinforcing bar.
n=

As
db2
4

(3.12)

Check the spacing of the reinforcing bars. Spacing between reinforcing

bars must not be less than 25 mm.
s=

b 2c 2ds ndb
n1
28

(3.13)

3.2.2.2

Design of Slabs

The slab was primarily designed as a one-way slab.

Compute the minimum thickness of the slab based on NSCP Table 409-1 as
shown in Table 3.1.
Table 3.1: Minimum Thickness of One-Way Slabs
Simply
One End
Both End Cantilever
supported continuous continuous
One way solid slab
l/20
l/24
l/28
l/10
Element

According to NSCP 4078.1, a minimum concrete cover is to be provided

for concrete not exposed to weather or in contact with ground, for slabs with
36 diameter bars and smaller minimum concrete cover is 20 mm.
Use the maximum moment given by the load combination U = 1.2D +
1.6L.
Check adequacy of slab thickness in terms of resisting shear by satisfying
the following equation:
p
Vu 0.53 fc0 bd
(3.14)
Shrinkage and temperature reinforcements shall be provided in structural
slabs when the flexural reinforcements extends to one direction only (NSCP
407.13.1 ).
As,min = 0.0018bh
(3.15)
Calculate the steel required steel ratio, .
Determine the required reinforcing steel area As,min ,where As,min is
equal to bd. The required number of reinforcing bars is determined by
dividing As,min with the area of a reinforcing bar.
3.2.2.3

Design of Columns

Select the column section and the diameter of reinforcing bars. Then
compute the factored axial load (Pu ) and moment ( Mu ). Compute the load
eccentricity, e.
Mu
e=
(3.16)
Pu
Compute Kn and Rn , using the formula below.
Kn =

Pu
fc0 Ag

(3.17)

Rn =

Pn e
fc0 Ag h

(3.18)

29

Determine to know which interaction diagram is applicable.

=

center to centerdistanceof outerbars

h

(3.19)

Plot Kn and Pn in the interaction diagram and determine the steel ratio
g .
Use g in the formula As = g bd to determine the required steel area for
the column section.
To determine the number of reinforcing bars use the formula below.
n=
3.2.2.4

As
db2
4

(3.20)

Design of Footings

The factored loads are computed. Then, footing thickness is assumed.

The self weight of the footing and the weight of soil on top of the footing are
computed.The effective allowable soil pressure, qe for superimposed service
loads are then computed.

qe = qa df s ft c

(3.21)

Required footing area is computed using the formula

Arequired =

D+L
qe

(3.22)

Check the adequacy of the effective depth, d, by determining the punching shear and beam shear.
The average punching shear in the footing will be taken using the formula
below:

 1/3 

p
1 + 2
Vc = fc0 bo d



s d

bo + 2
Beam shear can be taken as
1 p
Vc = fc0 bd
6

(3.23)

For an adequate design Vc must be greater than or equal to Vu . Use

0.75 for shear.
30

Determine the ultimate moment Mu . Use equation 3.9 to calculate the

steel ratio required in the footing. Determine As and compute the number
of bars required.
Clear spacing between the reinforcing bars can be taken using the formula below.
2
B 2c n db
4
s=
(3.24)
n1
As stipulated in the NSCP code, spacing between reinforcing bars should
not be less than 25mm.

31

Chapter 4

Plans and Specifications

4.1

Architectural Drawings

Architectural drawings are drawings that shows how a structure should

look like when it is finished. This includes the site plan, perspective, floor
plans, section plans and elevations.

4.1.1

Perspective

Perspective view is a view of a three-dimensional image that portrays

height, width, and depth. This allows the viewer to get a more realistic
image or graphic. [13] Drawing that shows the exterior view of an object or
an assembly, without any parts removed. With cutaway (sectional) views
it shows parts normally hidden from the observer. Also called perspective
drawing. Shown in Figure 4.1 is the perspective drawing of the building
analyzed for this project.

4.1.2

Floor plans

A floor plan is a drawing that shows a room as seen from above. The
floor plan shows the lay out of the building. Floor plans also show the dimensions of the buildings, often, it shows the dimension of the doors and
windows.
The floor plans of the building are shown in Figure 4.2, Figure 4.3, Figure
4.4, and Figure 4.5.

4.1.3

Cross-sections

A section drawing shows what you would see if you made a vertical cut
through the building, took one half away, and looked into the other half.

32

Sections and sectional views are used to show hidden detail more clearly.
They-are created by using a cutting plane to cut the object.

4.1.4

Elevations

A non-perspective drawing of a property from the front, rear, or side

that indicates how the planned or existing structure is situated.[17]

33

34
Figure 4.1: Perspective View

35
Figure 4.2: First Floor Plan

36
Figure 4.3: Second Floor Plan

37
Figure 4.4: Third Floor Plan

38
Figure 4.5: Roof Deck Plan

39
Figure 4.6: Section Thru A-A

40
Figure 4.7: Front Elevation(Left) and Rear Elevation(Right)

41
Figure 4.8: Right Elevation

42
Figure 4.9: Left Elevation

4.2

Structural Drawings

The structural drawings shows how a building or structure will be built.

It also includes the sizes and type of materials to be used in the construction.
Structural drawings includes: Framing plan (columns and beams), Floor
slabs and Footing plan.

4.2.1

Frames

The building frame shows the arrangement of the beams and columns
in a two-dimensional drawing. For the project only Frame 2 is analyzed.
The result of the analysis of Frame 2 is used for the design of the structural
members.

4.2.2

Foundation plan

Foundation Plan is a top view of the footings or foundation walls, showing their area and their location by distances between centerlines and by
distances from reference lines or boundary lines. Actually, it is a horizontalsection view cut through the walls of the foundation showing beams,
girders, piers or columns, and openings, along with dimensions and internal
composition.[18]

4.2.3

Floor framing plans

A plan of each floor of a building showing the makeup of beams and

girders on that floor, and their connections, using a simplified system of
symbols and drafting linework.

4.2.4

Floor slab plans

Floor slab plans show what type of slab is used for the flooring.

43

44
Figure 4.10: Building Framing

45
Figure 4.11: Frame 1 and 2

Figure 4.12: Frame 3

46

Figure 4.13: Frame A, B and C

47

Figure 4.14: Frame D and E

48

Figure 4.15: Frame F

49

50
Figure 4.16: Foundation Plan

51
Figure 4.17: Second Floor Framing Plan

52
Figure 4.18: Third Floor Framing Plan

53
Figure 4.19: Rooof Deck Framing Plan

Chapter 5

Results and Discussion

5.1

Structural Analysis and Design Assumptions

The following assumptions shown in Table 5.1 are used in the analysis
and design of the structure. The assumptions for material strength are taken
from the provisions in the NSCP code.
The sections of the beam and column where assumed based on the plan.

54

5.2

Parameter
Material Strength
fc0

Value

Units

Remarks

21

MPa

fy
Es
Other Assumptions
df

276
200000

MPa
MPa

speficied compressive strength

at 28 days
steel yield strength
strain of rebars

2.0

ave

20.435

kPa

qa
Structural Sections
Beam
A
B
C
D
Column
C1
C2
C3
C4
Footing
F1
F2
Slab
hf

215.657

kPa

depth of footing for a

stable structure
average weight of
the soil and concrete
the allowable soil pressure

280
280
280
250

mm
mm
mm
mm

beam
beam
beam
beam

450 x 400
400 x 300

mm
mm
mm
mm

column
column
column
column

2.0 x 2.0
1.5 x 1.5

m
m

130

mm

500
500
480
450

x
x
x
x

section
section
section
section
section
section
section
section

footing area
footing area

Computed Design Loads

The computation of design loads are based on the provisions given in

NSCP 2010.

5.2.1

Dead load

In the determination of the dead loads, the design loads stipulated in

NSCP 2010 as shown in Figure A.1 and Figure A.2 are used. The computed
design dead loads acting on frame 2 are shown in Table 5.1.

55

Table 5.1: Dead Load

Dead Load
Second
Floor
Beam
A
B
C
D
Slab
Trapeziodal
Rectangular
Traingular
Metal Deck
Trapeziodal
Rectangular
Traingular
Column
C3
C4
Wall
Masonry
Plaster
Floor Finishing
Trapeziodal
Rectangular
Traingular
Mechanical Duct
Trapeziodal
Rectangular
Traingular
Ceiling
Trapeziodal
Rectangular
Traingular
Roof
Top chord
Bottom Chord
Angle Bar
Purlins

Third
Floor

Roof
Deck

3.2256

3.2256

Roof
Frame

3.36
3.36
3.2256
4.68
4.68
7.1604

7.1604
4.68
7.1604

4.68
4.68
7.1604

0.21
0.21
0.3213

0.21
0.21
0.3213

0.21
0.21
0.3213

2.88
3.36
7.6725
1.488

8.1675
1.584

8.1675
1.584

1.155
1.155
1.76715

1.155
1.155
1.76715

1.155
1.155
1.76715

0.3
0.3
0.459

0.3
0.3
0.459

0.3
0.3
0.459

0.3
0.3
0.459

0.075
0.075
0.11475

0.075
0.075
0.11475

0.075
0.075
0.11475

0.075
0.075
0.11475
0.596128
0.596128
0.073045
0.397419

56

5.2.2

Live load

The live load is computed by multiplying the design live load with the
tributary width and the span length. The live load applied on frame 2 is
shown in Table 5.2.
Table 5.2: Live Load
Live Load

Live Load
Rectangular
Trapezoidal
Triangular
Balcony

5.2.3

Second
Floor

Third
Floor

Roof
Deck

2.85
2.85
4.3605

2.85
2.85
4.3605

2.85
2.85
4.3605

Roof
Frame

Wind load

The structure belongs to class IV - Standard Occupancy and exposure

category D. The geography in the vicinity is a flat terrain where kzt is 1.0.
The roof is also assumed with an angle of 10 degrees. Table 5.3 shows the
computed wind load.

57

Table 5.3: Wind Load

For Front, Rear and Left Side
For Windward Wall
P4.5
P6
P7.5
P9
P12
P15

=
=
=
=
=
=

0.7004
0.731
0.75548
0.78064
0.81736
0.84798

kPa
kPa
kPa
kPa
kPa
kPa

-0.5965

kPa

-0.7642

kPa

P4.5
P6
P7.5
P9
P12
P13.5

=
=
=
=
=
=

0.69626
0.72686
0.75134
0.7765
0.81322
0.82818

kPa
kPa
kPa
kPa
kPa
kPa

-0.5826

kPa

-0.7463

kPa

-0.32

kPa

-0.746

kPa

For Leeward Walls

For sidewalls
For Right side
Windward Walls

Leeward walls
Side Walls
Windward Roof
Leeward Roof

58

5.2.4

Earthquake load

The computation of the seismic load is done with the aid of spreadsheet
and the provisions in NSCP Tables 108-2 to 108-8. Due to unavailability of
soil type data, the soil is assumed to be SD . The obtained Ct was 0.0731.
From Table 108.5 and 108.6, the seismic coefficient and framing system were
0.44Na and 8.5, respectively. Shown in Table 5.4 are the seismic load acting
on each floor and frame.
Table 5.4: Seismic Loads
Seismic Loads
Frame 2

5.2.5

1st Level
59.932

2nd Level
111.219

3rd Level
150.452

4th Level
43.392

Factored loads and Load combinations

Table 5.5, Table 5.6, Table 5.7 and Table 5.8 shows that the load combination U = 1.2D + 1.0E + 1.0L gives the largest value for the factored
loads in terms of moment for beams and columns. While load combination
U = 1.4D gives the smallest factored load. Maximum axial load is given by
the load combination U = 1.2D + 1.0E + 1.0L, as shown in Table 5.9.
Table 5.5: Maximum Moment for Beams
Mumax
Load Combination
left
middle right
1.4D
1.2D +1.6L
1.2D + 1.6L + 0.80W
1.2D + 1.6W + 1.0L
1.2D + 1.0E +1.0L
0.90D + 1.0E

73.467
80.326
86.904
86.967
216.114
139.333

59

29.623
38.013
37.72
33.147
24.562
10.835

60.873
72.882
66.847
53.235
58.733
84.667

Table 5.6: Maximum Shear for Beams

Vumax
Load Combination
left
middle right
1.4D
1.2D +1.6L
1.2D + 1.6L + 0.80W
1.2D + 1.6W + 1.0L
1.2D + 1.0E +1.0L
0.90D + 1.0E

88.749
101.751
104.642
97.543
150.187
115.119

2.806
1.668
4.379
7.367
60.01
59.87

83.138
98.415
95.704
82.81
30.166
4.621

Table 5.7: Maximum Moment for Columns

Mumax
Load Combination
left
middle
right
1.4D
1.2D +1.6L
1.2D + 1.6L + 0.80W
1.2D + 1.6W + 1.0L
1.2D + 1.0E +1.0L
0.90D + 1.0E

1.01
2.954
13.979
24.22
176.43
175.496

1.534
0.543
0.43
0.625
15.624
15.535

2.175
1.859
6.802
10.349
145.182
144.0426

Table 5.8: Maximum Shear for Columns

Vumax
Load Combination
left
middle right
1.4D
1.2D +1.6L
1.2D + 1.6L + 0.80W
1.2D + 1.6W + 1.0L
1.2D + 1.0E +1.0L
0.90D + 1.0E

0.216
0.891
5.125
8.5956
59.558
59.245

0.216
0.891
4.29
7.286
59.558
59.245

Table 5.9: Maximum Axial LOad

Load Combination
1.4D
1.2D +1.6L
1.2D + 1.6L + 0.80W
1.2D + 1.6W + 1.0L
1.2D + 1.0E +1.0L
0.90D + 1.0E

60

Pumax
471.11
561.666
567.69
496.06
591.91
426.48

0.216
0.891
1.069
0.893
59.558
59.245

5.3

Structural Analysis Results

The results of the structural analysis will be further discussed in the

following sections.

5.3.1

Design Envelope

Design envelope for shear, moment and axial loads are taken from
GRASP. The design envelope can serve as a guide in the design of the
structural members.

61

62
Figure 5.1: Design Envelope for Moment

63
Figure 5.2: Design Envelope for Shear

64
Figure 5.3: Design Envelope for Axial Loads

Maximum and minimum moments The maximum and minimum moments are
used as basis for the limitation of the cross-section and reinforcements of the
structural members. For the design, only the maximum moment is used.
The maximum moment acting on the beam is 216.114 kN-m which can
be found at the leftmost beam in the second floor. A 24.562 kN-m and
58.773kN-m moment is also acting on the middle san and right support of
the same beam. For roof beams the maximum moments are 25.801 kN-m,
7.371 kN-m and 9.41 kN-m for left support, middle span and right support,
respectively.
The maximum moment for the columns is 175.43 kN-m. In the design
of columns this moment will be utilized.
Maximum and minimum shear forces The maximum shear with a magnitude
of 150.187 kN is also found acting on the same beam. A 69.028 kN and
30.166kN shear magnitude is also acting on the middle span and right support of the same beam.
The maximum shear acting on the exterior columns is equal to 50.2kN
and 59.6kN for interior columns. Both columns are found on the ground
floor.
Maximum axial forces Maximum axial force is 591.91kN. This axial force will
be used in the design of footings and columns.

65

5.4

Structural Design Results

Structural design of the structural members (i.e beams, slabs, footings

and columns) are based on the calculated maximum moment, shear and
axial force.

5.4.1

Beam sizes, bars, stirrups, sketches

Th beam sections were determined to have the dimensions and reinforcement shown in Table 5.10. All the beams in the structure requires 8-20mm
diameter bars for the reinforcement. For the stirrups, 10 mm diameter bars
with seismic hooks are used: five at 50 mm; 6 bars at 100 mm; and 120 mm
for the rest.
Table 5.10: Beam Design
BEAM DESIGN
Beam
A

Dimension
500 mm x 280 mm

Reinforcement
8-20 mm bars

Spacing
33.33 mm

500 mm x 280 mm

8-20 mm bars

33.33 m

480 mm x 280 mm

8-20 mm bars

33.33 mm

450 mm x 250 mm

8-20 mm bars

35 mm

66

Stirrups
5 @ 50mm
6 @ 100 mm
rest @ 120 mm
5 @ 50mm
6 @ 100 mm
rest @ 120 mm
5 @ 50mm
6 @ 100 mm
rest @ 120 mm
5 @ 50mm
6 @ 100 mm
rest @ 120 mm

Figure 5.4: Beam Schedule

67

5.4.2

Column sizes, bars, ties, sketches

The design of reinforcement in the column were based from the computed ultimate moment by GRASP. Steel reinforcement required for C1, C2
and C3 are twelve 20 mm diameter bars and eight 12 mm diameter bars for
C4. The lateral ties are 12 mm diameter bars with seismic hooks.
The sketch of the column schedules as shown in Figure 5.5 are drawn
with the use of AutoCAD.
Table 5.11: Column Schedule
COLUMN DESIGN
Column
C1

Dimension
400 x 450 mm

Reinforcement
12-20 mm bars

Spacing
73.33 mm

C2

300 x 400 mm

12-20 mm bars

53.33 mm

C3

350 x 400 mm

12-20 mm bars

95 mm

C4

300 x 400 mm

8-20 mm bars

70 mm

68

Ties
4 @ 50mm
rest @ 75mm
4 @ 50mm
rest @ 75mm
4 @ 50mm
rest @ 75mm
4 @ 50mm
rest @ 75mm

Figure 5.5: Column Schedule

69

5.4.3

Slab sizes, bars, sketches

A slab is structural element whose thickness is small compared to its

own length and width. Slabs are usually used in floor and roof construction.
According to Table 3.1 the minimum slab thickness is 135 mm. The slab
also requires twenty-nine 12 mm diameter bars for the reinforcement and
eight 12 mm diameter bars for shrinkage and temperature.
Table 5.12: SLAB DESIGN
SLAB
thickness
reinforcement
temperature and shrinkage reinforcment

70

135 mm
29-12 mm bars
8-12 mm bars

Figure 5.6: Slab Schedule

71
Figure 5.7: Slab Detail

5.4.4

Footing sizes, bars, sketches

The design of the footing from the plan is enough to support the load.
Reinforcement used for both footing are 16 mm diameter bars, sixteen bars
for footing 1 and thirteen bars for footing 2. Both footings lies 2 meters
below the ground surface of the structure.
Table 5.13: Footing Schedule
FOOTING
Footing
F1
F2

Dimension
2.0 m x 2.0 m
1.7 m x 1.7 m

Bars
15-16 mm bars, bothways
13-16 mm bars, bothways

72

Figure 5.8: Sketch of Footing 1

73

Figure 5.9: Sketch of Footing 2

74

Chapter 6

Conclusion and Recommendations

6.1

Conclusion

With the aid of NSCP 2010, ACI and other design aids, the design of the
structure was completed. Overall the structure is properly designed which
only requires few revisions.
The loads applied in the structure were determined using the provisions
provided by the NSCP. Load combinations were then taken from NSCP
409.3.1. Among the six load combination equation 409-5 provides the maximum moment. Thus the said load combination is used for the design
of the structural members. In addition, the analysis is only focused on
Frame 2 since it is the frame that can give the maximum reaction. Four
sizes of columns were determined in the design: 450mm x 400mm,400mm x
300mm,350 m x 400 mm and 400mm x 300mm. There are also four beam
sections: 500mm x 280mm for beams A and B, 480 mm x 280 mm for beam
C and 450 mm x 250 mm for beam D. Both beams and columns uses 20
mm diameter bars for the main reinforcements and 12 mm diameter bars
for the ties. The main reinforcement used in the slab are twenty-nine 12
mm diameter bars. For the shrinkage and temperature in slabs eight 12 mm
diameter bars are added. The footing of the structure are 2.0 m x 2.0 m and
1.7 m x 1.7 m. The computed design for footing 1 coincides with the design
stipulated in the plan. But for footing 2, the number of reinforcements used
should be thirteen instead of 10.
In general, the building design is quite good and utilizes economical sections. The columns of the building are also designed with seismic detailing.
Aside from the minimal revisions, overall the building is serviceable.

75

6.2

Recommendations

Although the analysis and design of the structure were aided with numerous softwares, there are still possible constraints in the design and analysis.
However, several recommendations are developed to at least minimize or
eliminate the constraints.
To further improve the course project, the following recommendations
are suggested
1. Stability analysis of the footing should be done so that the required
depth to stabilized the structure can be determined.
2. Securing a copy of the material specification is also important so that
the dead load acting on the structure can be properly determined.
3. Soil analysis should be taken into account so that the actual bearing capacity and the soil surcharge is included in the design of the
structure.
4. Since most of the slab in the structure is a two-way slab, a two-way
analysis of slab is also recommended.

76

Appendix A

Design aids
A.1

Table
Table A.1: Design Aid for Wind Load
Design Aid For Wind Load
Fig. 207-1
Table 207-2
Table 207-3

A.2

Occupancy Category
Wind Zone
V
Wind Directionality
kd
Importance Factor
Exposure Category
Gust Effect
Enclosure Category
Enclosed Building
GCPi

Chart

77

IV
Zone 3
150 kph
0.85
1
C
0.85

18

Figure A.1: Minimum Design Densities, adapted from NSCP Table 204-1,
p 2-7

78

Figure A.2: Minimum Design Dead Loads, adapted from NSCP Table 204-2,
p 2-8

79

Table A.2: Design Aid for Seismic Load

Design Aid For Seismic Load
Table 108-2
Table 108-3
Table 108-4
Table 108-5
Table 108-6
Table 108-7
Table 208-11A

Soil Profile Type

Seismic zone factor
Near source factor, Na
Near source factor, Nv
Seismic source type
Seismic coefficient, Ca
Earthquake-force-resisting
structural systems,R
Ct

80

Sd (Stiff soil profile)

Z4 = 0.4
1
1.2
0.44Na
0.85
0.0731

Figure A.3: Interaction Diagram adapted from Nilson et.al,.

81

Figure A.4: Interaction Diagram, adapted from Mccormac et.al,.

82

Appendix B

Structural analysis

83

Table B.1: Wind Load Analysis

Requirements
H
L
B
L/B

15
8
24.32
0.32895

m
m
m

kz
V
Iw
kzt
kd
G
Gcpi
Gcpi
Cp

qh
= 0.98603
kPa
qz4.5
=
0.769
kPa
qz6
=
0.814
kPa
qz7.5
=
0.85
kPa
qz9
=
0.887
kPa
qz12
=
0.941
kPa
qz15
= 0.98603
kPa
For Front, Rear and Left Side
For Windward Wall
P4.5
=
0.7004
P6
=
0.731
P7.5
= 0.75548
P9
= 0.78064
P12
= 0.81736
P15
= 0.84798
For Leeward Walls
P
= -0.4191
For sidewalls
P
= -0.5867
For Right side
Windward Walls
P4.5
= 0.69626
P6
= 0.72686
P7.5
= 0.75134
P9
=
0.7765
P12
= 0.81322
P13.5
= 0.82818

84

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

kPa
kPa
kPa
kPa
kPa
kPa
kPa
kPa

kPa
kPa
kPa
kPa
kPa
kPa

1.09
150
1
1
0.85
0.85
-0.18
0.18
0.8

Table B.2: Wind Load Analysis

Leeward walls
P

-0.4093

kPa

-0.573

kPa

-0.32

kPa

-0.746

kPa

Side Walls
Windward Roof
Leeward Roof

85

Table B.3: Seismic Load

Requirements

86
Level
5
4
3
2
Total

W2
W3
W4
W5
Wt

=
=
=

Occupancy
Cv=
C=

IV
0.64
0.0731

0.80302048

890.7358706

hx
13.1
9.2
6.2
3.1

h
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.1

2337.100
2168.530
1976.910
400.419
6882.959

Wx(kN)
400.419
1976.910
2168.530
2337.100
6882.959

KN
KN
KN
KN
KN

Wxhx(kN.m)
5245.4889
18187.572
13444.886
7245.010
44122.96

Ca
I
R
Nv
hn

=
=
=
=
=
Soil Type
V= (2.CaIW)/R

0.44
1
8.5
0.64
24.42
SD

518.2463247

Wxhx/Wxhx
0.11888344
0.412
0.305
0.164

Fx(kN)
105.8937444
367.163
271.420
146.259

Vx(kN)
105.8937444
473.057
744.477
890.736

Mx(kN.m)
349.449357
1910.537
4367.310
7128.591

Table B.4: Seismic Load

Center of Gravity
Figure
1
2
Total
x-bar
y-bar

Area
105.477
23.315
128.792
=
=

87

15y-bar
y-bar
15x-bar
x-bar

X-bar
2.335
5.903

y-bar
11.291
4.441

2.9954
10.0509
Center of Rigidity
=
147.659
=
9.844
=
=

49.918
3.328

Ax-bar
246.289
139.494
385.783

Ay-bar
1190.93
103.542
1294.47

Table B.5: Seismic Load

d
d2
Rd2

88

Frame

Relative

Direct

1
2
3
Total
A
B
C
D
E
F
Total

6
6
3
15
3
3
3
2
2
2
15

0.4
0.4
0.2

3.328
1.3429
3.9679

11.08
1.80
15.74

0.2
0.2
0.2
0.133
0.133
0.133

9.844
5.5222
0.962
3.598
8.158
12.718

96.904336
30.49469284
0.925444
12.945604
66.552964
161.747524

Torsion

Direct+torsion

66.45
10.82
49.21

0.024208
0.009768
0.015034

0.424208
0.409768
0.215034

290.713
91.484
2.776
25.891
133.106
323.495
993.945

0.035803
0.020084
0.003499
0.008724
0.019781
0.030837

0.235803
0.220084
0.203499
0.141724
0.152781
0.163837

FRAME
Level
Level
Level
Level

5
4
3
2

(F)
(F)
(F)
(F)

44.9209746
155.754
115.138
62.044

43.39190073
150.452
111.219
59.932

Table B.6: Seismic Load

3
A
22.77078228
78.953
58.365
31.451

24.97004485
86.578
64.002
34.488

23.30555655
80.807
59.735
32.189

21.5492514
74.717
55.234
29.764

15.00768508
52.036
38.467
20.728

16.1785038
56.095
41.468
22.346

17.34932257
60.155
44.469
23.963

89

90
Figure B.1: Structural Analysis

Figure B.2: Strtuctural Analysis

91

Figure B.3: Structural Analysis

92

Figure B.4: Structural Analysis

93

Figure B.5: Structural Analysis

94

Figure B.6: Structural Analysis

95

Appendix C

Design Computations

96

Table C.1: Design of Beam A

Analysis of rectangular beams
db
fc
As
fy
b
h
a
c
s
y
cover
steel is

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
yielding!

Mn
Mn

=
=

(min)

Rn
m
(max)
req
As
n
say n

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

spacing

Requirements
20
mm
21
Mpa
2512
mm2
276
Mpa
280
mm
500
mm
138.718
mm
163.198
mm
0.005
0.00138
40
mm

ds
ES
d
cu

=
=
=
=

10
200000
437.5
0.003

mm
Mpa
mm

693312
0.9
0.005

=
=
=

Mu

216.114

kN-m

DESIGN IS
Design of rectangular beams
sqrt(fc)/4/fy
=
1.4/fy
0.00415
= 0.00507
use
= 0.00507
4.48050
15.46218
Assume
0.01903
b
0.02061
h
0.02061
db
2331.77
mm2
Adb
7.426
8
bars

OK!

280
480
20
314

mm
mm
mm
mm
2

255.2366121
229.7129509

33.33
Design is ok!

97

Moment
kN-m

mm

=
=
=
=

Table C.2: Design of Beam B

Analysis of rectangular beams
db
fc
As
fy
b
h
a
c
s
y
cover
steel is

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
yielding!

Mn
Mn

=
=

(min)

Rn
m
(max)
req
As
n
say n

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

spacing

Requirements
20
mm
21
Mpa
2512
mm2
276
Mpa
280
mm
500
mm
138.718
mm
163.198
mm
0.005
0.00138
40
mm

ds
ES
d
cu

=
=
=
=

10
200000
432.5
0.003

mm
Mpa
mm

693312
0.9
0.005

=
=
=

Mu

216.114

kN-m

DESIGN IS
Design of rectangular beams
sqrt(fc)/4/fy
=
1.4/fy
0.00415
= 0.00507
use
= 0.00507
4.58469
15.46218
Assume
0.01957
b
0.02061
h
0.02061
db
2370.29
mm2
Adb
7.549
8
bars

OK!

280
480
20
314

mm
mm
mm
mm
2

251.7700521
226.5930469

33.33
Design is ok!

98

Moment
kN-m

mm

=
=
=
=

Table C.3: Design of Beam C

Analysis of rectangular beams
db
fc
As
fy
b
h
a
c
s
y
cover
steel is

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
yielding!

Mn
Mn

=
=

(min)

Rn
m
(max)
req
As
n
say n

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

spacing

Requirements
20
mm
21
Mpa
2512
mm2
276
Mpa
280
mm
480
mm
138.718
mm
163.198
mm
0.005
0.00138
40
mm

ds
ES
d
cu

=
=
=
=

10
200000
432.5
0.003

mm
Mpa
mm

693312
0.9
0.005

=
=
=

Mu

216.114

kN-m

DESIGN IS
Design of rectangular beams
sqrt(fc)/4/fy
=
1.4/fy
0.00415
= 0.00507
use
= 0.00507
4.58469
15.46218
Assume
0.01957
b
0.02061
h
0.02061
db
2370.29
mm2
Adb
7.549
8
bars

OK!

280
480
20
314

mm
mm
mm
mm
2

251.7700521
226.5930469

33.33
Design is ok!

99

Moment
kN-m

mm

=
=
=
=

Table C.4: Design of Beam D

Analysis of rectangular beams
db
fc
As
fy
b
h
a
c
s
y
cover
steel is

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
yielding!

Mn
Mn

=
=

(min)

Rn
m
(max)
req
As
n
say n

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

spacing

Requirements
20
mm
21
Mpa
2512
mm2
276
Mpa
250
mm
450
mm
155.364
mm
182.781
mm
0.004
0.00138
40
mm

ds
ES
d
cu

=
=
=
=

10
200000
432.5
0.003

mm
Mpa
mm

693312
0.9
0.005

=
=
=

Mu

216.114

kN-m

DESIGN IS
Design of rectangular beams
sqrt(fc)/4/fy
=
1.4/fy
0.00415
= 0.00507
use
= 0.00507
5.13485
15.46218
Assume
0.02253
b
0.02061
h
0.02061
db
2435.87
mm2
Adb
7.758
8
bars

OK!

280
480
20
314

mm
mm
mm
mm
2

245.9995656
221.399609

Moment
kN-m

45.00
Design is ok!

100

mm

=
=
=
=

Table C.5: Design of Column

ANALYSIS OF COLUMN
h
b
fy
fc
cover

101

As1
As2
As3
As4
x1
x2
x3
x4
fs1
fs2
fs3
fs4

c
a

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

=
=

0.85
450
400
276
21
0.65
40
0.75
942
628
628
942
110
220
276.473
390
276
28.9231
218.154
465.231

267.123
227.055

mm
mm
MPa
MPa

mm
mm
mm
mm
MPa
MPa
MPa
MPa

mm
mm

not Yielding
not Yielding
Yielding use fy!

n1
n2
n3
n4

=
=
=
=

3
2
2
3

db
ds
d
z2
z3
z4
Mu
Pu

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

20
10
390
280
170
60
176.4
591.91

Cc
C2
C3
C4
T

=
=
=
=
=

1621171
18163.7
137001
259992
259992

N
N
N
N
N

compression!
tension!
compression!
compression!
tension!

Pnb
X
e
Mn

=
=
=
=

1740008
332.038
277.038
313.331

N
mm
mm
Kn*m

Desing is ok!

tension!
tension!
compression!
compression!

Design is ok!

Table C.6: Design of Column

DESIGN OF COLUMN

102

Mu
Pu

=
=

176.4
591.91

Knm
Kn

e
e/h
kn
Rn

=
=
=
=

298.018
662.263
0.24091
0.15954

mm

Ag

=
=
=
=
=
=
=

180000
0.023
3588
11.4268
12
4
73.3333

mm2
from interaction diagram
mm2

As
n
say n
one face n
clear spacing

fc
use

d
cover
db
ds
Asdb

to balance the face bars

mm

b
h

paits kaayo!

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

21
400
450
390
40
20
10
314
0.65

Mpa
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
2

Figure C.1: Interation Diagram for Column 1

103

Table C.7: Design oc Column 2

ANALYSIS OF COLUMN

As1
As2
As3
As4
x1
x2
x3
x4
fs1
fs2
fs3
fs4

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

0.85
400
300
276
21
0.65
40
0.75
942
628
628
942
93.3
186.6
279.9
241.028
276
35.3576
205.027
445.412

mm
mm
mm
mm
MPa
MPa
MPa
MPa

c
a

=
=

232.877
197.945

mm
mm

h
b
fy
fc
cover

mm
mm
MPa
MPa

104

not Yielding
not Yielding
Yielding use fy!

n1
n2
n3
n4

=
=
=
=

3
2
2
3

db
ds
d
z2
z3
z4
Mu
Pu

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

20
10
340
246.6
153.3
60
176.4
591.91

Cc
C2
C3
C4
T
Pnb
X
e
Mn

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

tension!
tension!
compression!
compression!

1059997
22204.6
128757
259992
259992
1166549
326.872
280.222
212.481

N
N
N
N
N
N
mm
mm
Kn*m

compression!
tension!
compression!
compression!
tension!
Desing is ok!

Design is ok!

Table C.8: Design of Column 2

DESIGN OF COLUMN

105

Mu
Pu

=
=

176.4
591.91

Knm
Kn

e
e/h
kn
Rn

=
=
=
=

298.018
596.037
0.25508
0.15204

mm

Ag

=
=
=
=
=
=
=

170000
0.02
2992
9.52866
12
4
53.3333

mm2
from interaction diagram
mm2

As
n
say n
one face n
clear spacing

fc
use

d
cover
db
ds
Asdb

to balance the face bars

mm

b
h

paits kaayo!

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

21
340
500
440
40
20
10
314
0.65

Mpa
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
2

Figure C.2: Interaction Diagram for Column 2

106

Table C.9: Design of Column 3

ANALYSIS OF COLUMN
h
b
fy
fc
cover

107

As1
As2
As3
As4
x1
x2
x3
x4
fs1
fs2
fs3
fs4

c
a

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

=
=

0.85
400
350
276
21
0.65
40
0.75
942
628
628
942
93.3
186.6
279.9
241.028
276
35.3576
205.027
445.412

232.877
197.945

mm
mm
MPa
MPa

mm
mm
mm
mm
MPa
MPa
MPa
MPa

mm
mm

not Yielding
not Yielding
Yielding use fy!

n1
n2
n3
n4

=
=
=
=

3
2
2
3

db
ds
d
z2
z3
z4
Mu
Pu

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

20
10
340
246.6
153.3
60
176.4
591.91

Cc
C2
C3
C4
T

=
=
=
=
=

1236663
22204.6
128757
259992
259992

N
N
N
N
N

compression!
tension!
compression!
compression!
tension!

Pnb
X
e
Mn

=
=
=
=

1343215
320.694
274.044
239.265

N
mm
mm
Kn*m

Desing is ok!

tension!
tension!
compression!
compression!

Design is ok!

Table C.10: Design of Column 3

DESIGN OF COLUMN

108

Mu
Pu

=
=

119.04
359.791

Knm
Kn

e
e/h
kn
Rn

=
=
=
=

330.859
827.147
0.18827
0.15573

mm

Ag

=
=
=
=
=
=
=

140000
0.026
3094
9.8535
12
3
95

mm2
from interaction diagram
mm2

As
n
say n
one face n
clear spacing

fc
use

d
cover
db
ds
Asdb

to balance the face bars

mm

b
h

paits kaayo!

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

21
350
400
340
40
20
10
314
0.65

Mpa
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
2

Figure C.3: Interaction Diagram for Column 3

109

Table C.11: Design of Column 4

ANALYSIS OF COLUMN
h
b
fy
fc
cover

110

As1
As2
As3
As4
x1
x2
x3
x4
fs1
fs2
fs3
fs4

c
a

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

=
=

0.85
400
300
276
21
0.65
40
0.75
942
628
942
0
107.123
140
280
0
276
84.7059
445.412

232.877
197.945

mm
mm
MPa
MPa

mm
mm
mm
mm
MPa
MPa
MPa
MPa

mm
mm

not Yielding
Yielding use fy!
not Yielding

n1
n2
n3
n4

=
=
=
=

3
2
3
0

db
ds
d
z2
z3
z4
Mu
Pu

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

20
10
340
200
60
0
66.803
174.88

Knm
Kn

Cc
C2
C3
C4
T

=
=
=
=
=

1059997
53195.3
122934
0
259992

N
N
N
N
N

compression!
compression
compression!
compression!
tension!

Pnb
X
e
Mn

=
=
=
=

976134
159.219
105.657
67.0381

N
mm
mm
Kn*m

Desing is ok!

tension!
compression!
compression!
compression!

Design is ok!

Table C.12: Design of Column 2

DESIGN OF COLUMN

111

Mu
Pu

=
=

66.803
174.88

Knm
Kn

e
e/h
kn
Rn

=
=
=
=

381.993
954.983
0.10676
0.10196

mm

Ag

=
=
=
=
=
=
=

120000
0.013
1326
4.22293
8
3
70

mm2
from interaction diagram
mm2

As
n
say n
one face n
clear spacing

fc
use

d
cover
db
ds
Asdb

to balance the face bars

mm

b
h

paits kaayo!

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

21
300
400
340
40
20
10
314
0.65

Mpa
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
2

Figure C.4: Interaction Diagram for Column 4

112

Table C.13: design of Footing 1

Design of Footing
Requirements
dc
ave
qa
bc
Lc
qe
db
surcharge
fc
DESIGN
Pu
qs
Area
B

Vu
Vc

Mu
Rn
As
As(min)
As(min)
use
n
say n
clear spacing
clear spacing

=
2

=
1.142857
=
20.435
bo
=
2.736
=
215.657

=
40
=
0.35
m
=
15.46218
=
0.4
=
169.987
fy
=
276
=
0.016
c
=
0.075
=
4.8
d
=
0.309
=
21
hf
=
0.4
OF BASE AREA
=
591.91
=
174.787
=
3.48208981
=
1.86603585
say width
2
m
DESIGN DEPTH OF FOOTING
PUNCHING SHEAR
PUNCHING SHEAR
=
180.380184
Vu
=
617.4821
=
401.204502
Vc
=
1331.763
DESIGN IS
OK!
DESIGN IS
OK!
DESIGN OF FOOTING REINFORCEMENT
=
159.415
=
0.9275551
=
0.003
=
2133.87979
.25*sqrt(fc)*B*d/fy
= 1.4*B*d/fy
=
2565.24618
=
3134.783
=
3134.78261
=
3134.78261
mm2
=
15.5990377
=
16
bars
=
106.266667
mm

25
mm
DESIGN IS
OK!

113

Table C.14: Design of Footing 2

Requirements
D
L
dc
ave
qa
bc
Lc
qe
Area(req.)
db
DESIGN
Pu
qs
base(req)
B
Area

=
335.65
=
1.142857
=
122.74
bo
=
2.736
=
2
=
40
=
20.435
m
=
15.46218
=
215.657
fc
=
21
=
0.35
fy
=
276
=
0.4
c
=
0.075
=
174.787
d
=
0.309
=
2.622563
hf
=
0.4
=
0.016
OF BASE AREA
=
599.164
=
220.0786
=
1.619433
=
1.65
=
2.723
DESIGN DEPTH OF FOOTING
PUNCHING SHEAR
PUNCHING SHEAR
Vu
=
123.8272
Vu
=
496.3365
Vc
=
330.9937
Vc
=
1331.763
DESIGN IS OK!
DESIGN IS
OK!
DESIGN OF FOOTING REINFORCEMENT
Mu
=
76.71115
Rn
=
0.541022
=
0.002
As
=
1015.044
.25*sqrt(fc)*B*d/fy
= 1.4*B*d/fy
As(min)
=
2116.328
=
2586.196
As(min)
=
2586.196
use
=
2586.196
mm2
n
=
12.86921
say n
=
13
clear spacing
=
107.6667
mm at bothways
clear spacing

25
mm
DESIGN IS
OK!

114

Table C.15: Design of Slab

DESIGN OF SLAB
Design Requirements
fc
=
21
b
=
4580
db
=
12
cover
=
20
d
=
109
=
0.85
fy
=
276
L
=
4.609
Minimum Thickness
L/28
= 0.164607
hmin
= 0.130745
say hmin
=
135
Design of Reinforcements
Main Reinforcement
Mu
=
81.69
m
= 15.46218
Rn
= 1.668046
= 0.006356
As
= 3173.026
Asdb
=
113.04
no. of bars
= 28.06994
say
=
29
spacing
= 163.1639
DESIGN
IS
Temperature and Shrinkage
As
=
898.596
n
= 7.949363
say
8

115

mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
Mpa
m
m
m
mm

Knm

mm2
mm2
mm
mm
OK!
mm2
bars

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