FME3 Ch16

Chapter 16: Fasteners, Connections
and Power Screws

The simplest things are also the most
extraordinary things, and only the
wise can see them.

Paulo Coelho
The Alchemist
A collection of threaded fasteners. (Courtesy

of CC Fasteners).
Fundamentals of Machine Elements, 3rd ed.

Schmid, Hamrock and Jacobson
2014 CRC Press
Thread Proles
Head
Shank
Threads
p
Crest
d
ht
dc
Lg
Lt
dp
dr
Root
L
(a)
(b)
Figure 16.1: Terminology and parameters used in thread proles. (a) View of a bolt,
with parts and lengths identied; (b) detail of the thread.

2014 CRC Press
Number of Threads
l
p
l
p
(a)
l
p
(b)
(c)
Figure 15.2: (a) Single-, (b) double; and (c) triple threaded screws.

2014 CRC Press
Thread Proles
29
(a)
(b)
60$
(c)
(d)
45$
Figure 15.3: Thread proles. (a) Acme;

(b) stubbed Acme, identical to the
Acme prole but with smaller thread
height; (c) UN (a stubbed UN prole
also exists); (d) square; (e) buOress.
BuOress threads have increased
shearing load capacity.
(e)

2014 CRC Press
UN and Acme Threads

0.125 ht
0.125 p
0.5 p
`
0.5 p
0.375 ht
p
2.7
0.625 ht
`29
Pitch
0.25 ht diameter
dc
dp
dr
0.5p + 0.01
p
0.052
2.7
0.25 p
Figure 16.4: Details of M and UN

thread proles. The M prole is
essentially the same as the UN prole,
but is manufactured using SI
dimensions.

Figure 16.5: Details of Acme thread

prole. (All dimensions are in inches.)
2014 CRC Press
Thread Classications
Inch series
Bolts Nuts
1A
1B
2A
2B
3A
3B
Metric series
Bolts Nuts
8g
7H
6g
6H
8h
5H
Table 16.1: Inch and metric equivalent thread classications.

2014 CRC Press
Acme Thread
Crest
diameter, dc ,
in.
1/4
5/16
3/8
7/16
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
1 1/8
1 1/4
1 3/8
1 1/2
1 3/4
2
2 1/4
2 1/2
2 3/4
3
3 1/2
4
4 1/2
5
Number of
threads
per inch, n
16
14
12
12
10
8
6
6
5
5
5
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
Tensile stress
area, A t , in.2
0.02632
0.04438
0.06589
0.09720
0.1225
0.1955
0.2732
0.4003
0.5175
0.6881
0.8831
1.030
1.266
1.811
2.454
2.982
3.802
4.711
5.181
7.338
9.985
12.972
16.351
Shear stress
area, A s , in.2
0.3355
0.4344
0.5276
0.6396
0.7278
0.9180
1.084
1.313
1.493
1.722
1.952
2.110
2.341
2.803
3.262
3.610
4.075
4.538
4.757
5.700
6.640
7.577
8.511
Table 16.2: Crest diameters, threads per inch, and stress areas for Acme thread.

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Power Screw
Load, W
(Screw is threaded into W)
dp/2
`/2
`/2
Pitch, p
_
Thrust
collar
Equal
rc
Figure 16.6: Dimensions and

angles of power screw with collar.

Torque to raise the load:

(dp /2)(cos n tan + )
Tr = W
+ rc c
cos n tan

To lower the load:

(dp /2)( cos n tan )
+ rc c
Tl = W
cos n + tan

Eciency:

Wl
e=
100%

2T

Self-locking:
>
l cos n
dp
2014 CRC Press
Thread Forces
C
B
Axis of screw
D
B
Pn
A
Pn cosen cos_
Pn cosen cos_
en _
Pn cosen
`/2
+Pn sin_
`/2
Pn cosen sin_
H
0
dp/2
E
Pn cosen cos_tan`/2
(a)
(b)
0
W
+Pn
+Pn cos_
+cW
(c)
Figure 16.7: Forces acting in raising load of power screw. (a) Forces acting on
parallelepiped; (b) forces acting on axial section; (c) forces acting on tangential plane.

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Illustration
Type
Hex-head bolt
Description
An externally threaded fastener with a
trimmed hex head, often with a washer
face on the bearing side.
Application notes
Used in a variety of general purpose applications in different grades depending
on the required loads and material being
joined.
Carriage bolt
A round head bolt with a square neck under the head and a standard thread.
Used in slots where the square neck

keeps the bolt from turning when being
tightened.
Elevator bolt
or belt bolt
A bolt with a wide, countersunk DW

head, a shallow conical bearing surface,
an integrally-formed square neck under
the head and a standard thread.
Used in belting and elevator applications

where head clearances must be minimal.
Serrated DQJe bolt
A hex bolt with integrated washer, but

wider than standard washers and incorporating serrations on the bearing surface side.
Flat cap screw

(slotted head shown)
A DW, countersunk screw with a Dt top

surface and conical bearing surface.
Used in applications where loosening

hazard exists, such as vibration applications. The serrations grip the surface so
that more torque is needed to loosen than
tighten the bolt.
A common fastener for assembling joints
where head clearance is critical.
Buttonhead cap screw

(socket head shown)
Dome shaped head that is wider and has

a lower prROe than a Dt cap screw.
Designed for light fastening applications

where their appearance is desired. Not
recommended for high-strength applications.
Lag screw
A screw with spaced threads, a hex head,

and a gimlet point. (Can also be made
with a square head.)
Used to fasten metal to wood or with expansion WWLQJs in masonry.
Step bolt
A plain, circular, oval head bolt with a

square neck. The head diameter is about
three times the bolt diameter.
Used to join resilient materials or sheet

metal to supporting structures, or for
joining wood since the large head will
not pull through.
Bolts
and
Screws
Table 16.3: Common types of bolts and screws.

2014 CRC Press
Illustration
Nuts
Type
Description
Application notes
A six-sided internally threaded fastener.

6SHFLc dimensions are prescribed in industry standards.
A nut with a hex prROe and an integral
nylon insert.
The most commonly used generalpurpose nut.
Similar to a hex nut with a dome top.
Used to cover exposed, dangerous bolt

threads or for aesthetic reasons.
A type of slotted nut.
Used for general purpose fastening and

locking. A cotter pin or wire can be
inserted through the slots and a hole
drilled through the fastener.
Coupling nut
A six-sided double chamfered nut.
Used to join two externally threaded

parts of equal thread diameter and pitch.
Hex jam nut
A six-sided internally threaded fastener,

thinner than a normal hex nut.
A hex nut preassembled with a free spinning external tool lock washer. When
tightened, the teeth bite into the member
to achieve locking.
An internally threaded nut with integral
pronounced Dt tabs.
Used in combination with a hex nut to

keep the nut from loosening.
A popular lock nut because of ease of use
and low cost.
Serrated nut
A hex nut with integrated washer, but

wider than standard washers and incorporating serrations on the bearing surface side.
Used in applications where loosening

hazard exists, such as vibration applications. The serrations grip the surface so
that more torque is needed to loosen than
tighten the bolt.
Flat washer
A circular disk with circular hole, produced in accordance with industry standards. Fender washers have larger surface area than conventional Dt washer.
A conical disk spring.
Designed for general-purpose mechanical and structural use.
Hex nut
Nylon insert stop
Cap nut
Castle nut
K-lock or keplock nut
Wing nut
Washers
Belleville washer
Split lock washer
A coiled, hardened, split circular washer

with a slightly trapezoidal cross-section
Tooth lock washer
A hardened circular washer with twisted

teeth or prongs.
The nylon insert produces higher friction

on the threads and prevents loosening
due to vibration or corrosion.
Nuts and
Washers
Used for applications where repetitive

hand tightening is required.
Used to maintain load in bolted connections.

Preferred for use with hardened bearing
surfaces. Applies high bolt tension per
torque, resists loosening caused by vibration and corrosion.
Internal teeth are preferred for aesthstics
since the teeth are hidden under the bolt
head. External teeth give greater locking
efFLHQFy. Combination teeth are used
for oversized or out-of-round holes or for
electrical connections.
Table 16.4: Common nuts and washers for use with threaded fasteners.

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Bolt, Screw and Stud
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure 16.8: Three types of threaded fastener. (a) Bolt and nut; (b) cap screw; (c) stud.

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Pb (tension)
Pj (compression)
Bolt and Member
0b
0j
bb (extension)
(a)
kb
kj
bj (contraction)
Pi
Pb
0b
Figure 16.9: Bolt-and-nut

assembly modeled as bolt-and-
joint spring

Pj
Extension
0j
(b)
Figure 16.10: Force versus deection of bolt

and member. (a) Separated bolt and joint; (b)
assembled bolt and joint.
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Force vs. Deection

Pb
Loaded condition, Pj
Pi + kbek
Unloaded state
with Preload
Pi
Load
P = increase in Pb
plus decrease in Pj
Pi kjek
Me
mb
lt
0b
ers
Bo
Deflection
0j
ek
(extension of bolt = reduction in contraction of joint)
Figure 16.11: Forces versus deection of bolt and joint when external load is applied.

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Bolt Stiness
dc
Lse = Ls + 0.4dc
Ls
1
4 Ls + 0.4dc
Lt + 0.4dr
=
+
kb
E
d2c
d2r
Lt
dr
(a)
Lte = Lt + 0.4dr
(b)
Figure 16.12: Bolt and nut. (a)

Assembled; (b) stepped-shaft
representation of shank and threaded
section.

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Member Stiness
dw
di
dc
_f
Li
(b)
dc
(a)
Figure 16.13: (a) Bolt-and-nut assembly with conical frustum stress representation of
joint; (b) detail of frustum with important dimensions.

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Wileman Equation
kj = Ei dc Ai eBi dc /L
Poissons ,
ratio,
Material
Steel
Aluminum
Copper
Gray cast iron
0.291
0.334
0.326
0.211
Elastic
modulus,
E , GPa
206.8
71.0
118.6
100.0
Numerical
constants,
Ai
Bi
0.78715
0.62873
0.79670
0.63816
0.79568
0.63553
0.77871
0.61616
Table16.5: Constants used to obtain joint stiness from Eq.~(16.30). Source: From
Wileman, et al. [1991]

2014 CRC Press
Design Procedure 16.1: Evaluation

of Joint Stiness
1. If the members all have the same elastic modulus, then the Wileman approach can be
used and Eq. (16.30) yields the member stiness. Because of its simplicity and good
results, this is the recommended approach. However, if the conical frusta approach is
desired, the following simplications can be useful:
a. For two frusta, with a total grip length L, the stiness of the joint is given as:
kj =
Ej dc tan f
(L tan f + di dc )(di + dc )
2 ln
(L tan f + di + dc )(di dc )
b. For the further simplication of di = dw = 1.5dc and f = 30,

kj =
0.9069Ej dc
(2.887L + 2.5dc )
ln
(0.5774L + 2.5dc )
Note that this approach neglects the contribution of the washers to joint stiness;
because washers are usually steel and very thin, they do not normally contribute
signicantly to joint stiness.

2014 CRC Press
Design Procedure 16.1 (concluded)

If the joint is not constructed of members with the same stiness, the conical frustum
approach must be used. To obtain joint stiness from conical frusta, the following steps
must be taken:
a. Construct a careful sketch of the joint, including the bolt, washer, and members.
b. Select a frustum angle, f. Generally, good results can be obtained with f = 30. Draw
the frusta by starting at the inside surface of the bolt and a diameter equal to 1.5dc (to
account for washers), and extending to the center of the joint using the frustum angle.
c. Identify the number of frusta needed to obtain joint stiness. Frusta can extend past a
joint boundary if the elastic modulus does not change; otherwise, new frusta are
required at joint boundaries. Determine the dimensions of the frusta from the problem
geometry.
d. The stiness of a frustum can be obtained from Eq. (16.28). If f = 30, this can be
simplied as:
kji =
1.813Ej dc
(1.15Li + di dc )(di + dc )
ln
(1.15Li + di + dc )(di dc )
e. Equation (16.29) then yields the joint stiness.

2014 CRC Press
Example 16.6
3/2 dc
15
10
30
dc
1
3
10
25
2
12.5
d2
(a)
(b)
Figure 16.14: Hexagonal bolt-and-nut assembly used in Example 16.6. (a) Assembly and
dimensions; (b) dimension of frusta. All dimensions are in millimeters.

2014 CRC Press
Bolt Strength
Range
of crest
diameters,
in.
Ultimate
tensile
strength
Su, ksi
0.25 1.5
60
36
0.25 0.75
> 0.75 1.5
74
60
57
36
55
33
0.25 1.5
115
100
65
0.25 1
> 1 1.5
120
105
92
81
5.2
0.25-1
120
0.25 1.5
8
8.2
SAE
grade
Head
marking
Proof
Yield
strength strength
Sp, ksi
Sy, ksi
Metric
Head
grade marking
33
Range
of crest
diameters,
mm
Ultimate
tensile
strength
Su, MPa
Proof
Yield
strength strength
Sy, MPa Sp, MPa
4.6
4.6
M5 M36
400
240
225
4.8
4.8
M1.6 M16
420
340a
310
5.8
5.8
M5 M24
520
415a
380
85
74
8.8
8.8
M17 M36
830
660
600
92
85
9.8
9.8
M1.6 M16
900
720a
650
133
115
105
10.9
10.9
M6 M36
1040
940
830
0.25 1.5
150
130
120
12.9
12.9
M1.6 M36
1220
1100
970
0.25 1
150
130
120
Table 16.6: Strength of steel bolts for

various sizes in inches.

Yield strengths are approximate and are not included in the

standard.
Table 16.7: Strength of various metric

series steel bolts.
2014 CRC Press
Separation of Joint
Pj
Pj
Figure 16.15: Separation of joint.

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UNC & UNF Threads

Crest diameter,
dc , in.
0.0600
0.0730
0.0860
0.0990
0.1120
0.1250
0.1380
0.1640
0.1900
0.2160
0.2500
0.3125
0.3750
0.4750
0.5000
0.5625
0.6250
0.7500
0.8750
1.000
1.125
1.250
1.375
0.500
1.750
2.000
Coarse threads (UNC)

Number of
Root
Tensile stress
threads per, diameter,
area, A t ,
inch, n
d r , in.
in.2
64
0.05609
0.00263
56
0.06667
0.00370
48
0.07645
0.00487
40
0.08494
0.00604
40
0.09794
0.00796
32
0.1042
0.00909
32
0.1302
0.0140
24
0.1449
0.0175
24
0.1709
0.0242
20
0.1959
0.0318
18
0.2523
0.0524
16
0.3073
0.0775
14
0.3962
0.1063
13
0.4167
0.1419
12
0.4723
0.182
11
0.5266
0.226
10
0.6417
0.334
9
0.7547
0.462
8
0.8647
0.606
7
0.9703
0.763
7
1.095
0.969
6
1.195
1.155
6
1.320
1.405
5
1.533
1.90
4.5
1.759
2.5
Fine threads (UNF)

Number of
Root
Tensile stress
threads per,
diameter,
area, A t ,
inch, n
d r , in.
in.2
80
0.04647
0.00180
72
0.05796
0.00278
64
0.06909
0.00394
56
0.07967
0.00523
48
0.08945
0.00661
44
0.1004
0.00830
40
0.1109
0.01015
36
0.1339
0.01474
32
0.1562
0.0200
28
0.1773
0.0258
28
0.2113
0.0364
24
0.2674
0.0580
24
0.3299
0.0878
20
0.4194
0.1187
20
0.4459
0.1599
18
0.5023
0.203
18
0.5648
0.256
16
0.6823
0.373
14
0.7977
0.509
12
0.9098
0.663
12
1.035
0.856
12
1.160
1.073
12
1.285
1.315
12
1.140
1.581
Table 16.8: Dimensions and tensile stress areas for UN coarse and ne threads. Root
diameter is calculated from Eq. (16.2) and Fig. 16.4.

2014 CRC Press
UN Coarse and Fine Threads

Crest
diameter,
dc , mm
1
1.6
2
2.5
3
4
5
6
8
10
12
14
16
20
24
30
36
42
48
Coarse threads (MC)

Root
Tensile
Pitch,
diameter, stress area,
p, mm
dr , mm
A t , mm2
0.25
0.7294
0.460
0.35
1.221
1.27
0.4
1.567
2.07
0.45
2.013
3.39
0.5
2.459
5.03
0.7
3.242
8.78
0.8
4.134
14.2
1.0
4.917
20.1
1.25
6.647
36.6
1.5
8.376
58.0
1.75
10.11
84.3
2.0
11.84
115
2.0
13.83
157
2.5
17.29
245
3.0
20.75
353
3.5
26.21
561
4.0
31.67
817
4.5
37.13
1121
5.0
42.59
1473
Fine threads (MF)

Root
Tensile
Pitch,
diameter, stress area,
p, mm
dr , mm
A t , mm2
0.20
1.383
1.57
0.25
1.729
2.45
0.35
2.121
3.70
0.35
2.621
5.61
0.5
3.459
9.79
0.5
4.459
16.1
0.75
5.188
22
1.0
6.917
39.2
1.25
8.647
61.2
1.25
10.65
92.1
1.5
12.38
124
1.5
14.38
167
1.5
18.38
272
2.0
21.83
384
2.0
27.83
621
3.0
32.75
865
Table 16.9: Dimensions and tensile stress areas for UN coarse and ne threads. Root
diameter is calculated from Eq.~(\ref{E16_02}) and Fig.~\ref{F16_04}.

2014 CRC Press
Twist-O Fastener
Fracture
surface
(a)
(b)
Figure 16.16: An example of a twist-o fastener. (a) During assembly, a tightening

torque is applied to the nut as shown. (b) When the torque reaches a critical value, the
nut shears and fractures adjacent to the hex head, leaving the remainder of the nut in
place. Note that this design complicates disassembly; the use of a second hex head
instead of a ared section, for example, would allow disassembly.

2014 CRC Press
Pj
Pb, max
Pi
Pi
Load on bolt
Pb
Pj, min
0b
Deflection
Load on joint
Force vs. Deection
0j
6b
Figure 16.17: Forces versus deection of bolt and joint as function of time.

2014 CRC Press
Fatigue Stress Concentration

Factors
SAE
grade
0-2
4-8
Metric
grade
3.6-5.8
6.6-10.9
Rolled
threads
2.2
3.0
Cut
threads
2.8
3.8
Fillet
2.1
2.3
Table 16.10: Fatigue stress concentration factors for threaded elements.

2014 CRC Press
Gaskets
Confined gasket
Gasket
(a)
(b)
Figure 16.18: (a) Unconned gasket. The gasket is often produced in an elastomer to
match a housing prole, or can be produced from a curing polymer. The joint stiness is
dominated by the gasket in such designs. (b) Conned gasket. Such gaskets can be
bonded to one member or be a separate element, and do not aect joint stiness.

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Rivet Failure Modes
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Figure 16.19: Failure modes due to shear loading of riveted fasteners. (a) Bending of
member; (b) shear of rivet; (c) tensile failure of member; (d) bearing of member on rivet.

2014 CRC Press
P = 1000 lb
7
2
3
rA
rB
rC
rD
3
2
Example 16.9
D
D
(a)
(b)
otA
rC
B
otB
_
od
4.635
od
3
3
rD
`
2.365
(c)
otC
C
otD
od
(d)
od
(e)
Figure 16.20: Group of riveted fasteners used in Example 16.9. (a) Assembly of rivet
group; (b) radii from centroid to center of rivets; (c) resulting triangles; (d) direct and
torsional shear acting on each rivet; (e) side view of member. (All dimensions are in
inches.)

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Weld Symbols
Bead
Basic arc and gas weld symbols

Plug
Groove
Fillet
or
Square
Bevel
V
slot
Basic resistance weld symbols

U
Spot
Finish symbol
Flash
or
upset
Seam
Groove angle or included

angle of countersink
for plug welds
Contour symbol
Root opening, depth
of filling for plug
and slot welds
Effective throat
Length of weld in inches

Pitch (center-to-center spacing)
of welds in inches
F
A
Depth of preparation
or size in inches
Reference line
Field weld symbol
S(E)
T
(Both sides)
(Other
(Arrow
side)
side)
Specification, process
or other reference
Tail (omitted when

reference is not used)
Projection
Basic weld symbol

or detail reference
Weld-all-around symbol
L@P
A
Arrow connects reference line to arrow side

of joint. Use break as at A or B to signify
that arrow is pointing to the grooved member
in bevel or J-grooved joints.
Figure 16.21: Basic weld symbols. Source: From Kalpakjian and Schmid [2010].

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Weld Analysis
Parallel and transverse loading:

Ssy
P
=

ns
te Lw
Torsional loading:
Tr

t =
J

Where the polar moment of inertia can be calculated from

J = te Ju = 0.707he Ju

Bending:
Mc

=

I
where
I = te Iu = 0.707he Iu

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Weld Detail
Bending
Torsion
Weld
d
Weld
Geometry
Weld
M
Lw = d
T
Ju = d 3/12
c = d/2
Iu = d 3/12
Weld
Weld
M
Lw = 2d
3
Iu = d /6
d(3b 2 + d 2)
Ju =
6
b
Weld
Weld
M
T
Lw = 2b
b3 + 3bd2
Ju =
6
y
d
Iu = bd 2/2
Weld
Weld
x
M
b2
x =
2(b + d)
Lw = b + d
d2
y =
2(b + d)
T
Positive M: Iu =
Negative M: Iu =
2b 2d 2 + bd 3
3(b + d)
(b + d)4 6b2d2
Ju =
12(b + d)
d 4(4b+d)
12(b + d)(2b + d)
x
x
Lw = d + 2b
Weld
Weld
x
M
b2
x =
2b + d
T
Iu =
d 2(6b+d)
12
(2b + d)3
b2(b + d)2
Ju =
12
(2 b + d)

Table 16.11: Geometry of welds and

parameters used when considering various
types of loading. Note that failure is
assumed to occur at the tensile side; this
requires that the members bear against
each other during welding so that
compressive forces are not transferred
solely through the weld bead. Source:
After MoO [2003].
2014 CRC Press
Weld Detail
Bending
Weld all
around
d x
Torsion
Weld all
around
T
Lw = 2b + 2d
(b + d )3
Ju =
6
2
3
Iu = 3bd + d
6
Weld
Weld
d x
Weld
Geometry
T
Lw = 2b + 2d
Weld
Weld
2
3
Iu = 3bd + d
6
Ju =
Weld all
around
b 3 + 3bd 2 + d 3
6
Weld all
around
M
d
Lw = /d
Ju = /(d 3/4)
Iu = /(d 3/8)
y
d x
Lw = b + 2d
b
Weld
Weld
M
x
d2
y =
(b + 2d)
Weld
Weld
Positive M: Iu =
Negative M: Iu =
d 3(2b + d)
3(b + 2d)
(b + 2d )3 d 2(b + d )2
Ju =
12
(b + 2d)
d 4(2b+d)
3(b + d)(b + 2d)

Table 16.11: Geometry of welds

and parameters used when
considering various types of
loading. Note that failure is
assumed to occur at the tensile
side; this requires that the
members bear against each
other during welding so that
compressive forces are not
transferred solely through the
weld bead. Source: After MoO
[2003].
2014 CRC Press
Arc Welding
Solidified slag
Welding machine AC or DC
power source and controls
Work
cable
Arc
Electrode
holder
Coating
Electrode
Shielding
gas
Electrode
Workpiece
(a)
Electrode
cable
Base metal
Weld metal
Arc
(b)
Figure 16.22: Schematic illustration of the shielded-metal arc welding (SMAW) process.
About 50% of all large scale industrial welding operations use this process. Source: From
Kalpakjian and Schmid [2010].

2014 CRC Press
Spot Welding
Electrode
Electrode tip
Weld nugget
Indentation
Sheet
separation
Heat-affected zone
Electrode
Figure 16.23: Schematic illustration of the resistance spot welding process, showing the
weld nugget and indentation of the surface. Source: From Kalpakjian and Schmid
[2010].

2014 CRC Press
Fillet Weld
1
16
in.
Actual weld configuration
Assumed weld configuration
he
te
Shear plane of weld at throat

he
(a)
Load
Shear stress
Shear stress
te te
Shear planes
(b)
Figure 16.24: Fillet weld. (a) Cross section of weld showing throat and legs; (b) shear
planes.

2014 CRC Press
Electrode Strengths
Electrode
number
E60XX
E70XX
E80XX
E90XX
E100XX
E120XX
Ultimate
tensile
strength,
S ut ,
MPa (ksi)
427 (62)
482 (70)
552 (80)
620 (90)
689 (100)
827 (120)
Yield ,
strength,
Sy,
MPa (ksi)
345 (50)
393 (57)
462 (67)
531 (77)
600 (87)
738 (107)
Elongation,
ek,
percent
17-25
22
19
14-17
13-16
14
Table 16.12: Minimum strength properties of electrode classes.

2014 CRC Press
Example 16.10
y
100
otx
oty
300
l2
A
45
l1
y
80
150
20 kN
x
otx
oty
B
(a)
(b)
Figure 16.25: Welded bracket used in Example 16.10. (a) Dimensions, load and
coordinates; (b) torsional shear stress components at points A and B. (All dimensions are
in millimeters.)

2014 CRC Press
Original
structure
Fusion zone
(weld metal)
Heat-affected
zone
The Weld Zone
Base
metal
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure 16.26: (a) Characteristics of a typical fusion-weld zone in oxyfuel-gas and arc
welding. (b)-(c) Comparison of the welds produced in (b) electron beam welding and (c)
tungsten-arc welding. Source: From Kalpakjian and Schmid [2010].

2014 CRC Press
Discontinuities
in Fusion
Welds
Bridging
Weld
Base
metal
Incomplete fusion
(a)
Weld
Incomplete
fusion
(b)
Incomplete
fusion
Weld
Figure 16.27: (a) Examples of various

discontinuities in fusion welds. Source: From
Kalpakjian and Schmid [2010].
(c)

2014 CRC Press
Cracks in Welds
Weld
Toe crack
Transverse
crack
Longitudinal
crack
Crater
cracks
Base metal
Underbead
crack
Weld
Weld
Transverse
crack
Longitudinal
crack
Base
metal
Base
metal
(a)
Toe crack
(b)
Figure 16.28: Types of cracks developed in welded joints. The cracks are usually caused
by thermal stresses. Source: From Kalpakjian and Schmid [2010].

2014 CRC Press
Fatigue Strength Reduction Factors
Type of weld
Reinforced butt weld
Tow of transverse OOHt weld
End of parallel OOHt weld
T-butt joint with sharp corners
Fatigue stress concentration

factor, K f
1.2
1.5
2.7
2.0
Table 16.13: Fatigue strength reduction factors for welds Source: From Shigley and
Mitchell [1983].

2014 CRC Press
Adhesives
Epoxy
Polyurethane
0RGLHd Acrylic
Impact resistance
Poor
Excellent
Good
Tension-shear strength, MPa
15-22
12-20
20-30
ksi
2.2-3.2
1.7-2.9
2.9-4.3
Peel strengtha , N/m
< 523
14,000
5250
lb/in.
3
80
30
Service temperature range, C
-55-120
-40-90
-70-120
F
-70-250
-250-175
-100-250
Solvent resistance
Excellent
Good
Good
Moisture resistance
Good-Excellent
Fair
Good
Odor
Mild
M ild
Strong
Toxicity
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Flammability
Low
Low
High
a Peel strength varies widely depending on surface preparation and quality.
Cyanoacrylate
Poor
18.9
2.7
< 525
3
-55-80
-70-175
Good
Poor
Moderate
Low
Low
Anaerobic
Fair
17.5
2.5
1750
10
-55-150
-70-300
Excellent
Good
Mild
Low
Low
Table 16.14: Typical properties and characteristics of common structural adhesives.

Source: From Kalpakjian and Schmid [2010].

2014 CRC Press
Adhesively Bonded Joints

(a)
(b)
L
b
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
Figure 16.29: Examples of adhesively bonded joints. (a) BuO; (b) scarf; (c) lap; (d) bevel;
(e) double lap; (f) increased thickness; (g) strap.

2014 CRC Press
mx
tm
mn
(a)
Scarf
Joint
A
tm
A
(b)
x
l
O
ro
ri
T
(c)
Figure 16.30: Scarf joint. (a) Axial loading; (b) bending; (c) torsion.

2014 CRC Press
Integrated
Fasteners
h
2
h
Deflected
(a)
Rigid
(b)
(c)
Figure 16.31: Common examples of integrated fasteners. (a) Module with four cantilever
lugs; (b) cover with two cantilever and two rigid lugs; (c) separable snap joints for
chassis cover.

2014 CRC Press
Snap Fasteners
Cross section
a
h
Rectangle
Trapezoid
0.67
a+b
2a + b
l
h
Constant cross section
h
2
h
2
h
1.09
1.64
a +b
2a + b
0.86
1.28
a +b
2a + b
Tapered thickness
Figure 16.32: Cantilever snap

joint.
b
4
b
Tapered width
Figure 16.33: Shape constant, A, used to

obtain deection of snap fastener
cantilevers.

2014 CRC Press
Polymer Friction
l
roethylene
(PTFE or )
Polyethylene (rigid)
Polyethylene )
Polypropylene
Polymethylmethacrylate
(PMMA)
-
styrene (ABS)
Polyvinylchloride (PVC)
Polystyrene
e
Coeft o
O self-mated
O steel
0.12-0.22
0.20-0.25
0.55-0.60
0.25-0.30
0.50-0.60
0.40-0.50
0.66-0.72
0.38-0.45
0.60-0.72
0.50-0.65
0.60-0.78
0.55-0.60
0.40-0.50
0.45-0.55
0.55-0.60
0.48-0.60
0.54-0.66
Table 16.15: Coecients of friction for common snap fastener polymers.

2014 CRC Press
Design Procedure 16.2: Design of

Integrated Snap Fasteners
The following considerations should be followed when designing
cantilever-type integrated snap fasteners:
1. l/h 5. If this is not the case, deformations will not be restricted to the
cantilever, and the beam stiness can be much larger than expected.
2. A secant modulus must be used because the polymers are usually
highly nonlinear. The secant modulus is the slope of the straight line
drawn from zero strain to on the stress-strain curve.
3. l/b 5. If the beam is wider, it approaches a plate conguration and
will be much stier due to the Poisson eect.
4. Snaps should be located away from stress risers such as sharp corners
and manufacturing complications such as mold gates or weld lines.

2014 CRC Press
Linear Friction Welding

Linear friction
welded blade
Pad/foot
for blade
attachment
After machining
Figure 16.34: Photograph of a jet engine

highlighting the blisk. (ShuOerstock)

Figure 16.35: Detailed view of blades that

have been aOached to a compressor disk
through linear friction welding. During linear
friction welding, the parts encounter plastic
deformation; the block shown is removed by
machining. Source: Courtesy of ACB Presses
UK.
2014 CRC Press

FME3 Ch16

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Chapter 16: Fasteners, Connections

and Power Screws

A collection of threaded fasteners. (Courtesy

Fundamentals of Machine Elements, 3rd ed.

2014 CRC Press

Fundamentals of Machine Elements, 3rd ed.

2014 CRC Press

Fundamentals of Machine Elements, 3rd ed.

2014 CRC Press

Figure 15.3: Thread proles. (a) Acme;

Fundamentals of Machine Elements, 3rd ed.

2014 CRC Press

UN and Acme Threads

Figure 16.4: Details of M and UN

Fundamentals of Machine Elements, 3rd ed.

Figure 16.5: Details of Acme thread

2014 CRC Press

Table 16.1: Inch and metric equivalent thread classications.

Fundamentals of Machine Elements, 3rd ed.

2014 CRC Press

Fundamentals of Machine Elements, 3rd ed.

2014 CRC Press

Figure 16.6: Dimensions and

Fundamentals of Machine Elements, 3rd ed.

Torque to raise the load:

2014 CRC Press

Fundamentals of Machine Elements, 3rd ed.

2014 CRC Press

Used in slots where the square neck

A bolt with a wide, countersunk DW

Used in belting and elevator applications

Serrated DQJe bolt

A hex bolt with integrated washer, but

Flat cap screw

A DW, countersunk screw with a Dt top

Used in applications where loosening

Buttonhead cap screw

Dome shaped head that is wider and has

Designed for light fastening applications

A screw with spaced threads, a hex head,

Used to fasten metal to wood or with expansion WWLQJs in masonry.

A plain, circular, oval head bolt with a

Used to join resilient materials or sheet

Table 16.3: Common types of bolts and screws.

Fundamentals of Machine Elements, 3rd ed.

2014 CRC Press

A six-sided internally threaded fastener.

The most commonly used generalpurpose nut.

Similar to a hex nut with a dome top.

Used to cover exposed, dangerous bolt

A type of slotted nut.

Used for general purpose fastening and

A six-sided double chamfered nut.

Used to join two externally threaded

Hex jam nut

A six-sided internally threaded fastener,

Used in combination with a hex nut to

A hex nut with integrated washer, but

Used in applications where loosening

Designed for general-purpose mechanical and structural use.

K-lock or keplock nut

A coiled, hardened, split circular washer

Tooth lock washer