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Production of urea from natural gas takes place in two steps, wherein natural gas undergoes
partial oxidation and auto thermal reformation with gas containing oxygen in a first step and the
raw synthesis gas thus arising, consisting essentially of carbon monoxide, carbon (iv) oxide,
methane and hydrogen, can be transformed by catalytic conversion of CO and H2O to form CO2
and H2, where upon carbon monoxide and methane are removed in a multistep gas cleaning
process and the hydrogen is converted into ammonia upon addition of Nitrogen. The ammonia is
recombined with the previously separated CO2 in second step and the ammonia is thus fully
converted into urea.
THE AMMONIA MANUFACTURING PROCESS
Ammonia is produced in a process known as the Haber process, in which nitrogen and
Hydrogen reacts in the presence of an iron catalyst to form ammonia. The hydrogen is formed
By reacting natural gas and steam at high temperatures and the nitrogen is supplied from the
air. Other gases (such as water and carbon dioxide) are removed from the gas stream and
The nitrogen and hydrogen passed over an iron catalyst at high temperature and pressure to
Form the ammonia. The process is shown schematically in Figure 2.
Step 1 - Hydrogen production
Hydrogen is produced by the reaction of methane with water. However, before this can be
Carried out, all sulphur containing compounds must be removed from the natural gas to prevent
Catalyst poisoning. These are removed by heating the gas to 400oC and reacting it with zinc
Oxide:
ZnO + H2S ZnS + H2O
Following this, the gas is sent to the primary reformer for steam reforming, where superheated
steam is fed into the reformer with the methane. The gas mixture heated with natural gas and pu