7/25/2015 CivilServicesMain2014GSExamAnalysis,CivilServicesMains2014GeneralStudiesExamAnalysis,UPSC2014MainsGSExamAnalysis,UPSC

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SOLUTIONGENERALSTUDIESPAPERI

1.TowhatextenthastheurbanplanningandcultureofIndusValleyCivilizationprovidedinputs
topresentdayurbanization?Discuss.
Ans:UrbanPlanningandcultureofIndusValleyCivilization(IVC)whichprovidedinputstopresentday
urbanization,
Thequalityofmunicipaltownplanningandefficientmunicipalgovernmentsbasedonhighpriorityonhygiene.
Perfectlylaidoutgridpattern,comparabletothepresentdayNewYorkCity.
Urbansanitationsystemsanddisposalofwastewatertocovereddrains.Allhouseshadaccesstowater.
Theirpreciseaccuracyformeasuringlength,massandtime.Theyfollowedthedecimalsystemanddevelopeda
systemofuniformweightsandmeasures.
Thediscoveriesofmassivereservoirssuggesttheycollectedandstoredrainwater,equivalenttopresentrainwater
harvestingsystems.
Theirfineartisticsensibilitiesportrayedintheirhighlyrealisticsculptures,terracottafiguresetc.givesusaglimpse
ofthecultureprevalentatthattime.
ArecentreportsuggeststhatIVCscriptdevelopedintoVedicSanskrit.Ifthatistrue,thenahugedebtisowedto
theIVCbecausewrittenlanguageisthefirstessentialbuildingblockforlearning,enablingpeopletopassontheir
knowledge.
2.GandharasculptureowedasmuchtotheRomansastotheGreeks.Explain
Ans:GandharaartflourishedlargelyundertherulersofKushanEmpireinnorthwesternPakistanandeastern
Afghanistan.InitsinterpretationofBuddhistlegends,theGandharaSchoolincorporatedmanymotifsand
techniquesfromClassicalRomanart,includingvinescrolls,cherubsbearinggarlands,tritons,andcentaurs.The
GandharaSchooldrewupontheanthropomorphictraditionsofRomanreligionandrepresentedtheBuddhawitha
youthfulApollolikeface,dressedingarmentsresemblingthoseseenonRomanimperialstatues.TheGandhara
artalsoinculcatestheGreekClassicalrealisticstyle,attitudes,hairstyleandfashioninclothessuchaschitonand
himation.
3.TaxilaUniversitywasoneoftheoldestuniversitiesoftheworldwithwhichwereassociateda
numberofrenownedlearnedpersonalitiesofdifferentdisciplines.Itsstrategiclocationcausedits
fametoflourish,butunlikeNalanda,itisnotconsideredasauniversityinthemodernsense.
Discuss.
Ans:TaxilaUniversityisnotconsideredasuniversityinmodernsensebecause,
TheteachersatTaxilamaynothavehadofficialmembershipofparticularcolleges.
TaxilaUniversityseemstolackbuiltlecturehallsandresidentialquarters,asharpcontrastcomparedtothelater
NalandaUniversityineasternIndia.
Eachteacherformedhisowninstitution,enjoyingcompleteautonomyinwork,teachingasmanystudentsashe
likedandteachingsubjectshelikedwithoutconformingtoanycentralizedsyllabus.Studyterminatedwhenthe
teacherwassatisfiedwiththestudent'slevelofachievement.
Inmostcasesthe"schools"werelocatedwithintheteachers'privatehouses,andattimesstudentswereadvised
toquittheirstudiesiftheywereunabletofitintothesocial,intellectualandmoralatmospherethere.
Examinationsweretreatedassuperfluousandnotconsideredpartoftherequirementstocompleteone'sstudies.
Noconvocationswerehelduponcompletion,andnowritten"degrees"wereawarded,sinceitwasbelievedthat
knowledgewasitsownreward.
4.TheBattleofPanipatwasfoughtin1761.Whywassoempireshakingbattlesfoughtat
Panipat?
Ans:AllempireshakingbattleswerefoughtinPanipatorHaryanaingeneralbecause,

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OneofthepartiesalmostalwayscamefromtheNorth/Northwest.HavingcrossedtheKhyberPasstheyhadto
passthroughPunjabandHaryanabeforereachingDelhiandnormallythedefendingkingmettheinvading
marchersoutsidethefortsofDelhii.eontheplainsofHaryana.
BothpartieswantedtocaptureDelhi,becauseitliesinthemiddleoftwoofthemostagriculturallyproductive
regionsoftheworldi.eThePlainsoftheIndusandtheGanga.AlsothepeopleofIndiaconsideredtheperson
sittingonthethroneofDelhiastheirKing.Soinshort,whoevercontrolledDelhi,controlledNorthIndia.
5.Sufisandmedievalmysticsaintsfailedtomodifyeitherthereligiousideasandpracticesorthe
outwardstructureofHindu/Muslimsocietiestoanyappreciableextent.Comment.
Ans:AlthoughtheSufisandothermedievalmysticsaintsopposedvariouspracticeslikeinequality,ritualsand
helpedbuildamedievalculturetolerantandappreciativeofNonMuslims,theyfailedtomodifythepracticesor
outwardstructureofsocietyingeneralbecause,
UnlikeHinduismandIslamwhichweredirectlylinkedtothestatevialandgrantsinthecaseofHindusandSharas
inthecaseofIslam,Sufisandothermysticsneverdirectlyinvolvedwiththestate.
Theywerentwidespreadduetowideoppositionfromorthodoxelements.
Theydidntproposeanewsystemtoreplacetheoldexistingone.
6.ExaminecriticallythevariousfacetsofeconomicpoliciesofBritishinIndiafrommid
eighteenthcenturytillindependence.
Ans:Mercantalism(17571813):Aimisaccumulatewealth,aggressivepoliciesinIndia(forfavourabletrade),
BritishgovernmenttryingtogainmorecontroloverCompanyaffairs(Regulatingact1773,PittsIndiaAct),
financialbleedingofIndiastarted(revenuesettlements,hegemonyoverIndianterritories)
OneWayFreeTrade(18131860):Bydawnof19thcenturyIndustrialrevolutioninEngland,neededraw
materialsandmarketsforitsmanufacturedgoods,Companymonopolyremoved,BritishgoodsenteredIndia
virtuallyfreewhileIndianproductsenteringBritainfacedhightariffs.
FinanceCapitalism(18601947):StartedestablishingmodernindustriesinIndia(itzindustrialpolicyonlyaimed
atcommercializingIndiaandtocompetewithotherindustrialpowers),basicindustriesneglected,destroy
attemptsofIndianentrepreneurswhomadeattemptstostartmodernindustries.
7.InwhatwaysdidthenavalmutinyprovetobethelastnailinthecoffinofBritishcolonial
aspirationsinIndia?
Ans:Reasons,
TheNavywasheartofBritainssuccess.Itwasthecentreoftheirpride,thereasonfortheirriseastradersand
thenrulersaroundtheworld.Thesameshipsandboatshadnowbecomeathreat.
ThemutinymadetheBritishofficialslosetheirtrustintheIndianarmy,navyandairforce.Theyknewthese
unitswerenolongertrustworthy.
Itwaslargestrevoltbyanyoftheimperialnavalunits.PrimeMinisterClementAtleeknewtheempirewouldnot
holdonforlongandwithintwomonths,AtleesCabinetmissionpromulgatedtheplantodecolonizeIndiathat
pavedthewayforIndependence.
8.Whatwerethemajorpolitical,economicandsocialdevelopmentsintheworldwhichmotivatedtheanti
colonialstruggleinIndia?
Ans:Political,economicandsocialdevelopmentsintheworld,
FirstandSecondWorldWar,economiesoftheworldmainly,imperialistpowersshattered.
ThecontinuoussupportofUSSRagainstanticolonialstruggle.
Theconceptofsupremacyofraceshattered(soldiersreturninghomeafterwardispellinganysuchnotions).
DefeatofRussiabyJapanin1905andanattemptbythepeopletothrowtheCzarofRussiaout,followedby
Russianrevolution.
TheEconomiccrisisof1929affectedthedevelopedaswellasdevelopingcountriestoagreatextent.
ToprotecttheOttomanEmpireaftertheaftermathofWorldWar1,Khilafatmovementwasstartedwhicheased
HinduMuslimrelationstoagreatextent.
Industrialrevolutioncreatedanewsocialorderintheworldandconsequentlyprofessionalmiddleclassemerged
asanimportantregulatorofthesocialandpoliticalsystem.
9.WhatweretheeventsthatledtoSuezCrisisin1956?HowdiditdealafinalblowtoBritains
selfimageasworldpower?
Ans:Events,
BritainhadruledEgyptforalongtimeandwantedtocontinueitbecauseofSuezCanal(reducedmilesofsea
journeyfromEuropetoAsianmarkets)anddiscoveryofimmenseoilreservesintheMiddleEast.TheMiddleEast
wasalsoanimportantstrategicpointwithrespecttocoldwar.HowevertheBritishpresencewasnotwelcomed
anditresultedinmanyconflictsbetweenthetwo.
In1956theSuezCanalwasnationalizedbytheGovernmentofEgypt.ThisresultedininvasionofEgyptbyIsrael
followedbyBritainandFrance.TheaimwastoregainwesterncontrolofSuezcanalandtoremoveNasserthe
thenpresidentofEgypt.
Afterthefightinghadstarted,theUnitedStates,theSovietUnion,andtheUnitedNationsgotinvolved
diplomatically,forcingBritain,FranceandIsraeltowithdraw.
AfterthecrisisthoughBritishinfluencecontinuedintheMiddleEast,SuezwasablowtoBritishprestigeinthe
NearEastthatBritainneverrecoveredfrom.Increasingly,Britishforeignpolicythinkingturnedawayfromacting
asagreatimperialpower.
10.TheNewEconomicPolicy1921ofLeninhadinfluencedthepoliciesadoptedbyIndiasoonafter
independence.Evaluate.
Ans:NewEconomicPolicy1921ofLeninanditsimpactonIndia:

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Leninsanctionedthecoexistenceofprivateandpublicsectors.Indiaalsoadoptedapolicyofmixedeconomy.
Leninrepresentedamoveawayfromfullnationalizationofcertainpartsofindustries.Thiswasbecauseforeign
investmentswereexpectedbytheSovietUnionundertheNEP,inordertofundindustrialanddevelopmental
projectswithforeignexchangeortechnologyrequirements.Indiaalsofollowedthispolicy.
Leninputanendtograinrequisitionsandinsteadinstitutedataxonthepeasants,therebyallowingthemtokeep
andtradetheirsurplus,promotingproduction.Indiaoptedforlandreformstoreduceinequalityinlanddistribution
andpromotedincreaseinproduction.
DuringtheruleofLeninlaborunionsbecameindependentcivicorganizations.ConstitutionofIndiaembeddeda
seriesoffundamentallaborrights.
11.HowdoespatriarchyimpactthepositionofmiddleclassworkingwomaninIndia?
Ans:Impactofpatriarchyinmiddleclassworkingwoman,
Formalexclusionofwomenfromtoppositions.
Discriminationagainstwomeninhiringandpromotion.
Creationandmaintenanceofgenderlinkedjobcategories,whichtiewomenintolowerlevelpositions.
Maintenanceofmalecareerpatternswhichrequiremobility,fulltimeworkandnointerruptions(forchildbearing).
Maintenanceofonthejobworkorganizationwhichexcludesintegrationofchildrearingandworkandopposition
toalternativessuchasindependentworkathome,orneighbourhoodbaseddecentralizedofficearrangements.
Lobbyingandapplyingpoliticalpressuretomaintainpoliciesthatkeepwomeninsubordinatepositions.
Supportingotherelitegroupswithsimilarpractices,suchastradeunioneliteswhodontprotestagainstcorporate
sexism.
12.WhydosomeofthemostprosperousregionsofIndiahaveanadversesexratioforwomen?
Giveyourarguments.
Ans:ReasonsoftheadversesexratioforwomeninsomeofthemostprosperousregionsofIndia:
Aboveofallisthemindset,prevalentinthoseregions,whichprefersamaleheiragainstafemaleheir.Atthe
heartofthematterthough,isthelowstatusofwomenandgirls,andthedeeprootedprejudicestheyface
throughoutlife.Theissueneedstobeseeninthecontextofamaledominatedsocialandfamilystructureanda
valuesystembasedonsonpreference.Further,thepracticeofdowrytranslatesdaughtersbeingseenasliabilities.
Easyaccessofultrasoundtechnologyhasresultedinincreasedsexselectionandrapiddeclineinthechildsex
ratio.
AmajorshifttowardsOnechildnormascomparedtotwochildnormamongfamilieslivinginprosperous
regions.
Majorprosperousregionslieintheagriculturalbelt,whereliteracyrateislessanddiscriminationofwomenisstill
followed.
13.WhereastheBritishPlantershaddevelopedteagardensallalongtheShivaliksandlesser
HimalayasfromAssamtoHimachalPradesh,ineffecttheydidnotsucceedbeyondtheDarjeeling
area.Explain.
Ans:ReasonswhytheBritishPlantersdidnotsucceedbeyondtheDarjeelingarea:
Difficultyinaccessibilitytotheregion.
PresenceofLargeforests.Theyhadtobeclearedfirstforteaplantation.
Underutilizationofwaterresources.
Lackofavailabilityofelectricityandnoconnectivitytonearbymarkets.
Lackofindigenouslabourworkforce.Theyhadtobeshiftedthere.
14.WhydidtheGreenRevolutioninIndiavirtuallybypasstheeasternregiondespitefertilesoil
andgoodavailabilityofwater?
Ans:GreenrevolutionbypassedeasternregionofIndiabecause:
LargesustainedapathyfromtheCentralGovernment.
Lackofenterpriseonthepartofstategovernments.
Underutilizationofitsresources(egtheregionpossessesnearly46%ofcountrysentirewaterresourcesbutuses
only3%ofthatforcropirrigation)
Lackofexposuretomoderntechnology,newyieldingseedsandotheryieldenhancingcropinputs.
15.Thelifecycleofajointfamilydependsoneconomicfactorsratherthansocialvalues.Discuss.
Ans:FeaturesoftraditionalandmodernJointfamily,
CommonpropertyEveryonelivesonthesamepieceoflandthatstaysinthefamilyforgenerations.Butin
modernjointfamiliesitiscommonforwealthier,oldergenerationstoeithergiftorsignoverpropertytoayoung
couplewhentheygetmarried.
CommonfinancesAllthemoneyfamilymembersearnispooledtogetherandgovernedbythefamily.But
issueoffinanceismoreseparateinmodernjointfamily.
CommonkitchenEatingtogetherisoneofthemostimportantdeterminersofbeingafamily.Butinmodern
joinfamily.
CommonleaderThefamilyisledbytheoldestmalerelative(patriarch)intraditionaljointfamily.
Grandparentsstillhavealotofauthorityandinfluence,butnotlikeinthepast.
CommonplaceofworshipOnthefamilygrounds,therewillbeasmalltempleoraplacewherethefamilygod
iskept.Butcurrentlythelocaltempleonthefarmisreplacedbythepujaclosetinthehighriseapartment.
Bythiswecanseethattraditionaljointfamiliesinculcatedinitselfbotheconomicandsocialvalues.Theywere
economicallybeneficial,hadbuiltinchildcare,strongerrelationsamongcousins,someonewasalwaysathome,
whereasmodernjointfamiliesarelargelybecauseofconvenienceandmainlyduetoeconomicfactors.
16.Discussthevariouseconomicandsocialculturalforcesthataredrivingincreasingfeminization

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ofagricultureInIndia.
Ans:Variouseconomicandsocialculturalfactorsareliableforthefeminizationofagriculture,
Increasedmalemigrationtowardscitiesinlookoutforjobshasbeenassociatedwithfeminizationoftherural
agriculturaleconomy.
Liberalizationhasledtogovernmentstryingtoreduceitsdeficits.Whensocialsubsidiesareremoved,women
becameresponsibleforsupplementingtheincreasedcosttherebyincreasingpresenceoffemalesinfarmsto
increaseproductivity.
Differenceinwagespaidtowomenovermenhasincreasedtheirpreferenceovermalecounterparts.
Lessaccessofeducationforwomenhavecompelledwomentoremaininsubsistenceagriculture.
17.HowdotheIndiandebatesonsecularismdifferfromdebatesintheWest?
Ans:BySecularisminprinciplewemean,peoplebelongingtoonereligiondontoppresspeoplebelongingto
otherreligions.
Indiandebateonsecularismrevolvesaroundthebroadprincipleconsistingoftolerance,love,peacefulco
existenceandharmonyamongpeoplebelongingtodifferentreligionandideologies.Itcanbecalledpositive
secularism.ThoughthedifferentIndianschoolsofphilosophieshavecriticizedeachother,yettheyhave
influencedeachotherandtherewasaunityofmoralandspiritualoutlook.TheBhaktimovementrepresentsthe
peakpoint.
Inthewest,secularismhasalwayshadanarrowconnotation.Itmainlymeansthatstatedoesntfollowany
religion.Thisconceptevolvedaroundtheperiodofcapitalismandforcapitalismtosustainitneedsbetter
consumers.Religionandspiritualitywereconsideredasimpedimentstowardscapitalistgrowth.Soseparationof
churchandstatewassoughtandthispresentedthepresentWesternSecularism.
18.MostoftheunusualclimatehappeningsareexplainedasanoutcomeoftheElNinoeffect.Do
youagree?
Ans:ElNinobeginsasagiantpoolofwarmwaterswellingintheeasterntropicalPacificthatsetsoffachain
reactionofweathereventsaroundtheworld,somedevastatingandsomebeneficial.
YESWeakermonsoonrainsinIndia,ScorchingdroughtsinAustralia,hottestyearonrecordandmassdieoffof
corals
NOThistimeWMO(WorldMeteorologicalOrganization)hadpredictedweakElNino,Monsoonrecoverywith
abouthalfofIndiareceivingnormalrainsatlaterstage.
19.Whyaretheworldsfoldmountainsystemslocatedalongthemarginsofcontinents?Bringout
theassociationbetweentheGlobaldistributionofFoldMountainsandearthquakesandvolcanoes.
Ans:FoldMountainsareformedwheretwocontinentalplatesmovetowardseachotheroracontinentalandan
oceanicplate.Themovementofthetwoplatesforcessedimentaryrocksupwardsintoaseriesoffolds.Fold
Mountainsareusuallyformedfromsedimentaryrocksandareusuallyfoundalongtheedgesofcontinents.Thisis
becausethethickestdepositsofsedimentaryrockgenerallyaccumulatealongtheedgesofcontinents.
MajorEarthquakeandvolcanoproneareasarefoundaroundPacificOcean,IndoAustraliaplateboundary,north
andSouthAtlanticOcean,WesternsideofNorthAmerica.Inalltheseregionstheplateboundariesconverge
causingearthquakesandvolcanoes.
20.ExplaintheformationofthousandsofislandsinIndonesiaandPhilippinesarchipelagos.
Ans:AnArchipelagoisagroupofislandscloselyscatteredinbodyofwater.
FormationofislandsinIndonesiaarchipelagos:TheseislandswereformerlypartofmainlandAsiaduringthelast
iceage,andtheirseparationcouldbeduetosubsidenceofsomepartoflandorriseinsealevel(glacialretreat),so
thatlowlandlinksaresubmergedbythesea.
FormationofislandsinPhilippinesarchipelagos:Thesearemadeofoceanicislands.Thismeanstheislandswere
formedbyvolcanoeseruptingfromoceanfloor.Theseareformedoversinglehotspot.Earthcrustshiftedwhilethe
hotspotstayedput,creatingalineofislands.
21.TropicalcyclonesarelargelyconfinedtoSouthChinaSea,BayofBengalandGulfofMexico.
Why?
Ans:ReasonswhytropicalcyclonesarelargelyconfinedtoSouthChinaSea,BayofBengalandGulfofMexico:
TheyoccurswhenITCZ(InterTropicalConvergenceZone)shiftsnorthwardsintheNorthernHemisphere,aseries
oflowpressureripplesdevelopswithinITCZcreatingfavourableconditionsfortropicalcyclones.
Presenceofcoriolisforce.
Tropicalcyclonederivesitspowerfromtheheatsourcefromthewater(warmwatersneartheequatorprovide
favourablecondition)
Inaddition,astronganticycloneprevalentdirectlyabovethelowlevelinflow.
Lackofsubsidenceair,instableairprevalent.
22.BringouttherelationshipbetweentheshrinkingHimalayanGlaciersandsymptomsofclimate
changeinIndiansubcontinent.
Ans:EffectsonIndiansubcontinent,
TherapidmeltingofHimalayanglacierswillfirstincreasethevolumeofwatertherebymakingpeoplelivingin
plainsvulnerable.Butinafewdecadesthewaterlevelinriverswilldecline,causingmassiveeconomicand
environmentalproblems.
Asglacierwaterflowsdwindle,theenergypotentialofhydroelectricpowerwilldecreasecausingproblemsfor
industry.
HimalayanglaciersfeedAsiaslargestriversalltheyearround.Theirmeltingwouldmeanreducedirrigationwhich
inturnresultstolowercropproduction.Hungerwillintensifyandchildmortalitywillclimb.

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Largepeopleaffectedbywatershortage.
Itwillalsocausesnowandrockslidesandhavebadaffectonwaterresources.
23.AccountforthechangeinthespatialpatternofIronandSteelindustryintheworld.
Ans:Reasonsforchangeinspatialpatternofironandsteelindustryintheworld:
Locationofindustrynearrawmaterials,firstnearforests,thencoalfieldsandfinallycoastalareas(forironoreor
cokingcoal)
Depletionofrawmaterialsfollowedbytransportationofrawmaterialsbywagons.Tomakeiteconomicallyviable
theindustrywassetupinthenewresourcerichlocationtoo.
Recyclingplantsdonotneedtobeestablishednearmines.Theycanbeestablishedanywhere.
Upgradationoftechnologyreducedtherelevanceoflocationofindustrynearrawmaterials.
Strategicreasons,lessonslearntfromaerialbombinginWorldWar2resultedinsettingupofindustryindiverse
locationandnotresourcecentric.
Developmentpoliciesandincentivesofthegovernment,soastodevelopaparticularbackwardregion.
24.Criticallyevaluatethevariousresourcesofoceanswhichcanbeharnessedtomeetthe
resourcecrisisintheworld.
Ans:Variousresourcesofoceans,
ManganeseNodules:Theyconsistofferromanganeseoxides,typicallyaccompaniedbyaconsiderableamountof
nickel,copperandcobalt.Thechemicalelementsareprecipitatedfromseawaterororiginateintheporewatersof
theunderlyingsediments.Manganesenodulesarehalfburiedatadepthof4,0006,000meters
Cobaltrichmanganesecrusts:Theyareferromanganeseoxides.Thecrustsaccumulatewhenmanganese,iron
andawidearrayoftracemetalsdissolvedinthewater(cobalt,copper,nickel,andplatinum)aredepositedonthe
volcanicsubstrates.Cobaltrichmanganesecrustscovertheslopeortopofseamountslikeasphaltatadepthof
8002,400meters.
Hydrothermaldeposits:Hydrothermaldepositsconsistofheavymetalsulfidesthatcontaincopper,lead,zinc,gold
andsilver.Theseareformedatsubmarineplateboundaries,whereanexchangeofheatandelementsoccurs
betweenrocksintheEarthscrustandtheoceanduetotheinteractionofvolcanicactivitywithseawater.They
arederivedfromhotwaterthatventedfromtheseaflooratadepthof1,5003,000meters.
25.HowdoesIndiaseeitsplaceintheeconomicspaceofrisingnaturalresourcerichAfrica?
Ans:ThemajorchallengeIndiafacesoverresourcerichAfricaisinfluenceofChinaintheregion.Tocounterthis,
Indiaplanstouseamixofsoftpower,investinhumanresourceandsharebusinessexpertise.Astrikingexample
ofIndiasnewstrategyhasbeenthelaunchofPanAfricanenetwork,thebiggestprojectforlongdistance
educationandtelemedicineinAfrica.IndiahasalsocreatedIndiaAfricavirtualuniversityandpromised
scholarshiptomorethan20,000students.TheIndiancompanieshavetomoveintoAfricainamoredemocratic
mannerascomparedtoChinesecompanieswhichhavebeenaccusedofplunderingAfricasresourcesandhaving
poorlaborpractices.Indianeedstoplayaconstructiveandforwardlookingrolethroughtechnologicaltransferin
Africabecauseinthelongrunitneedsitsnaturalresources(includingoil,gold,cobalt,uranium,silverandcocoa
beans)tofuelitsresurgenteconomy.uranium,silverandcocoabeans)tofuelitsresurgenteconomy.

SOLUTIONGENERALSTUDIESPAPERII
1.Startingfrominventingthebasicstructuredoctrine,thejudiciaryhasplayedahighlyproactive
roleinensuringthatIndiadevelopsintoathrivingdemocracy.Inlightofthestatement,evaluatethe
roleplayedbyjudicialactivisminachievingtheidealsofdemocracy.
Ans:Afterplayingalargelyinterpretativeroleinthe1950sand1960s,theSupremeCourt,startingfromthe
1970shasbeenthemajorforcestandingupagainstlegislativeandexecutiveexcessesandinactions.Judicial
activismresultsinupsettingthebalanceofpowerbetweentheexecutive,legislatureandthejudiciary.However,
suchanargumentfirstlyassumesthatthelegislatureandexecutiveareperformingtheirfunctionsefficientlyand
secondlythatthejudiciaryisincapableofinterveninginamannerwhichhelpsfurthertheidealsofdemocracy.
Sincerighttohousingwasafundamentalrightwhichthestatehadfailedtoprovide,thejudiciarydirectedthe
stateandtheinmatestoengagewitheachothermeaningfullyandinthelightofthevaluesoftheConstitution,
theconstitutionalandstatutorydutiesofthemunicipalityandthedutiesofcitizensconcernedtoresolvethe
dispute.Thejudiciaryshouldnotcreatepoliciestoenforcerightsbutmustrequirethegovernmenttodraftitsown
policyandsubmititalongwithatimetableforexecution.Accordingtothisprinciple,thejudiciary,whileevaluating
executive/legislativeaction(orinaction),shouldmodifythepolicyframedonlywhenthereasonsprovidedarenot
reasonable.Acourtshouldmerelyseewhetherthereasonsprovidedbytheexecutivejustifyitsdecision,not
whetherthecourtwouldhavereachedthesamedecision.Thisstandardshouldbeappliednotonlywhenapolicy
istestedbeforethecourtsbutalsobycourtstoseeifinactionisjustified.
2.ThoughthefederalprincipleisdominantinourConstitutionandthatprincipleisoneofits
basicfeatures,butitisequallytruethatfederalismundertheIndianConstitutionleansinfavourofa
strongCentre,afeaturethatmilitatesagainsttheconceptofstrongfederalism.Discuss.
Ans:IndianFederalismisuniqueinnatureandistailoredaccordingtothespecificneedsofthecountry.
FederalismisabasicfeatureoftheConstitutionofIndiainwhichtheUnionofIndiaispermanentand
indestructible.BoththeCentreandtheStatesarecooperatingandcoordinatinginstitutionshavingindependence
andoughttoexercisetheirrespectivepowerswithmutualadjustment,respect,understandingand
accommodation.TensionandconflictoftheinterestsoftheCentreandtherespectiveunitsisanintegralpartof
federalism.Thus,theIndianfederalismwasdevisedwithastrongCentre.FederalismwithastrongCentrewas
inevitableastheframersoftheIndianConstitutionwereawarethattherewereeconomicdisparitiesasseveral

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areasofIndiawereeconomicallyaswellasindustriallyfarbehindincomparisontoothers.Itseekstodrawa
balancebetweentheforcesworkinginfavourofconcentrationofpowerintheCentreandthoseurgingadispersal
ofitinanumberofunits.AfederalConstitutionenvisagesademarcationofgovernmentalfunctionsandpowers
betweentheCentreandtheregionsbythesanctionoftheConstitution,whichisawrittendocument.Fromthis
followstwonecessaryconsequences
(i)Thattheinvasionbyonelevelofgovernmentontheareaassignedtotheotherlevelofthegovernmentisa
breachoftheConstitution.
(ii)ThatanybreachoftheConstitutionisajustifiableissuetobedeterminedbytheCourtsaseachlevelof
governmentfunctionswithintheareaassignedtoitbytheConstitution.

3.ThePowers,PrivilegesandImmunitiesofParliamentanditsMembersasenvisagedinArticle
105oftheConstitutionleaveroomforalargenumberofuncodifiedandunenumeratedprivileges
tocontinue.Assessthereasonsfortheabsenceoflegalcodificationoftheparliamentaryprivileges.
Howcanthisproblembeaddressed?
Ans:Article105oftheConstitutionofIndiawhichprovidesforthepowers,privilegesandimmunitiesofthe
HousesofParliamentandoftheMembersandtheCommitteethereofreadsasfollows:
(a)SubjecttotheprovisionsofthisConstitutionandtotherulesandstandingordersregulatingtheprocedureof
Parliament,thereshallbefreedomofspeechinParliament.
(b)NoMemberofParliamentshallbeliabletoanyproceedingsinanycourtinrespectofanythingsaidoranyvote
givenbyhiminParliamentoranyCommitteethereof,andnopersonshallbesoliableinrespectofthepublication
orundertheauthorityofeitherHouseofParliamentofanyreport,paper,votesorproceedings.
ThelimitationontheprivilegeregardingfreespeechinParliamentisfew.Onelimitationobviouslyisthatthe
freedomissubjecttotheconstitutionalprovisionsandtherulesandproceduresofParliament.Therulesarethose
framedunderArticle118oftheConstitution.UnderArticle121,ParliamentcannotdiscusstheconductofJudges
oftheSupremeCourtandoftheJudgesoftheHighCourt.Evenifthereisanyviolationoftheselimitsitwould
stillbeamatterexclusivelyforParliamenttodealwithandthecourtswouldhavenojurisdictiontolookintothe
matter.InviewofArticle122,thecourtsarealsoexplicitlybarredfromenquiryintothevalidityofanyproceeding
inParliament.
4.Whatdoyouunderstandbytheconceptfreedomofspeechandexpression?Doesitcover
hatespeechalso?WhydothefilmsinIndiastandonaslightlydifferentplanefromotherformsof
expression?Discuss.
Ans:Hatespeechis,outsidethelaw,speechthatattacksapersonorgrouponthebasisofattributessuchas
gender,ethnicorigin,religion,race,disability,orsexualorientation.Freedomofspeechisthepoliticalrightto
communicateone'sopinionsandideasusingone'sbodyandpropertytoanyonewhoiswillingtoreceivethem.
Thetermfreedomofexpressionissometimesusedsynonymously,butincludesanyactofseeking,receivingand
impartinginformationorideas,regardlessofthemediumused.Everygovernmentrestrictsspeechtosome
degree.Commonlimitationsonspeechrelateto:libel,slander,obscenity,pornography,sedition,hatespeech,
incitement,fightingwords,classifiedinformation,copyrightviolation,tradesecrets,nondisclosureagreements,
righttoprivacy,righttobeforgotten,publicsecurity,publicorder,publicnuisance,andcampaignfinancereform.
Forexample,freedomofspeechislimitedinmanyjurisdictionstowidelydifferingdegreesbyreligiouslegal
systems,religiousoffenseorincitementtoethnicorracialhatredlaws.Freedomofspeechandexpressionisthe
conceptofbeingabletoexpressoneselffreelywhetherthroughwordsofmouth,literature,art,oranyother
mediumofcommunication.Itisoftenregardedasanintegralconceptinmodernliberaldemocracies.Despitethe
factthattheConstitutionofIndiadoesnotexpresslymentionmotionpicturesasamediumofspeechand
expression,theyhavebeensoacceptedthroughvariouscourtdecisions.FilmsinIndiahavebeencensoredonthe
groundsofobscenity,sexandviolence.Filmshavebeenbannedortargetedinthenameofmaintainingpublic
orderrespectingbeliefs,sentimentsandtraditionsorforcriticizingtheStateoncertainissues.

5.InstancesofPresidentsdelayincommutingdeathsentenceshascomeunderpublicdebateas
denialofjustice.ShouldtherebeatimelimitspecifiedforthePresidenttoaccept/rejectsuch
petitions?Analyse.
Ans:ConstitutionofIndia,Articles32and21,Deathsentenceawardedbycourt,Unduedelayinexecutionof
deathsentence.ItentitlesthecondemnedprisonerunderArticle32ofConstitutionofIndiatoapproachcourt
thathisdeathsentencebecommutedtolifeimprisonment.Nofixedperiodofdelay,however,couldbefixedto
makethedeathsentenceinexecutableThedelaywhichcouldbeconsideredtomakethedeathsentencein
executablestartsfromthedatethejudgmentbyapexcourtispronounced,whenjudicialprocesshascometoan
endThedelaywhichistobeconsideredisthedelayisdisposalofmercypetitionsordelaysoccurringatthe
instanceoftheexecutive.AnunduedelayviolatedArticle21oftheConstitution(protectionoflifeandpersonal
liberty).Unlessthedelayisproperlyexplainedorjustified,itmakesthedeathpenaltyimmoral,illegaland
unconstitutional.Thetraumaandphysicalstresscoupledwithsolitaryconfinementofaconvictknownasthe
deathrowphenomenonisitselfacruelpunishment.Theprospectofpendingexecutionexactsafrightfultoll
duringtheinevitablelongwaitbetweentheimpositionofthesentenceandtheactualinflictionofdeath.The
Constitutiondoesntprovideanymaximumtimelimitwithinwhichamercypetitionhastobedecided.Therehave
beeninstancesofmercypetitionslyingwiththePresidentforoveradecadewithoutanydecisionbeingtaken.The
MinistryofHomeAffairscantaskthePresidenttospeeduptheprocess.
6.ThesizeofthecabinetshouldbeasbigasgovernmentalworkjustifiesandasbigasthePrime
Ministercanmanageasateam.Howfartheefficacyofagovernmentthenisinverselyrelatedtothe
sizeofthecabinet?Discuss.
Ans:Acabinetisabodyofhighrankingstateofficials,typicallyconsistingofthetopleadersoftheexecutive
branch,usuallycalledministersorsomeothertitle.Thefunctionsofacabinetarevaried:insomecountriesitisa

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collegialdecisionmakingbodywithcollectiveresponsibility,whileinothersitmayfunctionasapurelyadvisory
bodytoadecisionmakingheadofstateorheadofgovernment.Insomecountries,thecabinetisnamed"Council
ofMinisters"or"Government".Largecabinetsaremademostofthetimejusttosatetheambitionsofthevarious
coalitionpartners.Ministershavealotofpowersandplentyofmachineryattheirdisposal.Theycanbebribed,
coaxedorcoercedintovariousactionorinactionsthatcanbeharmfulfortheGovernmentoftheday.Indian
politicsisverytediousandverydangerousitsbesttonotgivetoomuchpowertopeoplethatyoudonot
absolutelytrust.Asmallcabinetmeansthatfewerpeoplehandlingmoretasks.ForthosewhosaythatCabinet
Ministerswillbeoverloadedorwillnotbeabletoperformtheirdutiessatisfactorilyareignorantofhowthe
Governmentfunctions.ThePolicyisactuallydecidedbythePartyorthePMandtheministermerelypassesonthe
tasktotheBureaucratswhothendothenecessaryhardworkwithfilesandothers.TheMinister'sjobistomerely
ensuresmoothoperationandefficiency.Inshort,havingasmallcabinethastheperksofbeingmoredisciplined
andeasiertomonitor.
7.Though100percentFDIisalreadyallowedinnonnewsmedialikeatradepublicationand
generalentertainmentchannel,theGovernmentismullingovertheproposalforincreasedFDIin
newsmediaforquitesometime.WhatdifferencewouldanincreaseinFDImake?Criticallyevaluate
theprosandcons.
Ans:AlowFDIcapof26percentnowinhibitsanddisincentivisestheinfusionofforeignfundingintheelectronic
newsmediaresultinginperpetuatingthemonopolypowerofIndiannewsconglomerates.Concomitantly,lackof
competitioninthenewsspacehasresultedinthestuntedandskewedgrowthofnewschannelsinIndia.Broadly
speaking,asimplecomparisonbetweengeneralentertainmentchannelswhere100percentFDIisallowedwith
thestateofaffairsofelectronicnewsmediaamplyunderlinestheneedforincreasedFDIregimefortheelectronic
newsspace.FDIcanenhancecompetitioninelectronicnewswiththeintroductionofbestpracticesandactasthe
voiceofthepeople,bringoutdiverseviewpointandthusstrengthenIndiasunityanddiversity.Asthefourth
pillarofIndiandemocracymediacanplayameaningfulrole.Itwillalsoleadtootherbenefitsrangingfromnews
syndicationandeditorialassistancetomarketingandtechnologicalinputsleadingtoanimprovementinoverall
productquality.Theeconomywouldbeenrichedgiventheriseinemploymentandincomelevelsbroughtabout
byincreasedcompetition.HoweverwhileconsideringincreasedFDInormsfortheelectronicnewsmediathe
governmentcanbuildinnecessarychecksandbalancestoprevententryofundesiredandantinationalelements
togetintothenewssegment.GrantingliberalisedFDIregimeinelectronicnewsmediaisthedireneedofthe
hourtosalvagethissector.SuchaninitiativewouldtransformtheIndianbroadcastindustryintoaworldclass
industryandhelpIndiabecomethebroadcasthuboftheworld.
8.ThesettingupofaRailTariffAuthoritytoregulatefareswillsubjectthecashstrappedIndian
Railwaystodemandsubsidyforobligationtooperatenonprofitableroutesandservices.Takinginto
accounttheexperienceinthepowersector,discussiftheproposedreformisexpectedtobenefitthe
consumers,theIndianRailwaysortheprivatecontaineroperators.
Ans:TheRailTariffAuthoritycompriseofaChairpersonandfourMembersattheapexlevelandwillbevested
withthefunctiontodevelopanintegrated,transparentanddynamicpricingmechanismforthepassengerand
freightsegmentsoftheIndianRailway'sbusiness.Theratiooftheaveragefreighttarifftoaveragepassengerfare
inIndiaisoneofthehighestamongmajorrailwaysintheworld.Becauseoflowpassengerfaresthetraffic
volumeforthissegmentofrailoperationsisveryhighbuttherevenuesaredisproportionatelylow.TheRakesh
MohanCommitteeReport(2001)alsopointedoutthatthefinancialcrisisfacedbytheRailwayswas,toalarge
extent,duetoitslowqualityandoverpricedfreightservicesandalackofmarketincentives.Ithadalsoapproved
adraftamendmentBillseekingchangesintheRailwaysAct,1989,whichwilltantamounttovestinginRTAfull
powersoffixingandnotifyingtariffs.Therailministryhasallalongbeenagainstsuchamove,preferringonlyan
advisoryrolefortheregulatorybody.Itharboursafearthatthemannerinwhichthecabinetnotehasbeen
framedtheRTAsrolewillnotbethatofanadvisorybodybutfinalauthoritytodecidetariffs,thususurpingthe
powersvestedintheministryundertheIndianRailwaysAct.IfIRistoachievethetwinobjectivesofimproving
operatingefficiencyandfinancialviability,itmustallowsomeformofcompetition.Currently,thereisno
regulationoffreightorpassengertariffsonIndianRailways(IR).TheRailwayBoardcanchangetariffswithinits
discretionbutalwayssubjecttopoliticaloversight.
9.NationalHumanRightsCommission(NHRC)inIndiacanbemosteffectivewhenitstasksare
adequatelysupportedbyothermechanismsthatensuretheaccountabilityofagovernment.Inlight
oftheaboveobservationassesstheroleofNHRCasaneffectivecomplementtothejudiciaryand
otherinstitutionsinpromotingandprotectinghumanrightsstandards.
Ans:NHRCIndiawasthefirstNationalHumanRightsInstitutiontobeestablishedintheSouthAsianRegion.
NHRCIndiaiseffectiveanddemonstratesthathumanrightsprotectiondoesnothavetorelyentirelyoncourts
andgraduallyhowNationalHumanRightsCommissionhasbecomelocusofhumanrightsawarenessatnational
levelfactorisrelevantforexplainingtherationaleforanindependenthumanrightscommission.Inacountry
specificsettinglikethatofIndiacourtsmaynotbeinthepositiontodeliverreliefforinfringementofrightsdueto
institutionalweaknessesandwhatEppcallsweaknessofthesupportstructureforthelegalmobilisationi.e.
legalaid,verylittlesupportforadvocacygroups,absenceofdevelopmentofsustained,deepjudicialpolicymaking
onindividualrightsandthefragmentationoftheIndianinterestgroupsystem.Untiltheearly1990s,theIndian
Governmentdisplayedscantregardforlocalhumanrightsandcivillibertiesorganisations.Theirreports,appeals
andpetitionsonhumanrightsabuses,particularlyinviewofantiinsurgencyoperationsinKashmir,Punjaband
northeaststates,metwithdeafeningsilence.HumanRightsmeanstherightrelatingtolife,liberty,equalityand
dignityoftheindividualguaranteedbytheConstitutionofIndiaorembodiedintheInternationalCovenanton
CivilandPoliticalRightsandtheInternationalCovenantonEconomic,SocialandculturalRightsandenforceable
bythecourtsinIndia.
10.ThepenetrationofSelfHelpGroups(SHGs)inruralareasinpromotingparticipationin
developmentprogrammesisfacingsocioculturalhurdles.Examine.

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Ans:Inasupportgroup,membersprovideeachotherwithvarioustypesofhelp,usuallynonprofessionaland
nonmaterial,foraparticularshared,usuallyburdensome,characteristic.Memberswiththesameissuescancome
togetherforsharingcopingstrategies,tofeelmoreempoweredandforasenseofcommunity.Aselfhelpsupport
groupisfullyorganizedandmanagedbyitsmembers,whoarecommonlyvolunteersandhavepersonal
experienceinthesubjectofthegroup'sfocus.Thesegroupsmayalsobereferredtoasfellowships,peersupport
groups,layorganizations,mutualhelpgroups,ormutualaidselfhelpgroups.Professionallyoperatedsupport
groupsarefacilitatedbyprofessionalswhomostoftendonotsharetheproblemofthemembers,suchassocial
workers,psychologists,ormembersoftheclergy.Thefacilitatorcontrolsdiscussionsandprovidesother
managerialservice.Suchprofessionallyoperatedgroupsareoftenfoundininstitutionalsettings,including
hospitals,drugtreatmentcentersandcorrectionalfacilities.Insupportgroups,peoplemusthavethedesireto
supportandhelpeachother,andmanytimesparticipantsgoonthesitesinordertogethelpthemselvesorare
limitedtoacertainsubgroup.Thegroupworkwasapplicableforthefollowingpurposes:corrective/treatment
preventionnormalsocialgrowthanddevelopmentpersonalenhancementandcitizenshipindoctrination.
Commonneedsaddressedbysocialworkgroupsincludecopingwithmajorlifetransitionstheneedtoacquire
informationorskillstheneedtoimprovesocialrelationshipsandtheneedtocopewithillnessandtheneedto
copewithfeelingsoflossorlonelinessamongstotherreasons
11.Dogovernmentsschemesforupliftingvulnerableandbackwardcommunitiesbyprotecting
requiredsocialresourcesforthem,leadtotheirexclusioninestablishingbusinessesinurban
economics?
Ans:Vulnerablegroupsarethegroupswhichwouldbevulnerableunderanycircumstances(e.g.wheretheadults
areunabletoprovideanadequatelivelihoodforthehouseholdforreasonsofdisability,illness,ageorsomeother
characteristic),andgroupswhoseresourceendowmentisinadequatetoprovidesufficientincomefromany
availablesource.By2030,Indiasurbanpopulationissettoreach590million,anadditionofapproximately300
milliontoIndiascurrenturbanpopulation.Whiletheircontributionsareindispensabletothesmoothworkingof
urbanspaces,thesepeople,theirneedsareoverlookedintheplanningandvisionofurbandevelopment.
UrbanisationinIndiasubscribestoforcesoftheneoliberaleconomy,wherecitizensareexpectedtobecomeself
reliantandnotbeaneconomicliabilityfortheState.Ninetyninepercentofthisshortfallpertainedtothe
economicallyweakersectionsandlowerincomegroupsinwhichmigrantstypicallyfall.Theundergroundeconomy
isalsoindicativeofthestatesabsenceinservicedeliveryandlackofinstitutionalsupport.Indiadoesnotstopits
citizensfrominternalmigration.PeoplearefreetomoveacrossStatestoescapedestitutionorinsearchofbetter
opportunities.However,localgovernmentsandIndiasmiddleclasslargelyvieweconomicallypoormigrantsas
outsidersmakingillegitimateclaimstolifeincities.Anacceptanceofthepermanenceofthepoormigrant
populationiscriticaltobetterplanning,provisioning,andintegrationintoIndiasurbandevelopment.

12.AnathleteparticipatesinOlympicsforpersonaltriumphandnationsgloryvictorsare
showeredwithcashincentivesbyvariousagencies,ontheirreturn.Discussthemeritofstate
sponsoredtalenthuntanditscultivationasagainsttherationaleofarewardmechanismas
encouragement.
Ans:Insports,character,value,physicalandmentalstrengthareallchallengedinashortspanoftime.Sports
cantellusalotaboutourselvesasindividualsandasasociety.Yet,apartfromafanaticobsessionwithCricket,
wehaveverylittletoshowforourpassioninsports.Whilethereiscertainlybetterinfrastructureavailabletoday,
sportisnotapopularpartofIndianculture.Thesedaystherehasbeenlotoftalentsearchtopickupbright
studentssuitableforjobsrightfromthecollegesbyseveralMNCsaswellasIndianCompanies.Whocomesin
searchoftalentinSports.Thesponsorsmakeaqueuewhensomeonebecomespopularinsomesportorthe
other.IfthehugemoneyearnedbytheCricketBoardispartiallysparedforthepromotionofothersportsnoother
sponsorisneeded.Acountrywith100BillionpeoplewithafewindividualmedalsinOlympicsoveraperiodof60
yearsofindependence.Therefore,thecompaniesapartfromrunningaftercricketcelebritiesshouldcomeforward
topickupyoungtalentinothersports,adoptthem,extendnecessaryfacilitiestotheyoungtalentsothatthey
couldwinmedalsforthecountryintheinternationaleventsandbringprideforthecountryandforthem.The
Govt.maygivesomeexemptionstothecompaniesinITetc.,forthispurpose.TheGovt.shouldcomeforwardto
buildgoodavenuesforthedevelopmentofsportsandgamesinourcountry.Thefundsallottedtothesports
ministryinvariousStatesandtheUnionGovernmentisalwaysmegre.TheGovernmentsdonotfeelitnecessary
orimportanttoprovideadequatefundsforsports.Eventhefundsallottedareseldomspentproperly.TheSports
Authoritiesinmanystatesaremereornamentalorganizations.Theyshouldbefilledwithpeoplewhohave
adequateknowledgeofsportsandinteresttopromotesports.
13.ShouldthepremierinstituteslikeIITs/IIMsbeallowedtoretainpremierstatus,allowedmore
academicindependenceindesigningcoursesandalsodecidemode/criteriaofselectionofstudents.
Discussinlightofthegrowingchallenges.
Ans:Indianeedsthesetwoinstitutionalsystemsofhighereducationtobebigger,ageographicalexpansionofthe
kindoutlinedoneofeachineverystateisarealchallengeifqualityistobepreserved,moresoforIIMsthanfor
IITs.IITshavehadsomeconnectionwithsocialsciencesrightfromtheirbeginnings,buttheirreputationwasbuilt
oncoreengineeringdisciplines.Theyteachtheirstudentstoslogreallyworkhard.Aftertheyearshereanyreal
worldchallengemaybedauntingforotherreasons,buthardworkisnotoneofthem.Itisnotforeverybody
really.Manywouldfailunderthispressureandtheyreallyshouldnotbehereatall.Butforthosewhocantake
theheat,theyarealsotaughttobeartheload.Itisaprofessionalcourse,notacademicthismeansyouare
employableattheendofitall.Nopersonwhohasgraduatedfromtheseinstitutesneedstofearbeingjoblessfor
longexceptbychoice.Thereisagamutofusefulskillsthatcannotbelearnedherethatarenottaughtinother
highereducation.Thegraduatesoftheseinstitutesgetawagepremiumovermostothers.IITsandother
professionalinstitutesofferexcellenceforvariousreasonsandnotallofthemhavetodowithgreatfaculty.Basics
likewater,electricity,goodbuildings,goodlaboratories,libraries,teachingsupport,researchcapabilitiesandmuch
morearealsorequired.

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14.HastheCadrebasedCivilServicesOrganisationbeenthecauseofslowchangeinIndia?
Criticallyexamine.
Ans:TheIASisanAllIndiaServicethatensuresanequitablemixofinsiderandoutsiderofficersineachstate.
Halfofthevacanciesgotoofficerswhocomefromthestate,andtheotherhalftoofficersfromotherregions.
Amonginsiders,33%arepromotedfromtheStateCivilService.Butsomestategovernmentsarenotkeenon
receivingcivilservantsimposedbythecentralgovernment,especiallysincetheendoftheCongresshegemony
andtheemergenceofoppositionregionalparties.ThepanIndiancharacteroftheIASissometimesconsidered
incompatiblewiththefederalprinciple,erosiveforceactingagainsttheautonomyofthestates,whileitsmembers
areviewedastheagentsofthecentralgovernmentintheregions.TheAllIndiaServicesarejointlycontrolledand
managedbytheCentreandtheStates.Thecentralgovernment,throughtheMinistryofPersonnel,hasa
considerablesayinthecareersofIASofficers.Inthestates,theChiefMinister,attheheadoftheregional
government,possessesatripleprerogativeonIASofficers:hecantransferthemfromonedistricttoanother,
promoteandsuspendthem.Transfersareanormalfeatureinpersonneladministration,accordingtothe
Weberianconceptofseparationoftheincumbentfromtheofficeheisholding.Despitethenexusbetween
politiciansandbureaucrats,thelatterarealwaysinaprecariouspositionsincetheycanbearbitrarilytransferred
atanytime,especiallyiftheythreatencertainlocalvestedinterests.
15.TwoparallelrunschemesoftheGovernmentviz.theAdhaarCardandNPR,oneasvoluntary
andtheotherascompulsory,haveledtodebatesatnationallevelsandalsolitigations.Onmerits,
discusswhetherornotbothschemesneedrunconcurrently.Analysethepotentialoftheschemesto
achievedevelopmentalbenefitsandequitablegrowth.
Ans:UIDAIisbeingrolledoutin16states,NPRisanationwideproject.Alotoftheconfusionisinthestates
wherebothprojectsaregatheringdataconcurrently.UP,forinstance,isanonUIDstate.Delhihasboth.NPR,
basedondemographicdatacollectedduringCensus2011,proposestoissuecardsbearingAadhaarnumbers.A
residentofanNPRstateneednotbotheraboutUID.AadhaaristheuniquenumberbothNPR&UIDAIissuebased
onbiometricdata.IfNPRrejectsUIDAIdata,youwon'tberegistered.ItwasdecidedbytheCabinetCommitteeon
UIDAIthatallresidentswouldbeissuedNationalMultipurposeIdentityCardsunderNPR,andUIDAIwould
generateUniqueidentificationnumberforentirepopulation.BothUIDAIandNPRweretosharethebiometricdata
collectedbythemforissuingNMICandgeneratinguniqueidentificationnumber.TheNPRisacomprehensive
identitydatabasemaintainedbytheRegistrarGeneralandCensusCommissionerofIndiaundertheHome
Ministry.MNREGAwillrequireauthenticationbeforepayoutthereforeinsuchascenario,itwillbeessentialtomap
UIDoftheresidentwithMNREGAJobCardnumberandotherdemographicinformation.Similarly,banksand
insurancecarriersmaywanttomapAadhaarnumbersofalltheircustomers.Theobjectiveisnottoreplacethe
currentlyuseduniqueidentifierofthecustomers/residents/beneficiarieswithAadhaarbuttheobjectiveisto
seamlesslyenableAadhaarauthenticationwithoutimpactinganyotherinterfacethattheserviceproviders
maintainwiththeircustomers.
16.WithrespecttotheSouthChinasea,maritimeterritorialdisputesandrisingtensionaffirmthe
needforsafeguardingmaritimesecuritytoensurefreedomofnavigationandoverflightthroughout
theregion.Inthiscontext,discussthebilateralissuesbetweenIndiaandChina.
Ans:TerritorialdisputesintheSouthChinaSeainvolvebothislandandmaritimeclaimsamongseveralsovereign
stateswithintheregion,namelyBrunei,thePeople'sRepublicofChina,Taiwan,Malaysia,thePhilippines,and
Vietnam.TherearedisputesconcerningtheSpratlyandtheParacelislands,aswellasmaritimeboundariesinthe
GulfofTonkinandelsewhere.ThereisafurtherdisputeinthewatersneartheIndonesianNatunaIslands.
NotwithstandingChineseobjections,IndiawentaheadtoenhanceitspresenceinhydrocarbonrichSouthChina
SeaandinkedapactwithVietnamforexplorationintwoadditionaloilandgasblocksbesidesdecidingtostepup
cooperationinkeyareasofdefence,security,tradeandcounterterrorism.Indiahaslongbeeninvolvedonthe
marginsoftheSouthChinaSeaissue.Mostnotably,ithasbeenpursuingjointenergydevelopmentopportunities
withVietnaminwatersthatbothHanoiandChinaclaim.Altogether,some55percentofIndiastradepasses
throughtheStraitofMalacca.Theinterestsofdifferentnationsincludeacquiringfishingareasaroundthetwo
archipelagosthepotentialexploitationofsuspectedcrudeoilandnaturalgasunderthewatersofvariouspartsof
theSouthChinaSeaandthestrategiccontrolofimportantshippinglanes.ItisironicthatwhileChinaappealsto
theprinciplesinUNCLOSArticles74and83inthisstrategy,itistheonlyclaimantthatdeniesUNCLOSstribunal
thejurisdictiontointerpretanapplythoseArticlesrelatingtoseaboundarydelimitations.
17.TheaimofInformationTechnologyAgreements(ITAs)istoloweralltaxesandtariffson
informationtechnologyproductsbysignatoriestozero.Whatimpactshouldsuchagreementshave
onIndiasinterests?
Ans:TheInformationTechnologyAgreement(ITA)isaplurilateraltradeagreementthatrequiresparticipantsto
eliminatetheirtariffsonaspecificlistofinformationtechnology(IT)andtelecommunicationsproducts.Duringthe
UruguayRoundnegotiationsoftheGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade,theelectronicssectorwasoneofthe
socalledzeroforzerosectorsforwhichU.S.tradenegotiatorshopedtoachievecompleteeliminationoftariffs
bymajortradingpartners.IndiasexperiencewiththeITA1hasnotbeenencouragingasithasalmostwipedout
theITindustryfromIndia.AfterexaminingthematterinconsultationwiththenodalMinistryi.e.Departmentof
ElectronicsandInformationTechnologyandotherstakeholders,ithasbeendecided,forthepresent,nottojoin
thenegotiationsasitwillnotbeinournationalinterest.IndiaisasignatorytotheInformationTechnology
Agreement(ITAI)ofWTO.UnderthisagreementIndiaisobligedtoallowzerodutyimportofITproducts.Thelist
ofITproductsismentionedintheagreement.DuringtheUruguayRoundnegotiationsoftheGeneralAgreement
onTariffsandTrade,theelectronicssectorwasoneofthesocalledzeroforzerosectorsforwhichU.S.trade
negotiatorshopedtoachievecompleteeliminationoftariffsbymajortradingpartners.TheITindustryassociations
oftheUnitedStates,Europe,andJapanrecommendedtotheG7meetinginBrusselsontheGlobalInformation
Infrastructure(GII)thattariffsintheITindustrybeeliminatedthoughtheadoptionofaninformationtechnology
agreement.ButallthesewerenotbeingfulfilledincontexttoIndianexpectations.

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18.SomeoftheInternationalfundingagencieshavespecialtermsforeconomicparticipation
stipulatingasubstantialcomponentoftheaidtobeusedforsourcingequipmentfromtheleading
countries.Discussonmeritsofsuchtermsandif,thereexistsastrongcasenottoacceptsuch
conditionsintheIndiancontext.
Ans:IndiahasbeenprovidingsignificanteconomicandmilitaryaidtoneighboringcountriesinSouthAsiasince
the1950s,soonafteritsindependence.Itisonlyinthelastdecade,however,thatIndiahasreliedonforeign
assistanceasanincreasinglyimportantforeignpolicytooltofurtheritsowneconomic,political,andstrategic
interests.TherearethreepartstoIndiasforeignassistancespending:grantsandpreferentialbilateralloansto
governments,contributionstointernationalorganisations(IOs)andfinancialinstitutions(IFIs),andsubsidiesfor
preferentialbilateralloansprovidedthroughtheExportImport(EXIM)BankofIndia.Theneweconomicreform,
popularlyknownas,Liberalization,PrivatizationandGlobalization(LPGmodel)aimedatmakingtheIndian
economyasfastestgrowingeconomyandgloballycompetitive.Theseriesofreformsundertakenwithrespectto
industrialsector,tradeaswellasfinancialsectoraimedatmakingtheeconomymoreefficient.Indiafocuseson
smallerinterventions,allowsrecipientcountriestodefinetheirownprioritiesandencouragesmutualeconomic
growthandlongtermtradelinkagesratherthanpurelyadevelopmentimpact.Therefore,theoverallobjectiveis
focusedonpromotinggoodwillandlocalcapacity.Fundingforforeignassistanceprogramsischanneled
throughmultipleministriesoftheIndiangovernment.Forexample,intheMinistryofExternalAffairs
expenditureproposal,foreignassistanceisallocatedunderthetitleofTechnicalandEconomicCooperationwith
OtherCountries.Indiadoesnothaveadedicatedaidagency,mostaidworkisconductedthroughmultiple
programsoperatingwithindifferentministriesoftheIndiangovernment.
19.IndiahasrecentlysignedtobecomefoundingaNewDevelopmentBank(NDB)andalsothe
AsianInfrastructureInvestmentBank(AIIB).HowwilltheroleofthetwoBanksbedifferent?
DiscussthesignificanceofthesetwoBanksforIndia.
Ans:ThefiveBRICScountries(Brazil,Russia,India,PeoplesRepublicofChina,SouthAfrica),atasummitinthe
BraziliancityofFortaleza,announcedtheestablishmentoftheNewDevelopmentBank(NDB)andarelated
ContingentReserveArrangement(CRA).TheNDBisintendedtoofferdevelopmentfinancewithoutthepolicy
conditionalityrequiredbyothermajordevelopmentbanks,whiletheCRAwillhelpstabilizecurrencies,potentially
incompetitionwiththeIMF.TheNDBwillstartwithacapitalbaseof$50billionandequalvotingrightsforitsfive
members,whiletheCRAwillstartwitha$100billionpoolofcurrencyswaps..TheAIIBisintendedtoaddressthe
enormousneedforinfrastructurefinancingintheAsianregion.Giventhehighdemandforinfrastructure
financinginAsia,theAIIB,onceoperational,maywellmoveaheadfasterthantheNDB.GiventhePRCs
comfortablefiscalposition,itcouldincreasetheAIIBscapitalbasequickly,puttingitonaparwithmajorexisting
banks.AsforIndia,theAIIBisgoingtoofferfurtheroptionsandavailabilityoffinanceforitsimmense
infrastructuralneeds.Indiawillneed$1trillionforfiveyearsbeginning201415.TheAIIBwillhavevotingrights
basedonbenchmarkswhichwillbeacombinationofGDPandpurchasingpowerparity.BasedontheseChinaand
Indiawillbethebiggeststakeholders.
20.WTOisanimportantinternationalinstitutionwheredecisionstakenaffectcountriesin
profoundmanner.WhatisthemandateofWTOandhowbindingaretheirdecisions?Critically
analyseIndiasstandonthelatestroundoftalksonFoodsecurity.
Ans:TheWTOisrunbyitsmembergovernments.Allmajordecisionsaremadebythemembershipasawhole,
eitherbyministers(whomeetatleastonceeverytwoyears)orbytheirambassadorsordelegates(whomeet
regularlyinGeneva).Decisionsarenormallytakenbyconsensus.WhenWTOrulesimposedisciplinesoncountries
policiesthatistheoutcomeofnegotiationsamongWTOmembers.Therulesareenforcedbythemembers
themselvesunderagreedproceduresthattheynegotiated,includingthepossibilityoftradesanctions.Butthose
sanctionsareimposedbymembercountries,andauthorizedbythemembershipasawhole..FromIndiaspointof
view,servicespresentadifferentpicturefromagricultureandindustrialtariffs.AsanemergingglobalpowerinIT
andbusinessservices,thecountryis,infact,ademanderintheWTOtalksonservicesasitseeksmoreliberal
commitmentsonthepartofitstradingpartnersforcrossbordersupplyofservices.Indiahastakenoffensive
positionsinthisareaasithasexportinterestsininformationtechnology(Mode1).Thecountryalsoseeksgreater
accesstotheEUandtheUSintermsofthemovementofnaturalpersons,orwhatistermedasMode4incross
bordersupplyofservices.Asfarasagriculturenegotiationsareconcerned,theplayingfieldmaybetiltedfurther
againstIndiaifitisrequiredtoundertakedeeptariffcutswithoutanyconcurrenteliminationoffarmsubsidiesby
developedcountries.

SOLUTIONGENERALSTUDIESPAPERIII
Normallycountriesshiftfromagriculturetoindustryandthenlatertoservices,butIndiashifted
directlyfromagriculturetoservices.Whatarethereasonsforthegrowthofservicesvisvis
industryinthecountry?CanIndiabecomeadevelopedcountrywithoutastrongindustrialbase?
Ans:
ThegrowthofIndiasservicessector,itscontributiontoGDP,anditsincreasingshareintradeandinvestmenthas
drawnglobalattention.InIndia,therehasbeenashiftfromagriculturetotheservicessector.
Servicessectorstartedtogrowinthemid1980sbutgrowthacceleratedinthe1990swhenIndiainitiateda
seriesofeconomicreformsafterthecountryfacedaseverebalanceofpaymentcrisis.Reformsintheservices
sectorwereapartoftheoverallreformprocess,whichledtoprivatization,removalofForeignDirectInvestment
restrictionsandstreamliningoftheapprovalprocedures,amongothers.
CreatingastrongindustrialbaseisnecessaryinIndiaforavarietyreasons:

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Firstandforemost,manufacturingisanessentialsectorofalleconomies,especiallyforadevelopingcountry.
Withoutabaseinindustry,strongandsustainablegrowthisnotpossibleinIndia.
Improvingthemanufacturingsectoristhefirststepinincreasingexportsfromthecountry.
FordevelopingmoremanufacturedgoodsinIndiaistheincreaseonselfsufficiencyandreliancefromdomestic
firms,makingthenationaleconomystronger.
Therefore,growthofmanufacturingsectoriscriticalasitallowsequitablewealthdistributionandalsolarge
numbersofjobsarecreated.
WhileweflauntIndiasdemographicdividend,weignorethedroppingratesofemployability.What
arewemissingwhiledoingso?WherewillthejobsthatIndiadesperatelyneedscomefrom?Explain.
Ans:Intermsofhumanresource,itisnotenoughtohavelotsofyoungpeopletheseyoungpeopleneedto
beproperlytrainedtofullycontributetotheeconomy.
Onecannotbetoooptimisticaboutthistrendconsideringitspooreducationsystemfrombottomtotop.
Demographicdividendinthecountryisnotbeingappropriatelyusedandthereisaneedtorevisitthe
demographicpolicysoastotapbenefitsfromtheyouth.
Fasternonagriculturaljobcreationhasbecomeenaviableforskilledyouth.Thereasonforunemploymentcould
bethelackofemploymentbecauseofthequalityofeducationorlackofopportunities.
Avibrantmanufacturing,especially,SmallandMediumEnterprises(SMEs)sectorcanplayakeyroleincreating
jobsandhigheconomicgrowth.Ithasthepotentialtoprovideemploymentfortheexceptionallylargelabourforce
thatisstillworkinginagriculture.
Themostpromisingsolutiontothesechallengesisinvestingeffectivelyinskillsthroughoutalifetime:from
earlychildhood,throughcompulsoryeducation,andduringtheworkinglife.
InnovativeschemestopromoteskilldevelopmentlikeSkillDevelopmentInitiative(SDI),KaushalVikasYojana
(KVY)forsettingupIndustrialTrainingInstitutesandSkillDevelopmentCentersinuncoveredareasandskill
developmentplanwillhelp.

Thereisalsoapointofviewthatagricultureproducemarketcommittees(APMCs)setupunderthe
stateactshavenotonlyimpededthedevelopmentofagriculturebutalsohavebeenthecauseoffood
inflationinIndia.Criticallyexamine.
Ans:TheAgriculturalProduceMarketCommittee(APMC)Actmandatesthepurchaseandsaleofagricultural
commoditiesingovernmentregulatedmandis.Ironically,APMCwasenactedtoprotectfarmersitgivesmonopoly
controloverfarmproducesupplytoahandfulofbugtradersanditadverselyaffectsfarmers.
Thejourneyofacommodityfromfarmtoforkinvolvesmultiplelevelsoftransportationandhandlingexpenses,
agentscommissionandmanditaxesalljackingupthefinalpriceofthefarmproducebyupto20per
cent.Also,anywherebetween5percentto40percentoffoodiswasteddependingupontheperishabilityofthe
item.
Thus,thefarmersfarmgatepriceissuppressedwhileretailpriceisinflated.Themajorchunkofthisdifferenceis
appropriatedbyintermediaries,leadingtolownetrealisationtofarmersanddemandforhikesinsupportprices.
Besides,coverageofselectfarmcommoditiesundertheminimumsupportprice(MSP)weakenstheeffectiveness
ofpricesignalsinensuringoptimalresourceallocation.
HigherMSPsareneededtocompensatefortherisingcostoffarming,butarbitrarilyraisingMSPsofcerealsvis
visnoncerealfooditemssuchaseggs,milk,pulses,fruitandvegetablesincreasestherelativepricegapbetween
thetwocategories.
ProcurementoffoodgrainsbyFoodCorporationofIndiaalsocontributetofoodinflation.
Theabsenceoftradingmonopoliesandanenvironmentwhereproduceandpriceinformationflowfreelywillsoften
theimpactofsupplydisruptionseasingthesubsequentriseinfoodinflation.
Inthevillagesitselfnoformofcreditorganisationwillbesuitableexceptthecooperativesociety.
AllIndianRuralCreditsurvey.
DiscussthisstatementinthebackgroundofagriculturefinanceinIndia.Whatconstraintsandchallengesdo
financialinstitutionssupplyingagriculturalfinanceface?Howcantechnologybeusedtobetterreachandserve
ruralclients?
Ans:Thereachofregionalruralbanks(RRBs)inthecountrysidebothintermsofthenumberofclientsand
accessibilitytothesmallandmarginalfarmersandotherpoorersegmentsisfarlessthanthatofcooperatives.
Intermsofnumberofagriculturalcreditaccounts,theShortTermCooperativeCreditSystem(STCCS)has50%
moreaccountsthanthecommercialbanksandRRBsputtogether.
However,thehealthofaverylargeproportionoftheseruralcreditcooperativeshasdeterioratedsignificantly.
Ruralfinancereferstofinancialservicesusedinruralareasbypeopleofallincomelevels,andagriculturalfinance
isthefinancingofagriculturerelatedactivities,fromproductiontomarket.
Financialinstitutionsseekingtoworkinruralareasfacenumerousconstraints,suchaspoorinfrastructure,
disperseddemand,priceandyieldrisks,andcollaterallimitations.
Moreover,themainproductsofmanymicrofinanceinstitutionsshorttermworkingcapitalloanswithfrequent
expectedrepaymentsmaynotbewellsuitedtolongertermagriculturalactivities,northeresultingseasonality
ofthecashflowofruralhouseholds.
Improvementsintechnology,regardinginformationandcommunication,aremakingitincreasinglyviablefor
providerstosustainablyandeffectivelyreachpeopleinruralareas,thoughabetterunderstandingofpotential
customersandtheirfinancialneedswillbenecessarytomakesignificantimprovements.
Therighttofaircompensationandtransparencylandacquisition,rehabilitationandresettlementact,
2013hascomeintoeffectfrom1January2014.Whatimplicationwouldithaveonindustrialization

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andagricultureinIndia?
Ans:TheintentionofthenewLandAcquisitionActwastomakelandacquisitionmoretransparentandfarmer
friendly.Theprincipleobjectiveofthenewactisfaircompensation,thoroughresettlementandrehabilitationof
thoseaffected,adequatesafeguardsfortheirwellbeingandcompletetransparencyintheprocessofland
acquisition.
Butmanyeconomistsandindustrialistsholdthatthenewactisasmuchadeterrenttogrowthastheoldone
was.
SomeoftheimplicationsassociatedwithindustrializationandagricultureinIndiaw.e.tthisactare:
Theacquisitionprocesswillbemorelengthyandcostlymakingitdifficultforprivatecompanies.
ThesocialImpactAssessmentislikelytodelaytheprocessofacquisition.
Largepatchesofacquisitionforsmartcitieswillbedifficultasitwillrequire70%consentforpublicprivate
partnership.
Governmentwillhavetoshellouthugecosttopaytwotofourtimesofmarketvalueandfurtherspendon
rehabilitationandresettlement.
Landacquisitionforprivateprojectswillneed80%consentfromaffectedfamilies,whichwillbeabigproblem.
Incasetheacquiredlandremainsunutilizedfor5yearsafteracquisition,theActempowersstatetoreturnthe
landeithertotheownerortotheStateLandBank.
Capitalismhasguidedtheworldeconomytounprecedentedprosperity.However,itoftenencourages
shortsightednessandcontributestowidedisparitiesbetweentherichandthepoor.Inthislight,
woulditbecorrecttobelieveandadoptcapitalismforbringinginclusivegrowthinIndia?Discuss.
Ans:Capitalismhasguidedtheworldeconomytounprecedentedprosperity.Yetitcontributedtowidedisparities
betweentherichandthepoor,andtoleratedtherecklesstreatmentofenvironmentalcapital.
Post1991,Indiahasbeenmovingtowardscapitalismwithgushingforce.Liberalizationandglobalizationopened
Indianeconomyforforeigndirectinvestment(FDI)hasattractedgreatinvestmentandemployment
opportunities.LiberalizingFII(ForeignInstitutionalInvestor)normshashelpedineasyavailabilityofcapital.
Evenafter60yearsofindependenceweareunabletoaddresstheproblemsofpoverty,education,housing,food,
sanitation,etc.Mostoftheruralareas,whichcomprisealmost70percentpopulationofIndiaareunder
developed.
Thegrowththatweobservearoundusislopsided,helpingrichgettingricherandthepoorgettingpoorer.Allthese
aretheresultsofexcessivecapitalismandrelianceonindustrializationandurbanization.Wearepromoting
industrializationatthecostofagriculture.
Developmentmeansdevelopingtheruralareas.TechnologyshouldreachruralIndiatoincreaseselfsufficiency.
Medicalandeducationalfacilitiesshouldbeprovided.Basicamenitiesshouldbeprovided.Thereshouldbecreation
offacilitiessothatvillagersfeelnoneedtomigratetourbanareas.
Therefore,tohaveinclusivegrowthinIndiathereisnoneedofadoptingcapitalismbaseddevelopmentbutto
developanefficientparallelruraleconomy.

Explainhowprivatepublicpartnershipagreements,inlonggestationinfrastructureprojects,can
transferunsustainableliabilitiestothefuture.Whatarrangementsneedtobeputinplacetoensure
thatsuccessivegenerationscapacitiesarenotcompromised?
Ans:Privatesectorcontributiontothedevelopmentofpublicinfrastructurehasincreasedmanyfoldsduringthe
recentperiodduetovariouspolicyinitiativesbytheGovernmenttowardsmoreencouragementforprivate
participation.
Publicprivatepartnerships(PPPs)areseentohaveasignificantroleinbringinginmuchneededinvestmentsas
wellasefficienciesinutilizationandmanagementofresources.
Despiteimprovementsinphysicalinfrastructuredevelopmentinthecountryduringtherecentyears,significant
gapexistsbetweendemandandsupplyofcriticalinfrastructurefacilities,whichhasbecomeabindingconstraint
ontherapidpaceofeconomicprogress.
AsustainedgrowthoftheIndianeconomyiscriticalforequitabledevelopmentinthecountrywhichcanimpact
allstrataofsociety.Therequirementforsustainableinfrastructuredevelopmentisparamountbothtoprovidethe
backboneforeconomicactivitiesaswelltoensurethatresourcesareconservedandusedmostefficiently.
PPPprojectsmustcontributetosustainabledevelopmentandprotectionoftheenvironmentasakeypriority.
Thismustbeachievedbybalancingthepublicscurrentneedswiththeresponsibilitytowardsfuturegenerations.
ResponsibilityofPPPprojectsoftenrestswiththeeconomy,financeandtransportministries,ratherthanthe
environmentministries.
Nationalurbantransportpolicyemphasizesonmovingpeopleinsteadofmovingvehicles.Discuss
criticallythesuccessofvariousstrategiesofthegovernmentinthisregard.
Ans:Indiaisalreadystartingtomakestridestowardsustainabletransport.The2006NationalUrbanTransport
Policy(NUTP)promotedmovingpeople,notvehicles,andrightlyrecognizedtheneedforchangesinthewaythe
countryinvestedinurbantransporttoimprovethequalityoflifeforpeopleincities.
Thepolicyprimarilyfocusesonmajorityofthepopulationusingpublictransportandnonmotorizedmodes.Urban
transportisakeyurbanservicethatimpartsefficiencytothecitybyprovidingmobilitytotheworkforceand
hencebestproductivity.
In2009,AhmedabadusedthisfundingtolaunchJanmarg,IndiasfirstBusRapidTransit(BRT)system,whichhas
anaveragedailyridershipof132,033passengers.Thissystemhasservedasasuccessstorytoencourageother
citiesaroundthecountrytoplanandimplementsimilarsystems.
Alsoin2009,thecentralgovernmenthelped61citiesprocuremorethan15,000busesinordertolaunchnew
citybusservicesoraugmentexistingservices.
JawaharlalNehruNationalUrbanRenewalMission(JNNURM)includesdevelopmentoftransportservices.

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Implementationofmetrorailservicesandmonorailservicesinvariousisalsoanefforttoimprovemovementof
people.Governmentisalsopromotinglightevehiclesforpublictransportwithinurbanareas.
Howeveratpresentthereisahugedeficitinurbantransportservicesandinfrastructurebothinqualityand
quantity.
Foreigndirectinvestmentinthedefensesectorisnowsaidtobeliberalized.Whatinfluencethisis
expectedtohaveonIndiandefenseandeconomyintheshortandlongrun?
Ans:Ensuringthattheforeigndefenceinvestorswillbeabletogeneratesufficienteconomicincentivesfrom
theirinvestment,theForeignDirectInvestmentwillincreasedefenceproductssubstantially.Itwillensuregetting
fundsandaccesstothelatesttechnologies.FDIPresupposesalongtermcommitmentandlastingrelationships
betweentheforeignandlocalenterprises.
SomeofthemajorfactorsthatwillinfluencedefenceandeconomyofIndiaareasunder:
Itwillincreaseavailabilityoffinancialresourcesandupgradedtechnologyfordefenceindustry.
Itwillreducedependenceonimportfordefencehardware.
Itwillcreatemorespaceforresearchanddevelopmentworkindefencesector.
ItwillcontributeinthegrowthofGrossDomesticProduct(GDP)andshareofdefencesectorinGDP.Itwillcreate
newopportunitiesforskilledandunskilledworkforceinthecountry.
Itwillincreaseshareofdefencehardwareintheexportofcountry.
ItwillpresentIndianEconomy,inglobalscenario,asinvestorfriendly.
ItwillensuredeliveryofuptodateequipmentforIndiandefenceforces.
IndiamustpositionitselfasthemostlucrativeFDIdestination,indefencesectoralso,withimprovedFDI
ConfidenceIndexandmakestructuralchangestoprovidefunctionalfreedomtojointventurestorespondto
marketdynamics.
ScientificresearchinIndianuniversitiesisdeclining,becauseacareerinscienceisnotasattractive
asourbusinessoperations,engineeringoradministration,andtheuniversitiesarebecoming
consumeroriented.Criticallycomment.
Ans:Universitiesareknowledgebasedorganizationswhosefunctionsarelargelyconfinedtoteachingand
research.Scienceseemstobelosingouttootherdisciplines,particularlytheprofessionalcoursesinattracting
students.
Therecenttrendobservedinsecondaryandtertiaryeducationsectorsistowardnonsciencecourses.
Inadequaciesinthepoliciesofthegovernment,negligenceofitsimportancebypoliticalpartiesandsocial
organizations,etc.,haveacceleratedthedecline.
Universitieshavelongabandonedtheaccentonresearchandhavebecomemereteachingcenters.Research
aptitudeinstudentsisnotproperlydevelopedduringtheircourseofstudy.Teachersrefusetoundertakeresearch
alongwithteachingandareresistanttomajorstructuralchangesinthesystemunlessitisbeneficialtotheir
career.
ResearchmanagementinuniversitiesisanotherveryseriousproblemfacedbymanyIndianuniversities.
Amajorreasonforthistrendisthatthecareerinscienceisnotattractivelikeaprofessioninbusiness
administrationorinpolitics.
Remedialmeasuresarenecessaryforrejuvenatingtheinterestinscienceandforensuringproductivity.If
evaluativeconclusionsaremadeatthislevelwecanreasonablydescribethesituationneedsimmediateattention
ofthepolicymakersandthesociety,ingeneral.
Universitiesshouldnotbehavelikeconsumerorientedorganizationsconcernedwiththeproductionoftrained
technocratsbutshouldfocusonattendingthepitfallsinpedagogy.Scientificknowledgecanbeachievedbythe
cumulativeexperienceofknowinghowbydoingit.

11.CanoveruseandfreeavailabilityofantibioticswithoutDoctorsprescription,becontributorsto
theemergenceofdrugresistantdiseasesinIndia?Whataretheavailablemechanismsfor
monitoringandcontrol?Criticallydiscussthevariousissuesinvolved.
Ans:InIndiatheinfectiousdiseaseburdenisamongthehighestintheworldandrecentreportshowedthe
inappropriateandirrationaluseofantimicrobialagentsagainstthesediseases,whichledtoincreasein
developmentofantimicrobialresistance.
ThehealthsectorinIndiasuffersfromgrossinadequacyofpublicfinance.
AnationaltaskforcehasbeenconstitutedundertheChairmanshipofDGHS,withDirectorNCDCbeingthe
memberSecretaryforcontainmentofAntimicrobialresistanceinthecountrywiththefollowingtermsof
reference/agenda:
Toreviewthecurrentsituationregardingmanufacture,useandmisuseofantibioticsinthecountry.
Torecommendthedesignforcreationofanationalsurveillancesystemforantibioticresistance.
Toenforceandenhanceregulatoryprovisionsforuseofantibioticsinhuman,veterinaryandindustrialuse.
Torecommendspecificinterventionmeasuressuchasrationaleuseofantibioticsandantibioticpoliciesin
hospitals.
StrengtheningofdiagnosticMethodspertainingtoantimicrobialResistanceMonitoringAntimicrobialresistancewill
resultindifficultyincontrollingthediseasesinthecommunityandineffectivedeliveryofthehealthcareservices.
Butthereisstillnoefficientmechanismtocontrolandmonitortheuseofantibioticssuccessfully.
12.Inaglobalizedworld,intellectualpropertyrightsassumesignificanceandareasourceoflitigation.Broadly
distinguishbetweenthetermscopyrights,patentsandtradesecrets.
Ans:Intellectualpropertyrights(IPRs)arelegalandinstitutionaldevicestoprotectcreationsofthemindsuchas
inventions,worksofartandliterature,anddesigns.Theyalsoincludemarksonproductstoindicatetheir

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differencefromsimilaronessoldbycompetitors.
Thedifferencebetweenthecopyrights,patentsandtradesecretsisasfollows:
Patents:protectfunctionalexpressionsofanideanottheideaitself.
Amachines,method/process,manufacture,compositionsofmatter,andimprovementsofanyoftheseitemscan
bepatented.
Copyrights:protectthespecificcreativeexpressionofanideathroughanymediumofartistic/creativeexpression
i.e.,paintings,photographs,sculpture,writings,software,etc.
Acopyrightprotectsyourpaintingofahaystack,butitwouldnotprohibitanotherpainterfromexpressingtheir
artistryorviewpointbyalsopaintingahaystack.
TradeSecrets:Tradesecretsencompassmanufacturingorindustrialsecretsandcommercialsecrets.
Theunauthorizeduseofsuchinformationbypersonsotherthantheholderisregardedasanunfairpracticeanda
violationofthetradesecret.
13.ShouldthepursuitofcarboncreditandcleandevelopmentmechanismsetupunderUNFCCCbemaintained
eventhoughtherehasbeenamassiveslideinthevalueofcarboncredit?DiscusswithrespecttoIndiasenergy
needsforeconomicgrowth.
Ans:CarboncreditsaretradablepermitschemesinaccordancewiththeUnitedNationsFrameworkConvention
onClimateChangealsocalledasUNFCC.Thisschemegivestheholderarighttoemissionofoneequivalentof
tonneofcarbondioxide.
Theyprovideamechanismwhicheffectivelyreducesthegreenhousegasemissionsandthusallowingearning
throughtheemissionreduction.Inruralareas,Indiahashugepotentialtoearnemissionallowancesthroughthe
provisionofdomesticenergywhichisreplacementbased.
SinceahighproportionofIndiasenergycomesfromcoal,andbecausethecountrysescalatingfuelneedsraise
concernsaroundsecurityofsupply,Indianpolicymakersaretakingagrowinginterestinpromotingenergy
efficiencyandrenewables,asdemonstratedbytherecentlylaunchedNationalActionPlanonClimateChange.
ConsideringthatjustoverhalfofIndiascurrentCO2emissionsarefromlargepointsourcesitmaybethatsuch
currentandfuturesourcescouldbeasuitablestartingpointforcapturingemissions,transportingthem,andthen
storingtheminporousrockasamitigationstrategyagainstdangerousclimatechange.
Indiaisconsideredoneofthebiggestbeneficiariesofcarbontradingamongthedevelopingcountries,throughthe
implementationCleanDevelopmentMechanism(CDM).
14.Droughthasbeenrecognizedasadisasterinviewofitsspatialexpanse,temporalduration,
slowonsetandlastingeffectonvulnerablesections.WithafocusontheSeptember2010guidelines
fromtheNationalDisasterManagementAuthority(NDMA),discussthemechanismsforpreparedness
todealwithlikelyElNinoandLaNinafalloutsinIndia.
Ans:DroughtsintheIndianregionaremainlyduetovariouskindsoffailuresofrainsfromsouthwest
monsoon.AlsothereseemstobesomeassociationbetweenElNinoandLaNina
eventsandweakmonsoons.Overmorethanhundredyear'speriodbetween18711988,11ofthe21
droughtyearswereElNinoyears.Duringthe90yearsperiodbetween19011990rainfall
wassufficientinall7strongElNinocases.TheElNinophaseoftheSouthernOscillations(ENSO)
hasdirectimpactondroughtinIndiawhichcausesweakorenhancedsummermonsoon.NationalDisaster
ManagementAuthority(NDMA)initsguidelineshasidentifiedmanycurrentchallengesindroughtmanagement
includes:
1)Criteriafollowedfordroughtdeclarationandthetimewhenthedroughtisdeclareddiffersacrossthestates
2)Indicatorsusedandthemethodologyfollowedfordroughtintensityassessmentand
droughtmonitoringdifferlargelyfromstatetostate
3)Datasharingfordroughtassessmentanddroughtdeclaration
4)InsufficientuseofInformationandCommunicationTechnology(ICT)toolsbyvarious
agenciesinmanagementofdrought
5)Lackofcheckdamsintherainfedareasresultsininadequatestoragewaterintimesofneedordrought
6)Lackofcommunityparticipationindroughtmanagementactivitiesatthevillage/tehsillevel,andthelow
levelsofinvolvementofSelfHelpGroups,NGOsandthecorporatesector.
15.Environmentalimpactassessmentstudiesareincreasinglyundertakenbeforeprojectisclearedbythe
government.DiscusstheenvironmentalimpactsofcoalfiredthermalplantslocatedatPitheads.
Ans:EnvironmentalImpactAssessment(EIA)isanimportantmanagementtoolforensuringoptimaluseof
naturalresourcesforsustainabledevelopment.
Therearenumerousdamagingenvironmentalimpactsofcoalthatoccurthroughitsmining,preparation,
combustion,wastestorage,andtransport.Coalfiredpowerplantsareresponsibleforonethirdofcarbondioxide
(CO2)emissionsaboutthesameamountasalltransportationsourcescars,SUVs,trucks,buses,planes,
ships,andtrainscombined.
A1000megawatt(MW)coalfiredpowerplantproducesapproximatelythesameamountofglobalwarmingas1.2
millioncars.
Inadditiontoatmosphericpollution,coalburningproduceshundredsofmillionsoftonsofsolidwasteproducts
annually,includingflyash,bottomash,andfluegasdesulfurizationsludgethatcontainmercury,uranium,
thorium,arsenic,andotherheavymetals.
Theenvironmentalproblemshowevercanbesolvedtosomeextentduringthemediumtermbyadoptionof
supercriticaltechnologyandIntegratedGasificationCombinedCycle(IGCC)technologynowbeingfollowedbythe
USA,EuropeandJapan.
Theadoptionofthesetechnologiesleadstohigherenergyconversionefficiencyandlowergaseousemissionsper
unitofpowergeneratedandreductioninlandrequiredforwasteashdisposal.
Inadditionthereisreductionincapacityofcoalandashhandlingplantsandcoolingwatersystemsresultingin
lowerauxiliarypowerconsumption.

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16.ThediversenatureofIndiaasamultireligiousandmultiethnicsocietyisnotimmunetotheimpactof
radicalismwhichhasbeeninherneighborhood.Discussalongwiththestrategiestobeadoptedtocounterthis
environment.
Ans:Indiaisaverydiverseplacewithpeoplefrommanydifferentreligiousbackgrounds,whospeakmany
differentlanguagesandcomefrommanydifferentregions.Thetermradicalismalwayspointstosomeanalytical
orrevisionistfunction.
Radicalismtendstobecomprehensivenomatterwhereitstarts,ittendstoassimilateallaspectsoflifetothe
initialprinciple.
TheConstitutiondidcreaterightsforthecitizen,butitdidnoteradicatecastefromtheheartsandmindsofthe
citizensitcreated.
Despitetheundeniabledemographic,technologicalandeconomicchangestakingplaceinthecountry,thedivision
intocastesandcommunitiesremainstheineluctableandineradicablefeatureofIndiansociety.
ThemostimportantmeasureThesociallyeccentriclocusoforiginofradicalismappearstobeaparticularly
auspiciousperspectiveforthedeliberateappraisaloftheordinarilytakenforgrantedtextureofeverydaylife,and
itmaywellbethatmansconsciousnessofhimselfandoftheworldaroundhimistheassimilatedaggregateof
pastandforgottenradicalizations.
Radicalismcanbecounteractedbyadoptingthefinancialinclusion,economicdevelopmentandtheideologybased
campaignaspartofthestrategiestocurbit.
Therefore,theneedofthehouristoinculcateharmonyandprosperityinthe
societybytimelyorganizationofthecampaignsandbringingtheawarenessin
thesocietyforthepeacefulenvironment.
17.Internationalcivilaviationlawsprovideallcountriescompleteandexclusivesovereigntyoverthe
airspaceabovetheirterritory.Whatdoyouunderstandbyairspace?Whataretheimplicationsoftheselawson
thespaceabovethisairspace?Discussthechallengeswhichthisposesandsuggestswaystocontainthethreat.
Ans:Airspaceistheareaorportionoftheatmosphereaboveacountrysterritorythatiscontrolledbythat
country.Internationalairlawprovidedthatanation'ssovereigntyextendedverticallytotheairspaceoverits
territory.
Airspacethatdoesnotfallwithintheterritoryofanyparticularnation,suchasthatabovethehighseasisknown
asinternationalairspace.
Countriesmaysometimesmakeagreementstocontrolcertainsectionsofinternationalairspace,forexample,a
significantpartoftheairspaceoverthePacificOceaniscontrolledbytheUnitedStatesofAmerica,despiteitbeing
internationalairspace.
Thetermspacelawreferstothebodyofinternationalandnationallawsandcustomsthatgovernhuman
activitiesinouterspace.
ThelegalregimeestablishedbytheOuterSpaceTreatyhasbeensuccessfulinmaintainingpeaceinouterspace
sincetheheightoftheColdWar.
Thechallengesassociatedwiththespacelaws:
Commercialhumanspaceflight,spacedebris,exportcontrolreformandflagsofconveniencearejustafewofthe
challengesthatthespacelawcommunitywillfaceinthecomingyears.Otherissues,suchaspropertyrightsto
outerspaceresources,willgrowinimportanceasthecommercialspaceflightindustrymatures.Spaceflight
lawyerswillbeattheforefrontofhelpingthespacecommunitytomeetthesechallengesandadapttothenew
commercialspaceflightparadigm.
18.HowillegaltransbordermigrationdoesposeathreattoIndiassecurity?Discussthestrategies
tocurbthis,bringoutthefactorswhichgiveimpetustosuchmigration.
Ans:Indiafacesvariousinternalsecuritychallengesowingtohostileneighbors,longandporouslandborder.
Theseinternalsecuritythreatscontinuetodestabilizeoursocietyandeconomy.
Indianborderareporous.Bothgeographicreasonlikeunfavorabletopography,climate(Eg:Borderwith
Pakistan,china,Myanmar,NepalandBhutan)andinternationalcommitmentlikemaritimebordercontributesto
thisporosity.
Theconsequenceofthisporousborderisillegalhumantrafficking,smuggling,armstransfer,escaperoutefor
criminalandterrorism.Theseproblemsnotonlythreatensbasicenvironmentofborderareabutalsointernal
security.
ThesehaveeffectonNation'sunityandthusitsabilitytoprovidesafeandsecureenvironment.
Advancedtechnologybaseddevicesshouldbeusedbybordersecurityforcestocheckillegalimmigration.
Economicdevelopment,especiallydevelopmentofinfrastructure,infrontierareasisanothermeasuretocurbit.
Amajorcauseofillegalimmigration,inIndia,isthepooreconomicstructureofneighbouringcountries.Political
andsocialunrest,terrorisminneighbouringcountriesandavailabilityofcomparativelybettereconomic
opportunities,inIndia,areothercauses.
Thus,Indianeedstofocusanddevelopitsborderareaindynamicmanner.Bythisitcanaddressmostofinternal
securitychallenges.
19.In2012,thelongitudinalmarkingofthehighriskareasforpiracywasmovedfrom65Eastto78east
intheArabianSeabyInternationalMaritimeorganization.WhatimpactdoesthishaveonIndiasmaritime
securityconcerns?
Ans:AspateofpiracyrelatedoccurrencesintheEasternArabianSeaovertwoyearsagohadpromptedthe
industrytoextendthescopeofHighRiskArea(HRA)acrosstheArabianSea(areaswestof78degreeeast
longitude).

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Over2yearsback,thelongitudemarkingoffhighriskareasforpiracywasmovedfrom650eastto780east
aftertheEnricaLexieincident.
Oneofthefalloutsofthismovewasanincreaseintheinsurancepremiumofvesselsplyinginareaswithahigh
riskofpiracy.
Withpiracycomingdown,Indiahasbeendemandingarollbackofthisinternationalguideline,designatingseas
closetoitswesterncoastasbeingunderhighrisktopiracy.
ThethreatofpiracyhasbeenwipedoutfromthecountrysWestCoastthroughthecombinedeffortsoftheIndian
NavyandtheCoastGuard.
Butthemoveinterferedwithourcoastaltraffic,creatingtrouble.Further,asarelativelycheapercounterpiracy
measure,manyvesselsbegantoembarkprivatelycontractedarmedguardsinIndianwaters,causingserious
securityconcerns.
Therearestillalotofissuesassociatedwiththis,likethatofinternationalmerchantvesselscomingclosertothe
coast.

20.ChinaandPakistanhaveenteredintoanagreementfordevelopmentofaneconomiccorridor.
WhatthreatdoesitposeforIndiassecurity?Criticallyexamine.
Ans:ChinaandIndiaarelockedinaglobalenergygamethatisbeingplayedoutviaportsinnearbynations.For
Chinathegoalisexpansion.ForIndia,itisavoidingencirclementbyitslargerneighbour.
ChinahasindicateditwillgoaheadwithbuildinginfrastructureinPakistanoccupiedKashmir(PoK)despiteIndias
concerns,signingamemorandumofunderstandingwithPakistanonatransportcorridorexpectedtopass
throughthedisputedregion.
WhileIndiahasmadeitsconcernsknownovertheprojectsconsideringtheregionsdisputedstatus,Chinahas
appearedtopushforward.
IndiahaslongbeensensitiveandsuspicioustotheSinoPakistanrelationship,evensuspectingthatChinasecretly
helpedPakistanmasternucleartechnology.
TocounterthisthreatandincreasedpresenceofChinaintotheIndianOcean,Indiahasalreadyincreasedits
diplomaticpresenceandisnowalsostrengtheningtoincreaseitseconomicpresenceinAfghanistan.
AsChinadevelopsGwadarportinsouthwesternPakistan,ChabaharportinsoutheasternIranisfillingIndias
strategicneed.
IndiaisdevelopinganorthsouthtradecorridorfromCentralAsiatoAfghanistanthroughChabahar,fromwhere
goodscouldbeshippedbyseatoIndiatocounteracttheChinasstringofpearlsstrategy.
SinoIndiantension,particularlyoverunresolvedborderissuesandnavalcompetitionintheIndianOcean,will
persistintheyearsaheadandcouldevenprecipitatearmedconflict,althoughthisremainsarelativelyremote
possibility.

SOLUTIONGENERALSTUDIESPAPERIV
SECTIONA
(a)Allhumanbeingsaspireforhappiness.Doyouagree?Whatdoeshappinessmeantoyou?Explain
withexamples.
Ans:YesIagreethatallhumanbeingsaspiretoattainhappinessandtoattaincontinuoushappiness.Everyone
triestogethappinessandtogetrelieffrommiseries.
Happinessisthestateofmind.Itisastateofnoncontradictoryjoy.Ajoythatiswithoutpenaltyorguiltyand
thatdoesnotclashwithvaluesanddoesnotworkforonesowndestruction.
Ittousisanythingthatcanbringasmiletosomeone'sface.Itimpliesanactiveorpassivestateofpleasureor
pleasurablesatisfaction.Itresultsfromthepossessionorattainmentofwhatoneconsidersgood.
Happinesshaslesstodowithcircumstancesthanwithourattitudeandapproachtolife.Thusitliesinour
thoughts.
Forexamplewecanfindsuchpeoplewhoareconsumingmaterialisticarticlesonalargescalebuttheyarenot
happy.Ontheotherhandtruesaintsandmonks,whoareawayfromluxuries,feelquitehappiness.
(b)Whatdoethicsseektopromoteinhumanlife?Whyisitallthemoreimportantin
publicadministration?
Ans:Ethicsisabranchofphilosophydealingwithvaluesrelatingtohumanconduct,withrespecttotherightness
andwrongnessofouractionsandtothedecencyandwickednessofthemotivesandtheendsofsuchactions.
Valuesarewhatwelearnfromchildhoodthe'stuff'weacquirefromourparentsandimmediatesurroundings.
Thusethicsteachushowtobehavewithothersforthesmoothrunofthesocialstructure.
Publicadministrationisthekeyinstrumenttoimplementthecommandsandinstructionsofthepoliticalsetup.
Modernstates,especiallydemocraticstates,areconsideredaswelfarestatesinwhichpoliticalsetupworksfor
welfareofcitizens.Sinceastateisacompositionofdiversifiedpeopleonthebasisoftheireconomicandsocial
status,ethicsbecomemoreimportantinpublicadministrationtofulfilltheobjectivesofthepoliticalsystem.
Ethicsmotivatetheadministrationtoperformitsdutiesinsuchawaythatensureseconomic,socialandpolitical
justicealongwithavailabilityofopportunitiesfortheappropriategrowthofcitizens.

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(a)Inthecontextofdefenceservices,patriotismdemandsreadinesstoevenlaydownoneslifein
protectingthenation.Accordingtoyou,whatdoespatriotismimplyineverydaycivillife?Explainwith
illustrationsandjustifyyouranswer.
Ans:Patriotismistheloveofcountry,concernforitsdefenceandwillingnesstosacrificeforit.Itisgenerallya
culturalattachmenttoone'shomelandordevotiontoone'scountry,althoughinterpretationsofthetermvary
withcontext,geographyandpoliticalideology.
Patriotismineverydaycivillifemeanstocontributeinthemaintenanceofunityandintegrityofthenationandto
workforthegrowthanddevelopmentofitspeople.Itistoshareintheconsolidationofthenationandtoperform
thedutiesofacitizenwithhonesty.
Itisanemotionthatmotivatesapersontopreferthegreaterinterestsofhis/hercountrymenratherthanhis
owninterestsandtoplayhisrole,intheeverydaylife,accordingtohisstatus.
Forillustrationateacherwhostaysafterschooltohelphisstudentswiththeirhomework,sotheycanreachtheir
fullpotential,isapatriot.Acivilservant,whohonestlydischargeshisduties,isapatriot.Aworkerwhohonestly
contributesintheconstructionofnationalassetsisapatriot.
(b)Whatdoyouunderstandbyprobityinpubliclife?Whatarethedifficultiesinpracticing
itinthepresenttimes?Howcanthesedifficultiesbeovercome?
Ans:Probityisthequalityofapersontobecompletelyhonest.Itisbeingmorallyandethicallyabovereproach,
havingintegrity.Itencouragesapersontochooseandtofollowtherightagainstthewrong.Itprovidesalevelof
assurancethatthedoneworkwasexecutedinamannerthatisfairandequitable.
Anumberoffactors,suchaspersonalambitions,unfairdemandoffamilymembers,irrationalreligiousbeliefsand
socialnorms,illegalpressureofseniorofficialsandrulingpoliticalpartiesinpublicoffices,andaboveofall
weaknessofonesowncharacterandnatureenforcesapersontopracticeagainstprobity.
Willpoweristhestrongestinstrumenttoensureprobityinpersonalpractices.Butinthepubliclifeitneedsfor
collectiveefforts.Establishmentandempowermentofsuchinstitutions,suchasLokpal,thatensureprobityisalso
ameasuretotackletheproblem.
Toseedprobityasahumanvalueinthepeoplefromchildhoodmaybefruitfulexertiontoencourageprobityin
thesociety.
(a)Integritywithoutknowledgeisweakanduseless,butknowledgewithoutintegrityisdangerous
anddreadful.Whatdoyouunderstandbythisstatement?Explainyourstandwithillustrationsfrom
themoderncontext.
Ans:Integrityisthestateofbeingwhole,entire,orundiminished,whereasknowledgeisacquaintanceor
familiaritygainedbysight,experience,orreport.Thereisnovalueofanindividual,nationorsocietyifitlacksof
knowledge.
Intheabsenceofknowledgeintegritycannotbemaintainedforalongtime.Withthecourseoftimeperfection
becomesirrelevantifitisnotupdatedwithconcurrentrequiredknowledge.Integrityisadriftintheabsenceof
knowledgeanditcannotbeusedforthewelfareofhumanbeings.Itisknowledgethatensurestheuseof
integrityinabetterandusefulperspective.
Butintheabsenceofintegrityknowledgebecomesdangerous.Incompleteknowledgeoftenleadsinawrong
direction.Alittleknowledgealwayshasarisktocausedestructionofanindividualorsociety.Manytimes
incompleteknowledgeisprovidedtogainamalafideobjective.Forillustrationonlysuchaspectsofinformation
andevents,innationalandinternationalpolitics,arerevealedandproducedthatcanfulfillaspecificaim.Different
interpretationsofMH17Malaysiaplaneaccidentwerepresentedbeforetheworldbydifferentcountriesaccording
totheirowninterests.

(b)Humanbeingsshouldalwaysbetreatedasendsinthemselvesandneverasmerelymeans.
Explainthemeaningandsignificanceofthisstatement,givingitsimplicationsinthemoderntechno
economicsociety.
Ans:Humanbeingsarethebestcreationofnaturethatiscapabletoexploitothernaturalresources
tosatisfytheirneeds.Butinmoderntechnoeconomicsocietyhumanbeingshavebeenconvertedintoproductive
machines.Technoeconomicdevelopmentandadvancementisconsideredtocreatemoreconvenientand
pleasurableatmosphereforhumanbeings.Butwiththegrowthofhumansociety,materialisticandconsumerist
approachalsoincreasedandcurrentlypeoplearelivinginasituation,inwhichtheyhavemoretimetoearnbut
notimetoenjoytheirearnings.Peopleareinvolvedtogetmoreandmoretechnoeconomicgrowthandtheyare
continuouslygoingawayfromnaturalstyleofhumanlife.
Technoeconomicachievementsalsodividedhumansocietyintoexploiterandexploitedclassesanditcaused
ideologybasedclassstruggleinwhichhumanbeingsareconsideredasinstrumentstoachieveideologicalaims.
Materialisticachievementshavebecometheparameterofprosperityandthustheendofsociety.
Ifthehumansocietywillcontinuetoparticipateinthisblindraceoftechnoeconomicgrowthitwillbeconverted
intohumanmachinesoutofsentiments,emotionsandhumanity.

(a)Whicheminentpersonalityhasinspiredyouthemostinthecontextofethicalconductinlife?
Givethegistofhis/herteachingsgivingspecificexamplesdescribehowyouhavebeenabletoapply
theseteachingsforyourownethicaldevelopment.
Ans:Thisquestioniscompletelysubjective.Candidateshavecompletespacetomentionaboutthelegend,which
theylike.Candidatesalsoshouldmentionthathowaretheyinspiredbythatlegend?Theyshouldmentionabout
contributionoftheteachingsofthelegendintheirethicaldevelopment.
(b)Thereisaheavyethicalresponsibilityonthepublicservantsbecausetheyoccupypositionsof
power,handlehugeamountsofpublicfunds,andtheirdecisionshavewiderangingimpacton
societyandenvironment.Whatstepshaveyoutakentoimproveyourethicalcompetencetohandle
suchresponsibility?

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Ans:Theroleofcivilservantsinamodernstate,especiallyinawelfarestate,hasbecomeveryimportantasthey
havetodeliveralargenumberofservicestocitizens.Ihavetakenfollowingstepstoimprovemyethical
competencetohandleresponsibilitiesofacivilservant:
Irespectthedignityandrightsofallpersons.
Imaintainprivacyandconfidentialityofinformationaboutothers.
Ibelieveinprofessionalcompetenceandfollowscientificmethodtoachievemygoals.
Iacceptresponsibilityofmyownacts.
Ikeephonestyandintegrityinmyprofessionalaswellaspersonalrelationships.
Itrymylevelbesttomanagemultiplerelationshipsandconflictofinterests.
Itrytomaintainpublictrustbyselfmonitoring.
Irespectconstitutionalandlegalstructureofthesystem.
Icareofsocial,culturalandreligioussentimentsofpeople.
Ifallowanimpartialandjustifiedapproach.

(a)Thecurrentsocietyisplaguedwithwidespreadtrustdeficit.Whataretheconsequencesofthis
situationforpersonalwellbeingandforsocietalwellbeing?Whatcanyoudoatthepersonallevelto
makeyourselftrustworthy?
Ans:Atrustdeficitisalackoftrustbetweenpeople/nations.Itisasituationinwhichaperson/nationisnot
willingorhasnoreasonstotrustotherperson/nation.Itleadstowardsindividualandsocialdisorganizationand
causeslackofmutualcooperationamongpeople/nations.Itsadverseeffectcanbeobservedfromindividuallevel
tointernationalaffairs.Lackoftrustinpersonalrelationsleadstowardspersonalpsychologicalcrisis.Lackoftrust
inpoliticalinstitutionsleadstowardsanarchy.Lackoftrustininternationalaffairsmaycausewarsbetweentwo
nations.Iwilladoptfollowingmeasurestomakemyselftrustworthy:
Iwillkeepmywords.Iwillensurepursuanceofmypromises.
Iwilldelivermyresponsibilitiesinatimelyandcompletemanner.Iwillpresentmyselfasaresponsiblecitizenat
myworkplace,neighborhood,andcommunity.
Iwillfollow,asperrequirement,tostrengthenmyworkprocessandwillkeepmyactivitiesflowingforward.
Iwillbefullypurposefulinmywordsandactions.Iwillfaithinmyself,inwhatIwilldoandhowIwilldoit.

(b)Itisoftensaidthatpovertyleadstocorruption.However,thereisnodearthofinstanceswhereaffluentand
powerfulpeopleindulgeincorruptioninabigway.Whatarethebasiccausesofcorruptionamongpeople?Support
youranswerwithexamples.
Ans:Corruptionistheabuseofentrustedpowerforprivategain.Ithurtseveryonewhodependsontheintegrity
ofpeopleinapositionofauthority.Itisoneofthebiggestthreatstothewellbeingofasociety.Anumberof
causescreatecorruptionamongthepeople.
Lowpayscaleofpersonnelandlimitedjobopportunitiesinthegovernmentsector.Forexamplethirdandfourth
classemployeesarepaidtoolittletofulfilltheirbasicneeds.
Lackofquickandstrictlegalproceedingsandpunishment.Forexamplealargenumberofscamcasesareunder
trialforyears.
Lackofawarenessandunityinthepeople.Forexampleinthepublicdistributionsystemandinthebankingsector
benefitsofcommonpeoplearecapturedbycorruptpersonnelbutthepeopledonotopposeit.
Lackoftransparencyintheworkcultureofthegovernmentsystem.Forexampleanumberofgovernment
departmentsdonotdisclosetheirprocedureanditpromotescorruption.
Acceptanceofcorruptpracticesasaconductofsociety.Forexamplethepeopledonotcondemnapersonthatis
involvedincorruptpractices.
Encouragementofunhealthycompetitionineconomicsector.Forexampleoftencorporatecompaniesoccupy
monopolyoverthemarkettogainunjustifiedprofit.
6.Whatfactorsaffecttheformationofapersonsattitudetowardssocialproblems?Inour
society,contrastingattitudesareprevalentaboutmanysocialproblems.Whatcontrastingattitudes
doyounoticeaboutthecastesysteminoursociety?Howdoyouexplaintheexistenceofthese
contrastingattitudes?
Ans:Anattitudeisamannerofthinking,feeling,orbehavingthatreflectsastateofmindor
disposition.Itmaybepositiveornegativeonanissueaccordingtocircumstances.
Allourattitudesarelearnedfromourexperienceofthesocialcontextaroundus.Theinfluenceofthefamily,
schooling,andpeergroupswaxesandwanesaswegrowintoadolescenceandadulthood.Thefinalsourceof
attitudesisthecultureinwhichachildgrowsup.
Thecastesystem,inIndia,isbasedonsocialandeconomicdiscrimination.Howeveritisdeterminedbybirth.A
persongetsthemembershipofacasteaccordingtothecasteofthefamilyinwhichheisborn.
Theexistenceofcontrastingattitudesaboutcastesystem,inoursociety,isduetocontrastinginterestsofthe
people.Thepeople,whoarebenefitedorwhothinkthattheyarebenefittedbythecastesystem,wantto
maintainitbutthepeoplewhofinditagainsttheirgrowthopposeit.Suchpeoplealsothatconsiderit,duetotheir
impartialattitude,againstthegrowthandinclusivedevelopmentofsociety,opposeit.

7.Whatdoesaccountabilitymeaninthecontextofpublicservice?Whatmeasurescanbe
adoptedtoensureindividualandcollectiveaccountabilityofpublicservants?
Ans:Accountabilityistheobligationofanindividualororganizationtoaccountforitsactivities,accept
responsibilityforthem,andtodisclosetheresultsinatransparentmanner.Itincludestheresponsibilityfor
moneyorotherentrustedpropertyalso.Itisanessentialaspectofgoodgovernance.Itensuresappropriate

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deliveryofpublicservices.
Variousmeasurescanbeadopted,accordingtocircumstancesandobjectives,toensureaccountability.Firstofall
therulesandregulations,regardingindividualandcollectiveaccountability,thatconducttheactivitiesofcivil
servantsshouldbeclearwithoutanyambiguityandtheyshouldbefollowedstrictly.Individualaccountabilitymust
beensuredinsuchprojectsalsothatareimplementedcollectively.
Thereshouldbeanindependentmechanismtoevaluateandscrutinizetheperformancesofcivilservants.
Accountabilitymustbeoneofbasicmeasurestoconsiderwhileprovidingpromotionsandincentivestocivil
servants.Accountablepersonnelshouldbegrantedmorediscretionarypowersandthepersonnel,thatviolatethe
expectedstandardofaccountability,shouldbepunishedforunaccountablebehavior.
8.Wearewitnessingincreasinginstancesofsexualviolenceagainstwomeninthecountry.
Despiteexistinglegalprovisionsagainstit,thenumberofsuchincidencesisontherise.Suggest
someinnovativemeasurestotacklethismenace.
Ans:Nosocialcrimecanbecheckedbyonlyenactmentuntilitssocialaspectisaddressed.Sexual
violenceagainstwomenistheresultofacriminalmindsetofmen.Onlyafewpeopleseriouslyadoptitasasocial
problemratherthanalegalcrime.InIndiansociety,wherealargenumberofpeoplearestillunawareaboutlegal
provisions,itshouldnotbeexpectedthatasocialcrimecanbecheckedbyonlylegalproceeding.Socialmeasures
aremoreimportanttomeetthischallenge.
ApanIndiancampaignmustbelaunchedtomakethepeopleawareaboutsocialandlegalaspectsofthecrimeof
sexualviolence.
Sexualviolenceisjustapartofmalpracticesprevalentagainstwomeninthesociety.Othermalpractices,suchas
femalefeticide,childmarriage,discriminationagainstgirlsinthefamilyalsoshouldbestoppedtochangethemind
setofpeopleagainstwomen.
Oldagewomen,astheyalsoarewomen,shouldplaypioneerroletoteachtheirprogeniestorespectthedignityof
awomen.10
SECTIONB
Inthefollowingquestions,carefullystudythecasespresentedandthenanswerthequestionsthatfollow:
9.Nowadays,thereisanincreasingthrustoneconomicdevelopmentallaroundtheglobe.Atthe
sametime,thereisalsoanincreasingconcernaboutenvironmentaldegradationcausedby
development.Manyatime,wefaceadirectconflictbetweendevelopmentalactivityand
environmentalquality.Itisneitherfeasibletostoporcurtailthedevelopmentprocess,noritis
advisabletokeepdegradingtheenvironment,asitthreatensourverysurvival.
Discusssomefeasiblestrategieswhichcouldbeadoptedtoeliminatethisconflictandwhichcould
leadtosustainabledevelopment.
Ans:MahatmaGandhisaid,TheEarthprovidesenoughtosatisfyeverymansneeds,butnoteverymans
greed..Itstruethatdevelopmentandenvironmentdegradationoftengohandinhand.Thoughenvironmental
degradationcausedbydevelopmentcannotbecompromised.Sonowthetimecomeswhenwehavetoputmore
focustowardgreensustainability.Thereisanimmediateneedofinvestmentinenvironmentandemphasizeon
greenhygiene.Moreover,theremustbeacoherentandcollaborativesharingofprocessesbetweenthe
developmentalbodiesandenvironmentalauthority.WEhavetochooselesssevereandmoreecofriendlypath,
whichstartsfromourdailyroutineworksandextendsuptotheindustrialdevelopment.Inotherwords,wehave
toswitchtowardsgreenerwayofliving.Environmentclearancenormsmustbemorestringentandfeasible.
Somestrategickeypointsforgreendevelopmentareasfollows:
Strategies:
Populationincrease,povertyandinequality,allthesearehindrancesintheprocessofsustainabledevelopment
andneedstobecontrolledorkeptincheck.
Increaseinconsumptionofenergyandreliabilityonnonrenewableresourcespropelsunsustainablegrowth.A
majorshiftingovernmentpolicytorenewableresourceslikesolar,windenergyetc.isneeded.
Humanhealthisanothersuchhindrance,andconsiderablemonetaryresourcesneedtobefocusedtowardsthis
sector.
Transportationsectorisoneofthedrivingenginesofeconomicgrowth.Petrolanddieselconsumptionisonrise
andashifttowardsecofriendlyfuelslikebiofuelsandCNGcouldpreventfurtherenvironmentdegradation.
Createawarenessandencouragepeoplefororganicfarming,recyclingofwastesandemphasisonconservation
ratherthanfollowuseandthrowpolicy

10.Supposeoneofyourclosefriends,whoisalsoaspiringforcivilservices,comestoyoufor
discussingsomeoftheissuesrelatedtoethicalconductinpublicservice.Heraisesthefollowing
points:
(i)Inthepresenttimes,whenunethicalenvironmentisquiteprevalent,individualattemptsto
sticktoethicalprinciplesmaycausealotofproblemsinonescareer.Itmayalsocausehardshipto
thefamilymembersaswellasrisktooneslife.Whyshouldwenotbepragmaticandfollowthepath
ofleastresistance,andbehappywithdoingwhatevergoodwecan?
(ii)Whensomanypeopleareadoptingwrongmeansandaregrosslyharmingthesystem,what
differencewoulditmakeifonlyasmallminoritytriestobeethical?Theyaregoingtoberather
ineffectiveandareboundtogetfrustrated.
(iii)Ifwebecomefussyaboutethicalconsiderations,willitnothampertheeconomicprogressofour
country?Afterall,inthepresentageofhighcompetition,wecannotaffordtobeleftbehindinthe
raceofdevelopment.
(iv)Itisunderstandablethatweshouldnotgetinvolvedingrosslyunethicalpractices,butgiving

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andacceptingsmallgratificationsanddoingsmallfavoursincreaseseverybodysmotivation.Italso
makesthesystemmoreefficient.Whatiswronginadoptingsuchpractices?
Criticallyanalyzetheaboveviewpoints.Onthebasisofthisanalysis,whatwillbeyouradvicetoyour
friend?
Ans:Answerforthisquestioncanbegivenonthebasisofethicsandaptitude,determinantsofandconsequences
ofEthicsinhumanactionsanddimensionsofethics.Myadvicetomyfriendwhoisanaspiringforcivilserviceswill
beaccordingtohisdoubtsandapprehensionandwillbeasfollows:
(i)Thisproblemarisesduetodeterioratingvaluesinthepresentsocietyandvaluesarethecradleofethical
behavior.Iwillsuggesthimthatcivilserviceisanempoweredopportunitytoserveournationandsociety.And
henceitdemandsstrongandscathelesspersonalityandinnerbuiltuptodetersuchsituation.Iwillgivehim
examplesofsomefamousbureaucratswhohavebeenStandingHighandWalkingTall.
(ii)AgainIwillcounselhimwithanexampleofMahatmaGandhi,whosaidthatBethechangetheyouwant
toseeintheworld.Itmeansthatthechangestartswithinourselves.Iwillsuggesthimthevalueandeffortof
thesingleperson.Undoubtedly,Iwilltrytomakehimbelievethatonedaypeopleandauthoritywillrecognizehim
andwillacknowledgehiswork.
(iii)Heretheconfusioncanbeclearedonthebasisofprobidityandaccountabilityincivilservices.Andasforas
theeconomicdevelopmentisconsidered,nocountrycangrowonthebasisofthecorruptpolicies.Forthiswe
needfinancialhygieneandeconomicsurgery.Ethicalconsiderationscandelaytheprocess,butinlongrunthey
willbebeneficialandresultorientated.
11.Youareanononsense,honestofficer.Youhavebeentransferredtoaremotedistricttoheada
departmentthatisnotoriousforitsinefficiencyandcallousness.Youfindthatthemaincauseofthe
poorstateofaffairsistheindisciplineofasectionofemployees.Theydonotworkthemselvesand
alsodisrupttheworkingofothers.Youfirstwarnedthetroublemakerstomendtheirwaysorelse
facedisciplinaryaction.Whenthewarninghadlittleeffect,youissuedashowcausenoticetothe
ringleaders.Asaretaliatorymeasure,thesetroublemakersinstigatedawomanemployeeamongst
themtofileacomplaintofsexualharassmentagainstyouwiththeWomensCommission.The
Commissionpromptlyseeksyourexplanation.Thematterisalsopublicizedinthemediato
embarrassyoufurther.Someoftheoptionstohandlethissituationcouldbeasfollows:
(i)GiveyourexplanationtotheCommissionandgosoftonthedisciplinaryaction.
(ii)IgnoretheCommissionandproceedfirmlywiththedisciplinaryaction.
(iii)Briefyourhigherups,seekdirectionsfromthemandactaccordingly.
Suggestanyotherpossibleoption(s).Evaluateallofthemandsuggestthebestcourseof
action,givingyourreasonsforit.
Ans.ExplainingyourselftotheWomensCommissionmakesyourstandclearandaboveallgivesyou
aplatformtopresentthefactsofthecasefromyourpointofview.Butgoingsoftonthedisciplinaryactionisnot
advisableasthiscreatesapossiblefuturescenariowhichthemiscreantscanexploitfurther.
i.Thoughtakingdisciplinaryactionagainstemployeessetsagoodprecedentofstandardsanditreflectsyour
intolerancetowardsinefficientworkers,ignoringtheCommissionisjustnotaviablesolution.Ifthiscomesinto
thenoticeofmediathematterwillfurtherembarrassyouandputyouinpubliclimelight.
ii.Seekingtheadviceofseniorswhohavemoreexperiencethanyouinthefield,mayopenuplotofviable
optionsandtheymaybeabletoprovideyouwithexpertopinion.Theycouldactasmediatorsbetweenyouand
theemployees.Theycouldfurthervouchforyourcharacterinfrontofwomenscommission.
iii.PutthefactsofthematterinfrontofWomensCommissionandmedia.Thisarreststhebadpublicityand
publicglare.Letthecommissioninvestigatethematterandcometoalogicalsolution.Afterthecasehasbeen
resolved,youdealwiththemiscreantswithanironhandandsetagoodprecedent.
iv.Talktothewomanemployeepressingchargesandappriseherofthefragilenatureofthesituationand
howhighlyherdecisionmatters.Askhertowithdrawthecase,followingwhichtakestrictdisciplinaryaction
againstthemiscreants.
Accordingtomethebestcourseofactionwouldbethelastoption.Itremovesyourbadpublicimageandatthe
sametimedealswiththeinefficiencyoftheoffice.

12.SupposeyouaretheCEOofacompanythatmanufacturesspecializedelectronicequipmentused
byagovernmentdepartment.Youhavesubmittedyourbidforthesupplyofthisequipmenttothe
department.Boththequalityandcostofyourofferarebetterthanthoseofthecompetitors.Yetthe
concernedofficerisdemandingaheftybribeforapprovingthetender.Gettingtheorderisimportant
bothforyouandforyourcompany.Notgettingtheorderwouldmeanclosingaproductionline.It
mayalsoaffectyourowncareer.However,asavalueconsciousperson,youdonotwanttogive
bribe.

Validargumentscanbeadvancedbothforgivingthebribeandgettingtheorder,andforrefusingto
paythebribeandriskingthelossoftheorder.Whatthoseargumentscouldbe?Couldtherebeany
betterwaytogetoutofthisdilemma?Ifsooutlinethemainelementsofthisthirdway,pointingout
itsmerits.
Ans:Thecasestudyreflectstheissueoftheethicaldilemma.Againthesolutioncomesfromthevaluesand
ethicalguidance.ThedecisionmustbetakenonthebasisoftheCalloftheconscience.Trytogettheorderon
thebasisofthejustandgenuineproduct.TodesignanddeliverthebetterproductistheISPofyourcompanyand
willonlysustainandmaintaintherepoofyourfirm.Trytoconvincethehighermanagementabouttheissueand
pursuethemforafairdeal,thiscanlessenyourapprehensionoflosingyourownjob.Andifthedealisdone,it

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canwillsendastrongapositivemessageamongtheotherfirms.Justbelieveinonething,Bribebegetsthe
bribe.Thiscasestudyisalsotocheckthearguesthatwhetherthecontractsinducedbymeansofbriberyshould
bevalid.Veryclearly,nullityandvoidabilitydecreasetheincentiveforvoluntarydisclosure,moreovertheyassist
corruptactorswithenforcingtheirbribeagreementsandprovideleewayforabuse.Thus,theyruncounterto
effectiveanticorruption.

13.Rameshwarsuccessfullyclearedtheprestigiouscivilservicesexaminationandwas
excitedabouttheopportunitythathewouldgetthroughthecivilservicestoservethecountry.
However,soonafterjoiningtheservices,herealizedthatthingsarenotasrosyashehadimagined.
Hefoundanumberofmalpracticesprevailinginthedepartmentassignedtohim.Forexample,funds
undervariousschemesandgrantswerebeingmisappropriated.Theofficialfacilitieswerefrequently
beingusedforpersonalneedsbytheofficersandstaff.Aftersometime,henoticedthattheprocess
ofrecruitingthestaffwasalsonotuptothemark.Prospectivecandidateswererequiredtowritean
examinationinwhichalotofcheatingwasgoingon.Somecandidateswereprovidedexternalhelpin
theexamination.Rameshwarbroughttheseincidentstothenoticeofhisseniors.However,hewas
advisedtokeephiseyes,earsandmouthshutandignoreallthesethingswhichweretakingplace
withtheconnivanceofthehigherups.Rameshwarfelthighlydisillusionedanduncomfortable.He
comestoyouseekingyouradvice.
Indicatevariousoptionsthatyouthinkareavailableinthissituation.Howwouldyouhelphimto
evaluatetheseoptionsandchoosethemostappropriatepathtobeadopted?
Ans:Againthiscasestudyisaboutthedelusionandethicaldilemmainpublicservices.ThecaseofRameshwaris
nodifferentanditisverycommonexperiencefeltbyyoungrecruits.Iwilladvisehimtolodgeacomplaintwith
suitableevidencesifhehas.Andothermalpracticesbythestaffandpersonaluseofofficialresourcesbythestaff
mustbebroughttotheknowledgeoftheseniorsofficers.Heneedstothinkrationallyandtoovercomethe
problemofcrisisofconscience.Dealingsuchsituationheneedstheconceptofemotionalintelligencetoo.
Rameshwarcanfindthattheethicsisrarelyamatterofconcernintheideologydebateontheroleofthestate
officers,butethicsisanaturalconcerninthediscussionontheactualroleofthecivilservants.Hence,nomatter
howbigorsmallistheproblem,andwhatroleacivilservantplays(orsupposedtobeplaying),boththestatus
androlearehavetodealwithdiscretionarypowerstheymakedecisionsthataffectsalotofpeople.Therefore,
thesedecisionsoughttobebasedonsomeformofethics.Forinstance,thepublic
(anationscitizens)willnormallyexpectthecountryspoliticiansandpublicservantstoserveinthepublic
interest,andtoserveinarationalandefficientway.Theywillnotwantthemtopursuenarrowprivate,personal,
orgroupinterests.

14.Inourcountry,themigrationofruralpeopletotownsandcitiesisincreasingdrastically.Thisis
causingseriousproblemsbothintheruralaswellasintheurbanareas.Infact,thingsarebecoming
reallyunmanageable.Canyouanalyzethisproblemindetailandindicatenotonlythesocio
economicbutalsotheemotionalandattitudinalfactorsresponsibleforthisproblem?Also,distinctly
bringoutwhy
(a)Educatedruralyoutharetryingtoshifttourbanareas
(b)Landlesspoorpeoplearemigratingtourbanslums
(c)Evensomefarmersaresellingofftheirlandandtryingtosettleinurbanareastakinguppetty
jobs.
Whatfeasiblestepscanyousuggestwhichwillbeeffectiveincontrollingthisserious
problemofourcountry?
Ans:InacountrylikeIndia,whichathelandof600millionfarmers,ofwhich40percentarewillingtoquit
farmingforvariousreasons,massmigrationfromruraltourbanareashasincreasedrapidly.Between1991and
2001,73millionpeoplehavemigratedfromtheruralareastoelsewhere.Massmigrationisaphenomenonthatis
aconsequenceofvariousproblemsintheruralIndia.Therearemanynumbersofreasonsforthis,namely:
health,povertyandhunger,waterandsanitation,womenandchildren,andemployment,environmental
problems,resources,industriesandcorporates,etc.Now,letusanalyzeeachreasonandhowandwhythe
proposalcannotturnintoaction.
Solutionscanbeasfollows:
(a)Educatedruralyoutharetryingtoshifttourbanareas:
Theproblemisofemployment.Henceemploymentgenerationatthelocallevelwillbeasolution.Forthistheskill
developmentinitiativewillbeveryhelpful.
(b)LandlesspoorpeoplearemigratingtourbanslumsEmploymentgenerationsuchasMGNREGAwillbehelpful
insuchsituation.
(c)Evensomefarmersaresellingofftheirlandandtryingtosettleinurbanareastakinguppettyjobs.
Counselingofsuchfarmersandtellingthemabouttheimportanceofthesubstantialagricultureinplaceof
subsistenceagriculturecanprovideashift.

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