HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER

UNIT I CONDUCTION
1. Define heat.
Heat is a form of energy which is following due to the temperature difference. It
is measured by the unit joules
2. What is heat transfer?
The transmission of heat energy from one region to another region due to change
in temperature is called heat transfer.
3. Mention the significance of the study of heat transfer.
Estimate the rate of heat exchange between the system and its
surroundings.
Determines the temperature distribution in the system.
4. Give some examples of heat transfer in engineering.
Internal combustion engines.
Refrigeration and air conditioning systems.
Heat treatment of metals.
Working of thermal equipments like steam generators, condensers, heat
exchangers, and furnaces.
5. Give the different modes of heat transfer.
The modes of heat transfer are,
a) Conduction
b) Convection
c) Radiation
6. Define Conduction.
It is defined as the mode of heat transfer from one part of a substance to another
part of the same substance or with a substance physical contact with it, without any
appreciable displacement of the molecules of the substance.
7. Define convection
Convection is defined as the mode of heat transfer with in a fluid by mixing one
portion of the fluid with another.
8. Define radiation.
Radiation is defined as the mode of heat transfer through space in the form of
electromagnetic waves.
9. What is heat flux?
Heat flux is the amount of heat transfer per unit area. It is denoted by q.
q= Q/A
Where, Q Amount of heat transfer

A Area perpendicular to the heat flow.

10. Explain Fouriers law of heat conduction.
It states that the rate of heat conduction is proportional to the area perpendicular
to the direction of heat flow and to the temperature gradient along the direction.
dT
Q KA
dx
Where, K Thermal Conductivity
11. Define Thermal conductivity.
It is a physical property of the substance and is defined as the ability of a
substance to conduct heat. It is denoted by K.
12. Define thermal resistance.
Thermal resistance is defined as the resistance offered by a substance for heat
flow. It is the reciprocal of thermal conduction and it is denoted by Rth.
13. Explain steady state heat conduction.
If the temperature at any particular point does not vary with time during the heat
transfer, it is known as steady state heat transfer.

14. What is transient heat conduction?

During heat conduction, if the temperature at any point varies with the time, it is
known as transient heat conduction.
15. Explain thermal diffusivity.
It is defined as the ratio of thermal conductivity to the thermal storage capacity of
the material and it is denoted by .
K

PCp
16. What is critical thickness of insulation?
It is defined as the thickness of insulation at which the heat flow is maximum. In
case of cylinders and spheres it is called as critical radius of insulation.
17. Define Biot number.
It is a dimensionless number and is defined as the ratio between surface
convective resistance and internal conduction resistance.
hL
Bi
K

18. Define efficiency of fin.

The efficiency of fin is defined as the ratio of actual heat transferred by fin to the
maximum possible heat transferred if the entire fin area is maintained at base
temperature.
19. Define effectiveness of fin.
The effectiveness of fin is defined as the ratio of heat transfer from the surface
with fin to the heat transfer from the surface without fin.
20. What is lumped heat capacity analysis?
In the analysis of Newtonian heating or cooling process, if the temperature
throughout the solid is considered to be uniform at a given time and the total heat
available within the system is considered as one lump, then it is called as lumped heat
capacity analysis.
21. Discuss the effect of temperature on thermal conductivity.
The temperature increases in the most of the solids and liquids decrease its
thermal conductivity, whereas in gases the increase in temperature increases the thermal
conductivity.
22. State the assumptions followed in Fouriers law of heat conduction.
Conduction takes place under steady state conduction.
The substance is homogeneous and isotropic throughput.
Heat flow is unidirectional.
Internal heat generation is negligible.
Constant temperature gradient and linear temperature profile.
23. What are the significance of Fouriers law?
It can be applied for all substances irrespective of whether solid, liquid or
gas.
It is purely based on experimental results.
It helps to calculate the thermal conductivity of the substance through
which the heat is conducted.
It shows that the heat flow rate is in the direction of decreasing the
temperature and normal to an isotherm.
24. Mention the various factors affecting the thermal conductivity of material.

Pressure and temperature.

Material structure
Moisture present
Material density

25. State the dependence of thermal conductivity on temperature.

K=K0 (1+ T)

Where, K0= Thermal conductivity at 0 C

= temperature coefficient of thermal conductivity

26. Define thermal conduction resistance.

Thermal conduction resistance is defined as the resistance offered by the
substance for heat flow.
27. Define thermal diffusivity of materials.
The thermal diffusivity of materials is defined as the ratio of thermal conductivity
to the thermal storage capacity of the material.
28. What are the assumptions made in composite systems?
The adjacent layers are having the perfect physical contact with each
others.
There is no temperature drop across the interface between the adjacent
layers.
29. Define thermal contact resistance.
In composite systems, the contact surfaces touch only at discrete locations or
points because of the surface roughness and void space which are commonly filled with
air. This imperfect contact reduces the actual heat transfer. Thus the resistance offered by
the surface due to imperfect contact is known as thermal resistance.
30. Give some examples for heat generation with internal heat generation.
Fuel rods in nuclear core.
Current carrying electrical conductors
Combustion process in IC engines.
Chemical process.
Drying and setting of cement concrete.
31. Define fin.
Fins are extended surfaces in order to increase the effective surface area for heat
convection.
32. What are the applications of fins?
Economisers used in steam power plants.
Automobile radiators
Cooling of IC engines.
Cooling of air compressors, electric motors and transformers.
33. Mention some common types of fin configurations available.
Rectangular fin
Triangular fin
Circular fin
Circumferential fin
Longitudinal fin

Pin fin

34. What are the assumptions followed in the analysis of heat transfer through fins?
Steady state heat conduction.
No heat generation within the fin
Thermal conductivity of the fin materials is constant.
Thermal contact resistance is negligible.
One dimensional heat conduction.
35. Mention the required conditions for fins to be effective.
Thermal conductivity of the fin materials should be large.
Convective heat transfer coefficient should be small.
Thickness of fin should be minimum.
36. Mention the applications of transient heat conduction.
Cooling of IC engine parts.
Heating and cooling of metals.
Cooling and freezing of food stuffs.
Heat treatment of metals by quenching.

UNIT II CONVECTION
1. What is convection heat transfer?
Convection is a mode of heat transfer in which the heat is transferred by the
means of an external media.
2. What are the types of convective heat transfer?
a) Free convection
b) Forced convection
3. Explain forced convection.
In forced convection heat transfer, the movement of the fluid molecules over the
surface is created by some external means such as blowers, compressors, etc.
4. Explain free convection.
In this, the movement of the molecules over the surface is due to temperature
difference within the fluid.
5. Define convective heat transfer coefficient.
It is defined as the amount of heat transferred from a unit surface under unit
temperature difference between the surface and surrounding fluid.
6. What is local heat transfer coefficient?
The heat transfer coefficient at particular location is defined as local heat transfer
coefficient.
7. What are the governing equations for convective heat transfer?
a) Continuity equation
b) Momentum equation
c) Energy equation
8. What is the physical significance of Navier stokes equation?
Navier Stokes equation relates the inertia force, body force, pressure force and
viscous force in a fluid flow.
9. Define thermal boundary layer.
Thermal boundary layer is defined as the layer of the flowing fluid adjacent to the
boundary in which the temperature varies between the surface temperature and the free
stream temperature.
10. Define displacement thickness.
It is defined as the distance measured perpendicular to the boundary, by which the
free stream flow is displaced on account of formation of boundary layer.

11. Define momentum thickness.

It is defined as the distance from the boundary through which the total loss of
momentum per second is equal to if it were passing a stationary surface.
12. Define energy thickness.
It is defined as the distance measured normal to the boundary by which the
boundary should be displaced to compensate for the loss in kinetic energy of the flowing
fluid on account of boundary layer formation.
13. Define film temperature.
Film temperature is defined as the temperature of the stable fluid film over the
surface and is equal to the arithmetic mean value of the surface temperature and the fluid
temperature.
14. Name the various dimensionless numbers.
Grashoff number
Rayleigh number
Prandtl number
Nusselt number
15. State the mechanisms of convective heat transfer.
The heat transfer in convective heat transfer is due to the molecular movement of
the fluid over the surface.
16. Illustrate the importance of Navier strokes equation?
Navier stroke equation relates the inertia force, body force, pressure force and
viscous force in a fluid flow.
17. Define velocity boundary layer.
Velocity boundary layer is defined as the layer of the flowing fluid adjacent to the
boundary. In the velocity boundary layer the velocity of the flowing fluid over the surface
is zero and increases with the increase in distance from the surface.

18. Define thickness of velocity boundary layer.

The thickness of velocity boundary layer is defined as the thickness up to which
there will be velocity gradient, above which the velocity of the fluid is equal to the free
stream velocity.
19. Define the thickness of thermal boundary layer.
The thickness of boundary layer is defined as the thickness up to which there will
be temperature gradient, above which the temperature of the fluid is equal to the free
stream velocity.
20. Mention some of the characteristics of a boundary layer.

Thickness of the boundary layer increases as distance from leading edge

increases.
Thickness of the boundary layer is zero at the leading edge and maximum
at the trailing edge.
The increase in velocity of the fluid reduces the boundary layer thickness.
The increase in kinematic viscosity increases the boundary layer
thickness.

21. Define the skin friction coefficient.

Skin friction coefficient is defined as the ratio of surface shear stress to the flow
energy or dynamic head.
22. What is the application of skin friction coefficient?
The skin friction coefficient is highly useful in the calculation of surface frictional
drag.
23. Give the comparison between laminar boundary layer and turbulent boundary layer.
In a laminar boundary layer the fluid motion is highly ordered, wherein
turbulent boundary layer it is highly irregular.
The thickness of laminar boundary layer is less than that of turbulent
boundary layer.
The velocity profile in laminar boundary layer is parabolic in nature,
whereas it is a flatter in turbulent boundary layer.
24. Briefly explain fully developed flow.
In any flow of fluid through circular pipes, the boundary layer developed on the
surface increases with the increase in length. The continuous increase in thickness will
make the boundary layer to merge at a point on the centre line of the pipe which results
an invariant velocity profile in the flow direction. Such flow is known as fully developed
flow.
25. Define hydraulic diameter.
Hydraulic diameter is defined as the diameter of the cylinder equivalent for noncircular tubes in such a way that heat transfer from both the tubes should be same.
26. Define bulk temperature.
Bulk temperature is defined as the enthalpy average temperature of the entire
mass of the substance. It is the representative parameter of the total flow of energy at a
particular location.
27. Define Reynolds number and mention its significance.
Reynolds number is defined as the ratio between inertia force to viscous force.
The values of the Reynolds number determine whether the flow is laminar or turbulent.
The increase in Reynolds number increases the heat transfer rate and vice versa.

28. Define Prandtl number.

Prandtl number is defined as the ratio between momentum diffusivity and thermal
diffusivity.
29. Define Nusselt number.
Nusselt number is defined as the ratio between convective heat transfer
coefficient and thermal resistance.
30. Mention the application of Von Karman momentum equation.
Von Karman momentum equation is used to calculate the frictional drag on
smooth flat surface for both laminar and turbulent boundary layers.
31. Define average heat transfer coefficient.
The convective heat transfer coefficient over the entire surface is known as
average heat transfer coefficient.
32. Define eddy diffusivity of heat transfer.
Eddy diffusivity for heat transfer is defined as the transport of heat energy by
small amounts of fluid known eddies.
33. Briefly explain Moodys diagram.
Moodys diagram is a graph drawn between Reynolds number and friction factor
for various values of relative roughness of the surface. By using the graph, the friction
factor values can be obtained for forced convection values.
34. What do you mean by critical Reynolds number.
The value of the Reynolds number at which the transition of flow takes place
from laminar to turbulent is known as critical Reynolds number
35. What do you meant by Reynolds analogy?
Reynolds analogy is a method determines the skin friction coefficient over the flat
surface and it expresses the relationship between fluid friction and heat transfer for
laminar flow over the flat plate.
36. What do you mean by Colburn analogy?
Colburn analogy is a method to determine the skin friction coefficient for the
laminar flow over the flat surface having the Prandtl number value other than unity.
37. Mention the most commonly used tube arrangements in tube banks.
Inline arrangement
Staggered arrangement
38. Define longitudinal pitch in tube banks.

Longitudinal pitch is defined as the centre to centre distance between two adjacent
tubes in flow direction.
39. Define transverse pitch in tube banks.
Transverse pitch is defined as the centre to centre distance between the adjacent
tubes in a direction normal to the flow.
40. Mention the various factors influence the natural convection heat transfer.

Temperature difference between the surface and the surrounding fluid.

Density of fluid.
Thermal expansion of the flowing fluid.
Buoyancy force acting on the fluid.

UNIT III PHASE CHANGE HEAT TRANSFER AND HEAT EXCHANGERS

1. What are the different modes of condensation?
a) Film condensation
b) Drop wise condensation
2. Explain film condensation.
It is a condensation process in which the condensate formed over the surface is in
the form of continuous film and it covers the entire surface.
3. Explain drop wise condensation.
It is a condensation process in which the vapour condenses in to small liquid
droplets of different sizes which moves down over the surface in a random manner.
4. What are the different types of boiling processes?
a) Pool boiling
b) Flow boiling or forced convection boiling
5. What are the modes of pool boiling?
Sub cooled or local boiling
Saturated or bulk boiling
Nucleate boiling
Film boiling
6. What is pool boiling?
If heat is added to the liquid from a submerged solid surface in a boiling process,
it is known as pool boiling.
7. What is sub cooled boiling?
It is defined as the pool boiling process in which the temperature of the liquid is
below its saturation temperature.
8. Define saturated boiling.
It is one of the pool boiling process in which the temperature of the liquid is equal
to or higher than its saturation temperature.
9. Explain nucleate boiling.
It is one of the pool boiling process in which the bubbles formed over the surface
condense in the liquid without reaching the free surface of the liquid.
10. Mention the different regimes of flow boiling.
a) Local boiling bubble region
b) Bulk boiling
c) Dry wall
11. What is a heat exchanger?

It is equipment which transfers heat from hot substance to cool substance.

12. Give the types of heat exchangers.
a) Parallel flow heat exchangers
b) Counter flow heat exchangers
c) Cross flow heat exchangers
13. Classify heat exchangers based on the type of contact.
a) Direct contact type heat exchangers
b) Indirect contact type heat exchangers
14. What is a cross flow heat exchanger?
In this type of heat exchanger the hot and cold fluids are flowing in the directions
perpendicular to each other.
15. What is a condenser?
It is a type of heat exchanger in which the temperature of the hot fluid is unaltered
and the cold fluid temperature is increased.
16. Briefly explain boiling heat transfer and mention some of its applications.
Boiling is a process of phase change from liquid to vapour, the heat transfer
during the boiling process is known as boiling heat transfer. Boiling heat transfer finds
wide applications in the following fields.
Cooling of nuclear reactor core
Boilers in steam power plants
Heat exchangers in refineries and process industries.
Evaporators in refrigeration and air conditioning systems.
17. Briefly explain condensation heat transfer with some examples.
Condensation is a process of phase change from vapour to liquid, the heat transfer
during the condensation process is known as condensation heat transfer. It finds wide
application in the condensers used in steam power plants and refrigeration systems.
18. What are the advantages of boiling and condensation heat transfer process?
Highly heat transfer rate is achieved with small temperature difference.
Heat transfer occurs without influencing the fluid temperature.
19. Way the phase change heat transfer process is much more complex than the normal
convection process?
The phase change heat transfer process is much more complex than the normal
convection process because of the following reasons,
Involvement of latent heat effects.
Presence of effects due to surface tension
Surface characteristics and other properties of two phase systems.
20. Define film boiling.

Film boiling is a process in which the bubbles formed so rapidly and blanketed
the surface by the vapour film. The vapour film over the surface reduces the heat
exchange between the liquid and the surface; this is because of low thermal conductivity
of the vapour.
21. Define unstable film boiling.
Unstable film boiling is defined as the film boiling process in which the vapour
film is formed over the surface is not stable and collapses and reforms rapidly. This type
of boiling process occurs if the excess temperature is in the range between 50- 500C.
22. Define stable film boiling.
Stable film boiling is defined as the film boiling process in which the vapour film
formed over the surface is stable and the surface is completely covered by the vapour
blanket.
23. Mention the various regimes of pool boiling.
Interface evaporation by natural convection
Nucleate boiling
o Bubbles condense in superheated liquid
o Bubbles rise to liquid surface.
Film boiling
o Unstable film
o Stable film
o Radiation dominates
24. Define critical heat flux of burnout point.
Critical heat flux or burnout point is defined as the point of maximum heat flux on
the boiling curve at which the transition initiates from nucleate boiling to film boiling.
The point is also called as boiling crisis.
25. What are the factors influences the critical diameter of bubble?
Surface tension between liquid and vapour.
Surface tension between liquid and solid surface.
Surface tension between vapour and solid surface.
Buoyancy force
Angle formed by the bubble with the surface.
26. What are the factors affecting nucleate boiling?
Surface roughness, materials and shape of heating surface
Physical and thermal properties of fluid.
Pressure of the systems.
Mechanical agitation of the fluid.

27. Distinguish between film wise and drop wise condensation.

S. No
Film condensation
Drop condensation
1.
Condensate film is continuous and Condensate is in the form of droplets
completely covers the surface
2
Heat transfer rate is high
Heat transfer rate is low
3
It occurs only on the clean and It occurs on the contaminated uncleaned
uncontaminated surfaces
surfaces
28. Define heat exchanger and give some examples.
Heat exchanger is defined as an equivalent which transfers heat from a hot
substance to cool substance. Some of the examples are
Boilers and condensers in stream powerplant
Intercoolers, air preheaters and regenerators
Condensers and evaporators in refrigeration systems.
Radiators in automobiles.
Oil coolers in IC engines.
29. How the heat exchangers are classified based on the design and construction?
Concentric tubes
Shell and tubes
Multiple shell and tube passes heat exchangers
Compact heat exchangers
30. How the heat exchangers are classified based on the physical state of fluids?
Condensers
Evaporators
31. Briefly explain regenerators.
In regenerators, the hot and cold fluids are allowed to pass alternatively through
the space containing solid matrix. This solid matrix acts as source and sinks alternatively
for heat flow. Examples for regenerators are
Heat engines and gas turbines
Open health furnaces
Air preheaters for blast furnaces.
32. Briefly explain recuperators.
In recuperators, the hot and cold fluids are exchanging heat continuously on both
sides of the separating wall. This type is best suitable where the mixing of two fluids is
not permitted. Examples for recuperators
Radiation in automobiles
Air preheaters, economizers and superheaters
Oil coolers in IC engines and intercoolers
Condensers and evaporators in refrigeration units.

33. Briefly explain indirect contact heat exchangers.

In a direct contact heat exchanger, the hot and cold fluids separately by a wall and
are not having direct physical contact with each other, heat exchange is taking place
through the wall.
34. Briefly explain parallel flow heat exchangers.
In parallel flow heat exchangers, the hot and cold fluids are flowing in the dame
direction. In this heat exchangers, the temperature difference between the two fluids goes
on decreasing from inlet to outlet.
35. Briefly explain counter flow heat exchanger.
In counter flow heat exchanger, the hot and cold fluids are flowing in the opposite
direction to each other. In this heat exchangers, the temperature difference between tow
fluids is almost constant from inlet to outlet.
36. Briefly explain evaporators.
Evaporators are the heat exchangers used to evaporate the cold fluid by using hot
fluid. In this type of heat exchangers, the temperature of the cold fluid is unaltered and
the hot fluid temperature is decreased.
37. Explain fouling factors.
The continuous usage of heat exchanger results the scaling or deposition on the
tube surfaces. The effect of these deposits is felt in terms of the reduction in heat transfer
or increase in the surface resistance. To compensate this effect, an additional thermal
resistance is introduced. This additional resistance is known as fouling factors.
38. Define logarithmic mean temperature difference.
Logarithmic mean temperature difference (LMTD) is defined as the constant
temperature difference between the hot and cold fluid that would give the same rate of
heat transfer as actually occurs under variable conditions of temperature difference.
39. Define heat capacity of fluid.
Heat capacity of fluid is defined as the total heat available in the fluid and is given
by the product of mass and specific heat of fluid.
40. Define number of transfer units.
Number of transfer units (NTU) is defined as the measure of heat transfer size of
the heat exchanger. It can be calculated as
NTU= UA
Cmin

UNIT IV RADIATION
1. What is radiation heat transfer?
Transfer of heat energy from one place to another place by means of
electromagnetic waves is called radiation heat transfer.
2. State Stefan Boltzmann law of radiation.
It states that the energy emitted from the surface is directly proportional to the
fourth power of its absolute temperature.
3. What are the two types of radiation intensity?
a) Spectral radiation intensity
b) Total radiation intensity
4. What are the two basic theory of radiation heat transfer?
a) Maxwells classical electromagnetic theory
b) Max planks theory
5. Explain emissive power.
It is defined as the energy emitted per unit time from a unit surface area. It is
expressed as W/m2.
6. Define reflectivity.
Reflectivity is defined as the ratio of total energy reflected from the surface to the
total energy incident upon the surface.
7. What is a black body?
Black body is defines as an ideal body which absorb all the incident rays and also
completely emits all the absorbed energy.
8. Define grey body.
It is defined as a real body which does not absorb the all incident rays and also
does not completely emit the absorbed energy.
9. Define radiosity.
Radiosity is defined as the total amount of heat energy leaving the surface which
includes the reflected energy and the emitted energy.
10. Sate Kirchoffs law.
It states that for all substances which are in thermal equilibrium with its
surroundings the ratio of total power to absorptivity is constant.
11. Define irradiation.
Irradiation is defined as the amount of total radiation incident upon a surface per
unit time per unit area.

12. What is surface resistance?

It is the resistance to heat flow due to the surface nature and convective heat
transfer coefficient.
13. Explain about radiation shield.
These are thin plastic sheets coated with highly reflecting metallic films on both
sides to reduce the radiation heat transfer between the radiating surfaces.
14. What are the applications of radiation shield?
a) Measurement of temperature by using thermometers and thermocouples.
b) The insulation of cryogenic storage tanks.
15. What are the types of reflection phenomenon?
Specular reflection
Diffused reflection
16. Briefly explain specular reflection.
Specular reflection is a reflection process in which the angle of reflection is equal
to the angle of incident rays. Normally this type of reflection occurs on a smooth surface
such as mirrors and highly polished surfaces.
17. Define radiation intensity of a surface.
Radiation intensity of a surface is defined as the rate of heat flux emitted at all
wavelengths from the surfaces of unit area normal to the direction of radiation to the
direction of radiation per unit solid angle.
18. Briefly explain diffused reflection.
Diffused reflection is a reflection process in which the reflection occurs in all
direction at different angles. Normally this type of reflection occurs on a rough surface.
19. What are the two types of radiation intensity?
Spectral radiation intensity
Total radiation intensity
20. Briefly explain spectral radiation intensity
Spectral radiation intensity is the rate at which the radiant heat energy leaving
from unit area of the surface at a wavelength in an interval.
21. Briefly explain about total radiation intensity.
Total radiation intensity is the rate at which the radiant heat energy leaving from
unit area of the surface over the entire wave length spectrum.
22. Define planks distribution law.
Planks distribution law states that all the black surfaces at uniform elevated
temperatures emit maximum heat energy at some particular wavelength.

23. Enumerate the effects of surface temperature on emissivity

The total emissivity of metals decreases with increase in temperature for a
shorter wavelength
The spectral emissivity for non-conductors decreases with the increase in
temperature.
24. Enumerate the effects of variation in wavelength on emission.
The emissivity of the conducting materials decreases with the increase in
wavelength.
The emissivity of the non-conducting materials changed randomly with
the increase in wavelength
25. Define radiation shape factor.
Radiation shape factor is defined as the fraction of radiative heat energy diffused
from one surface strikes directly the other surface with or without any intervening
surfaces. This is also called as geometric configuration factor, angle factor and view
factor.
26. What is meant by irradiation?
Irradiation is defined as the amount of total radiation incident upon a surface per
unit time per unit area. It is measured by W/m2
27. Illustrate surface resistance.
Surface resistance is defined as the resistance to heat flow due to the surface
nature and convective heat transfer coefficient.
28. Illustrate define space resistance.
Space resistance is defined as the resistance to heat flow due to the distance
between the geometry of the radiating surfaces.
29. Differentiate the radiation from gases and the radiation from solids.

The gases will emit or absorb radiation only between a very narrow ranges
or bands of wavelength, whereas solids radiative at all wavelengths over
the entire spectra.
In solids the absorption of radiation takes place within a small distance,
whereas in an absorbing gas, the intensity of radiation decreases with the
increase in length of passage through the gas volume.

30. Mention some of the applications of simultaneous heat exchange due to radiation and
convection.
Heat loss from the pipe passing through a room.
The flow of hot combustible products leaving from the IC engines.
31. What is the effect of increase in surface roughness?

Generally, the increase in surface roughness increases the emissivity.

32. Define monochromatic emissive power.
Monochromatic emissive power is defined as the rate of heat energy radiated from
an unit area of the surface per unit wave length. It is also called as spectral emissive
power.
33. Define absorption and absorptivity.
Absorption is defined as the process of absorbing the incident rays. Absorptivity
is defined as the ratio of energy absorbed to the energy incident on the surface.
34. Define reflectivity.
Reflectivity is defined as the ratio of total energy reflected from the surface to the total
energy incident upon the surfaces.
35. Define transmissivity.
Transmissivity is defined as the ratio of total energy transmitted through the
surface to the total energy incident upon the surface.
36. Briefly explain about reciprocity theorem.
The reciprocity theorem is used in the evaluation of radiation shape factor,
according to the theorem,
A1 F1-2 = A2 F2-1
Where, A1 A2 = Surface areas
F1-2 = Shape factor between surface 1 and 2.
F2-1 = Shape factor between surface 2 and 1.

UNIT V MASS TRANSFER

1. Explain mass transfer.
When a system consisting of two or more components whose concentrations vary
from point to point, there is a natural tendency for the transport of different species from
high concentration region to low concentration region, such process of transfer of mass as
a result of species concentration difference in a mixture is called mass transfer.
2. What are the different modes of mass transfer?
a) Diffusion mass transfer
b) Convective mass transfer
c) Mass transfer due to chemical reactions.
3. Explain diffusion mass transfer.
Diffusion mass transfer is defined as the mass transfer by random molecular
motion due to concentration difference, similar to conduction heat transfer.
4. Define convective mass transfer.
It is defined as the mass transfer from a surface whenever the concentration of
some species at the surface differs from its concentration on the flowing fluid over the
surface similar to convective heat transfer.
5. What is mass concentration?
It is the ratio of mass of individual substance to the total volume of the mixture.
6. What is molecular concentration?
It is the ratio of moles of individual component to the total moles of the mixture.
7. What is mass diffusion velocity?
Mass diffusion velocity of a particular component in a multi component mixture
is the velocity of that particular component relative to the mass average velocity of the
mixture.
8. Define mass transfer flux.
Mass transfer flux is defined as the amount of a particular component in either
mass or mole units which crosses a given area per unit time.
9. State Ficks law of diffusion.
Ficks law of diffusion states that the transfer of species in the direction x is
directly proportional to the concentration gradient in that particular direction.
10. Define diffusion coefficient.
It is defined as the ability to diffuse one component into another component.
11. What is convective mass transfer coefficient?
It is the ability to transfer mass from the surface due to convection. It is defined as
the ratio between the amount of molar flux transfer and the concentration difference.

12. Define Schmidt number.

Schmidt number is defined as the ratio of momentum diffusivity to the diffusion
coefficient.
13. Define Sherwood number.
Sherwood number is defined as the ratio of diffusion resistance to the convection
resistance.
14. Mention some of the examples for mass transfer.

Diffusion of smoke through all chimneys into the environment.

Humidification of air in a cooling tower.
Evaporation of petrol in carburetor of a petrol engine.
Dissolution of salt added to water
Drying and evaporation processes.

15. What is mass fraction?

Mass fraction of a particular component in a multi component mixture is defined
as the ratio of mass concentration of that particular component to the total concentration
of the mixture.
16. Define mole fraction.
Mole fraction of a component in a multi component mixture is defined as the ratio
of number of moles of a component to the total number of moles of the mixture.
17. What is the total mass concentration of a binary mixture?
Total mass concentration of a binary mixture is the sum of the mass concentration
of individual components present in the mixture.
18. What is the total number of moles in a binary mixture?
The total number of moles in a binary mixture is the sum of the number of moles
of the individual components present in the mixture.
19. What is the total mass of a binary mixture?
The total mass of a binary mixture is the sum of masses of the individual
components present in the mixture.
20. What is mass average velocity?
Mass average velocity of a multi component mixture is the sum of the molar
velocities of individual component present in the mixture.

21. What is molar average velocity?

Molar average velocity of a multi component mixture is the sum of the molar
velocities of individual components present in a mixture.
22. What is mass diffusion velocity?
Mass diffusion velocity of a particular component in a multi component mixture
is the velocity of that particular component relative to the mass average velocity of the
mixture.
23. Illustrate molar diffusion velocity?
Molar diffusion velocity of a particular component in a multi component mixture
is the velocity of that particular component relative to the molar average velocity of the
mixture.
24. Define mass transfer flux.
Mass transfer flux is defined as the amount of a particular component in either
mass or mole units which crosses a given area per unit time.
25. Define steady state diffusion of mass transfer?
In any diffusion mass transfer process, if the concentration at any particular point
does not vary with respect to time, it is called as steady state diffusion mass transfer.
26. What is unsteady state diffusion mass transfer?
In any diffusion mass transfer, if the concentration at any particular point varies
with respect to time, it is called as unsteady state diffusion mass transfer.
27. What are the limitations of Ficks law of diffusion?

It is valid only when the diffusion occurs only due to concentration

gradient and not due to temperature gradient, pressure gradient and any
other external forces.
It is valid only when the mass or molar fluxes are measured relative to the
co ordinates moving with some average velocity and not to the fixed coordinates.

28. Compare mass diffusivities of liquids with mass diffusivities of gases.

The mass diffusivities of liquids are comparatively smaller than those for the
gases. This is because of high molecular density of the liquids.
29. Define steady state equi-molar counter diffusion.
equi-molar counter diffusion between two species A and B present in a binary
mixture is defined as an isothermal diffusion process in which each molecule of species
A is replaced by each molecule of species B and vice versa.

30. What is diffusion resistance?

Diffusion resistance is the resistance offered by the mixture for the mass transfer
due to diffusion.
31. What is concentration boundary layer?
Concentration boundary layer occurs in convective mass transfer situations and is
defined as the region in which the concentration species varies from the concentration
value at the surface to the free stream concentration.
32. Define the thickness of concentration boundary layer.
The thickness of concentration boundary layer is defined as the thickness up to
which there will be concentration gradient and above which the species concentration is
equal to the free stream concentration.
33. What is the effect of turbulence in mass transfer rate?
Normally, the turbulence of the flowing fluid over the surface increases the mass
transfer rate.
34. Define Lewis number?
Lewis number is defined as the ratio between concentration diffusivity and
diffusion coefficient.
35. What is the convective mass transfer coefficient?
Convective mass transfer coefficient is the ability to transfer mass from the
surface due to convection. It is defined as the ratio between the amount of molar flux
transfer and the concentration difference.