Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CONTENTS
1. Introduction
a. Overview of WEEE industry in UK
b. Sustainable Business in Waste Electronics and Electrical Equipment (WEEE)
c. The prospective of WEEE in sustainable business development
d. Overview of WEEE categories in UK (13 Categories)
SWOT analysis
Z analysis- Altman
12. Conclusions
CHAPTER 1
a. Overview of WEEE industry in UK
b. Sustainable Business in Waste Electronics and Electrical Equipment (WEEE)
c. The prospective of WEEE in sustainable business development
d. Overview of WEEE categories in UK (13 Categories)
Introduction
a. Overview and WEEE Directive
Environmental pollution, particularly in landfills, from discarded electronic equipment
(e-waste) or "waste electrical and electronic equipment" (WEEE), has been an
increasing concern worldwide. Pollution occurs due to leakage of hazardous materials
contained in the discarded equipment. The European Union has passed two related
regulations to improve e-waste management and to limit the presence of hazardous
materials in the waste.
The other is the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Directive
2002/96/EC. The WEEE directive aims at minimization of the impact of e-waste
on the environment, by increasing re-use and recycling and reducing the
amount of WEEE going to landfills (Defra, 2010a)
The Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Regulations (the Amendment
Regulations), which came into force on 1 January 2010, have been designed to reduce
the overall administrative burden on businesses by streamlining the WEEE system
implementing the main provisions of the European Parliament and Council Directive
on waste electrical and electronic equipment (as amended) (the WEEE Directive). The
WEEE Directive is one of a small number of European Directives (European Union,
2010)
The WEEE Directive is based on article 175 of the European Commission (EC) Treaty
which established the European Union that implements the principle of extended
producer responsibility. Under this principle, producers are required to take financial
responsibility for the environmental impact of products they place on the market,
especially when those products become waste. The WEEE Directive applied this
principle in relation to electrical and electronic equipment (EEE). This directive makes
producers responsible for financing the collection, treatment, and recovery of waste
electrical and electronic equipment. It also seeks to oblige distributors to allow
consumers to return their waste equipment free of charge. This provision is based on
the precept that the polluter should pay and applies irrespective of the selling
technique, including distance selling (Defra, 2010b).
The main aim of the WEEE Directive is to challenge inappropriate WEEE treatment.
WEEE is considered as the fastest growing stream of waste category in EU, which is
around 8.3-9.1million tonnes in 2005, and projected mount to 12.3 million tonnes of
WEEE by 2020. One of the main challenges in WEEE industry in reducing these figures
according the expert views who has the working experience within the industry as
stakeholders, Member states and scholars are that the Directives activities and
strategy plans to amend the new developmental scenarios and procedure to help the
considerable WEEE reduction scenario are very less exercised and at the level of infancy
in its activities. There are also criticisms raised on the cost-effectiveness of WEEE
Directive in delivering its recommendations (Phillips et al., 2006)
environmental aspects of the sustainable WEEE processing depending on the costeffectiveness (Envirowise, 2009)
Objectives
The reporting requirements of the business within the SMEs and other big companies
have been a major policy change in UK and EU. It is not the simple representation of
how the business can operate within a sector, but instead how the business can
address various developments that is the combined but balanced developments of
1. Social
2. Economic
3. Environmental
4. Institutional Frameworks
The requirement of greater transparency within any industries regardless of the size
and economic position is proved to be another mandatory requirement for the
achievability of the above mentioned objective. This has been widely supported by
ICAEW and the Environment Agency, as well as many other organisations. The value
based strategies, transparency in implementation of the protocols, accessibility to
business analysis using sustainability indicators, management outflow efficiency are
proved to the vital components in driving institutional investors and capital market
participants (WRAP, 2010).
Effective August 13, 2005, the WEEE directive, excludes equipment related to state
security, arms and ammunition and war materials However it does cover thirteen
categories of e-waste:
1. Large household appliances excludes ODS fridges/freezers
2. Small household appliances (e.g. toaster, kettle, vacuum cleaner)
3. IT and telecommunications equipment
4. Consumer equipment (e.g. videos, radio, hi-fi) excludes CRTs
5. Lighting equipment excluding fluorescent tubes
6. Electrical and electronic tools (e.g. drills, saws, sewing machines)
7. Toys, leisure and sports equipment (e.g. electric trains, video games)
8. Medical Devices excludes contaminated items
9. Monitoring and control instruments (e.g. smoke detector, thermostats)
10. Automatic dispensers (e.g. vending machines)
11. Cooling equipment including category 10 devices with cooling
12. Display equipment (CRTs) including plasma and LCD
13. Gas discharge lamps (e.g. fluorescent tubes)
million tonnes in 2005. The predicted destination and collection of WEEE in 2020 is
estimated below (Defra, 2010).
CHAPTER 2
resell EEE products produced by another supplier under your own brand
(rebranding)
import or export EEE into the UK or another European Union member state on
a professional basis
Distributers
retail outlets
wholesale outlets
mail order
the internet
TV shopping channels
Consumers have the ability to deposit WEEE in specific areas at civic amenity
(CA) sites across the UK and in other specific collection facilities (Defra, 2011).
This
obligation applies:
When discarded EEE was put on the market on or after 13 August 2005
When discarded EEE put on the market before 13 August 2005 is replaced with
new EEE
CHAPTER 3
Approved Authorised
treatment facility
(AATFs)
The Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Regulations 2006 (SI3259) (the WEEE
Regulations) s include targets for the amount of waste electrical and electronic
equipment (WEEE) that will need to be treated, recovered and recycled. Sites that treat,
recover and recycle or export WEEE will need to be approved. They will play a crucial
part in providing evidence that different categories of waste have been treated and
recycled.
Each and every business irrespective of its size and operation has the legal obligation
to
Exports WEEE for treatment, recovery and recycling inside the EEA
Exports WEEE for treatment, recovery and recycling outside the EEA
The approval system will enable a consistent approach to treatment facilities and
exporters and ensure that evidence of treatment, recovery, recycling is standardised
across the UK. It will also allow us to effectively monitor the treatment of WEEE
undertaken at approved authorised treatment facilities (AATFs), and the subsequent
recovery and recycling of WEEE, which takes place in the UK. We will also be able to
monitor approved exporters (AEs) to ensure that exported wastes are treated,
recovered and recycled to equivalent standards to those required in the UK (WRAP,
2011).
What is an approved Authorised Treatment Facility (AATF)?
An authorised treatment facility (ATF) is a licensed (or registered exempt) site carrying
out treatment on waste electrical and electronic wastes.
Any
operator of a site or sites receiving WEEE direct from a designated collection facility
(DCF), distributor or end-user can apply to become approved. Only operators of
approved ATFs (AATFs) can issue evidence notes for the treatment, recovery or
recycling of WEEE that takes place in the UK
A1 Compliance
47
25
36
B2B Compliance
473
B2BWEEE-SCHEME
66
Budget Pack
214
Compliance 4 U Ltd
37
236
458
Draeger Medical UK
ECONO-WEEE
301
66
Electrolink
214
ERP UK
60
Interlevin
Lumicom Ltd
127
Northern Compliance
98
Recolight Limited
64
Recycle 1st
48
RENE AG
35
REPIC
152
Servis WEEE
Transform
211
Valpak
820
35
WEEE Compliance UK
19
WEEE Link
112
WEEECare
1034
WEEEComply
48
1200
1000
800
600
400
Series1
200
0
The analysis of the data shows that, 3273 B2B WEEE compliance schemes are registered
with PCS schemes and 1181 B2C WEEE producers are registered to PCS and other 732
WEEE producers with B2B and B2C obligation is also registered with different 39 PCSs.
Table 2: B2B and B2C number of WEEE producers
B2B
B2C
Both
Grand Total
Source: EA, (2011).
CHAPTER 4
3213
1180
796
5189
Chart 2: WEEE figures with prediction projections (Source: Phillips et al., 2008)
In the explanatory memorandum of the WEEE Directive, the amount of EEE arising as
waste was estimated in 1998 for the EU15 at 6 million tonnes. The new estimate of the
current WEEE arisings across the EU27 is between 8.3 and 9.1 million tonnes per year
for 2005. This increase is due to expansion of the EU, growth in the number of
households and inclusion of items that may have been excluded previously (B2B). A
number of forecasting assumptions were applied which predict that by 2020, total
WEEE arising will grow annually between 2.5% and 2.7% reaching about 12.3 million
tonnes (Environmental Agency, 2011). The average compositional breakdown for the
EU has been calculated and shown in the figure below:
Large
Household
Household
Household
Total
WEEE
WEEE
WEEE
separately
collected
returned
returned
collected
under
household
(tonnes)
regulation
regulation
WEEE4
322 (tonnes)
393 (tonnes)
(tonnes)
3,827.603
3,306.558
30,693.434
255.808
1,217.164
8,069.303
888.727
856.104
8,889.307
Household 23,745.194
Appliances
2
Small
Household 6,598.950
Appliances
3
Consumer
7,035.984
304.102
1,207.907
8,563.312
Equipment
5
0.000
0.026
0.006
Electrical
261.955
373.265
3,903.670
250.351
277.703
919.712
0.016
0.000
0.654
0.590
and 5.615
7.636
0.750
14.003
0.000
0.000
0.030
0.030
and 3,536.214
Electronic Tools
7
Medical Devices
Monitoring
Control
Instruments
10
Automatic
Dispensers
11
Display Equipment
29,592.507
2,895.224
2,288.103
34,538.552
12
Cooling Appliances
15,925.121
3,384.878
4,119.036
23,428.837
14.464
53.964
252.548
12,090.748
13,701.264
119,273.304
Containing
Refrigerants
13
Gas
Discharge 183.277
Lamps
Total
94,213.290
Large
Appliances
Household 65.562
47.814
113.376
Small
Household 23.452
44.855
68.307
1,246.333
2,239.305
Appliances
3
IT
and
Telcomms 992.972
Equipment
4
Consumer Equipment
7.329
7.112
14.441
Lighting Equipment
95.490
99.673
195.163
43.200
100.686
Tools
7
0.478
0.310
0.788
Medical Devices
47.817
50.106
97.923
11.643
28.240
Instruments
10
Automatic Dispensers
448.694
355.583
804.277
11
Display Equipment
33.506
33.368
66.874
12
Cooling
1,084.319
1,994.057
Appliances 909.738
Containing Refrigerants
13
957.792
912.130
1,869.922
Total
3,656.913
3,936.446
7,593.359
2,500.000
2,000.000
1,500.000
1,000.000
Series1
500.000
Series2
Series3
0.000
Category
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
21.674
0.000
3.902
0.075
36,422.453
0.000
4,308.126
0.000
1,723.929
23,413.673
2,761.060
2,093.833
237.727
0.000
129,326.430 12,470.469
2.199
16,892.417
45,000.00
40,000.00
35,000.00
30,000.00
25,000.00
20,000.00
15,000.00
10,000.00
5,000.00
0.00
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Nonhousehold
Received
for
Category
Treatment
(tonnes)
Large Household Appliances
102.831
Small Household Appliances
56.673
IT and Telcomms Equipment
1,377.123
Consumer Equipment
32.561
Lighting Equipment
60.602
Electrical and Electronic Tools
73.381
Toys Leisure and Sports
10.017
Medical Devices
45.363
Monitoring and Control Instruments
30.003
Automatic Dispensers
198.633
Display Equipment
259.083
Cooling Appliances Containing Refrigerants
2,458.302
Gas Discharge Lamps
1,310.769
Totals
6,015.341
Nonhousehold
For Reuse
(tonnes)
Nonhousehold
Sent to
AATF/ATF
(tonnes)
0.171
0.239
164.690
0.000
0.000
28.178
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
89.919
47.152
0.000
330.349
25.318
13.486
280.892
2.316
10.320
22.991
0.007
3.696
4.829
30.647
88.298
810.887
248.213
1,541.900
Category
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
NonObligated
WEEE
Received
(tonnes)
1,892.089
1,313.940
5,667.134
763.832
137.367
303.509
78.175
8
9
10
11
12
13
Medical Devices
Monitoring and Control
Instruments
Automatic Dispensers
Display Equipment
Cooling Appliances Containing
Refrigerants
Gas Discharge Lamps
Totals
16.246
30.156
153.585
2,156.414
2,943.390
17.616
15,473.453
Chapter 5
Sustainable Business in WEEE, A multidimensional perspective of WEEE
management in Small to Medium enterprises (SMEs)
a. Research Review: An insight into the Financial and Management sector of
WEEE
Research Methodology and Data resources
b. Research methodology
Factors as size, market sector, geographic location, and turnover, and ethnic origin,
type of property, age, sex and religion have all been studied and reported many times.
However, none of this information included a direct link between one of these factors
and the ownership of electrical and electronic equipment. This lack of data related
specifically to WEEE arisings and details of Approved authorised treatment facility,
Producer Complaint Schemes and other related components in the WEEE processing
and recycling makes it difficult to assess the progress of WEEE management.
The Industry Council for Electronics Recyclings (ICER) estimate of approximately one
million tonnes of household WEEE generated in the UK annually has become the
benchmark figure used throughout the industry.
CHAPTER 6
other market competitors are still falling back. This along with a new comprehensive
AATF Licence highlights the ESS to its extreme levels of achievements. People and
management have been at its best for ESS. Highly skilled and experienced
management, logistic department, financial analysts, sufficiently trained and skilled
engineers and IT, are the core of the WEEE business in ESS
ESS (EAWML 100113), since 2000 has raised as successful leaders of WEEE recycling as
an AATF with a fruitful business spread to household and non-household WEEE. Few
of the other main developmental scenarios of ESS has been marked by the expertise
in the disposal of hazardous wastes, in particular ODS recovery and disposal using
condensation techniques.
Since 2007 ESS has been operating an Authorised Approved Treatment Facility (AATF)
at its recycling facility in Northampton, the East Midlands. Through a variety of material
recovery processes and strategic reprocessing partnerships, ESS has been providing
high quality evidence to producer compliance schemes across the UK in line with their
overall period targets.
Various WEEE services such as secure I.T. storage and data destruction, recycling and
disposal of commercial refrigeration, degassing, resource recovery etc. are offered by
ESS in its highest quality. Recovery and reprocessing of materials is consistently in
excess of the governments required levels making ESS a reliable network tool for
compliance schemes and their members.
The following are the categories of WEEE processed in ESS
Refrigerated Products:
Vending Equipment
Air-Conditioning
Water Coolers
Ice Makers
Cold Rooms
Telecommunication
Other Services
Cardboard Recycling
Asset Reports
With vast expertise and experience in financial and management sector, Mr Ramesh
Radia has been an outstanding asset for the company. With cutting edge knowledge
in organisational character and management, he has been nourishing the financial
sector of the company. As one of the major shareholders and senior management
executive, Mr Ramesh has been implementing financial strategies and assessing the
growth measures of the company thoroughly and efficiently, which made the company
growth in the field of sustainable business development
within ESS, which with his extensive industry knowledge, lead to his promotion to General
Manager in 2010.
CHAPTER 10
Financial analysis of the business
a. Investigating the financial reporting of the competitors
b. Annual Financial Reporting requirements of AATFs
c. SWOT analysis- general details
Models
Risk profiles
SWOT analysis
Z analysis- Altman
The main UK legislation and regulations support the multi-criteria decision taken
together to support water, air and waste streams and their operations to evaluate the
appropriateness of working procedures. Taken together, these directives cover the full
cycle of all business products and services and apply the principle of extended
producer responsibility
The Companies Act 2006 states the importance of quantified business data for the
companies on annual basis which should include the following components
(a) Analysis using financial key performance indicators, and
(b) Where appropriate, analysis using other key performance indicators, including
information relating to environmental matters and employee matters.
(c) Operating and financial review (RS 1)
(d) Supporting implementation guidance includes examples on spillage, emissions and
waste.
The business report produced on the basis of the above mentioned settings must also
recognise environmental risks, uncertainties and opportunities. The need to include
KPIs is explicitly noted in the Act: The review must, to the extent necessary for an
understanding of the development, performance or position of the companys
business.
recommendations
have
been
formulated
including
time
line
for
Risk Profile
In order to achieve the analysis of SWOT related to ESS the following business model
has been consulted (The model is developed by Anglia-Ruskin University)
Based on this business models various sectorial threats are identified and analysed,
then further with discussing about the opportunities either to diminish the risk of effect
or to overcloud the risk with financial achievements. These analytical figures are then
investigated to produce the opportunities and threats. These can then be linearly
transferred to the SWOT analysis of ESS.
From the analysis it is very sure that, ESS can be potentially ranged among the Rocket
ship companies in the list. These companies even though can be considered as the
strongest opponent of ESS, with pragmatic and properly developed strategic plans, a
high boost in market penetration and capturing can be established.
This has also lead to the attention of developing sustainability in business to cop up
with the growing attentions of resource efficiency and financial indicator development
based on sustainable levels. The economic and business indicator development with
the help of multiple criterions decision making (MCDA) can be an optional but realistic
tool for the company to evaluate
1. Its developmental scenarios
2. Estimating progress and flaws of the development
3. Benchmarking the performance with leading competitors
4. Investigating the business change for the development
Below represents the financial indicators frame work developed in last 12 months
performance level. This indicator after careful selection can be applied across
1. 10 years of financial and business growth
2. Across sectors of growth
3. Regions of operations to study competitors
Profitability ratio
This instability can be resultant of recession and other inflations of the market. But the
correlation coefficient with
Ceff*= +-0.5 variation showing the market significant impact ratio, indicates that, the
inflation ratio is not sufficient to address the lowering of Z score, pointing the alarming
situation of the companies to investigate further on the scenarios where development
is required.
Examined model
The most well-known quantitative model for predicting bankruptcy is Altman's Zscore, which was developed in 1968 by Edward I. Altman, professor at Stern School of
Business. The Z-score is a set of financial ratios in a multivariate context, based on a
multiple discriminated model, for the firms where a single measure is unlikely to
predict the complexity of their decision making or the scope of their entire activities.
Altman examined a list of twenty two possible ratios, and finally has chosen five that
had the best results when they were applied together were selected after numerous
tests for the function. This model was later modified to the Altman (1993) model that
uses the same variables multiplied by different, however, factors.
original model requires stock price data (X5), it was only applicable to publicly traded
entities.
The following figure shows the Z score flow for the general WEEE industries
Even though the trend line shows that ESS has not been very much affected with
market fluctuation, there is a downtrend in the overall growth by 18% when compared
to the previous years. This downtrend can again be the reflection of overall market
significance.
its use. This is a great pity as most of these difficulties can be overcome quite easily,
resulting in a greatly improved piece of analysis with the added benefit of enhancing
management development.
Experience with managers on business and management programs and `action' research within organizations has revealed inherent limitations in the practice of
`SWOTing' both in terms of the processes involved and in its output. In the case of the
former, this is addressed below in the section `SWOT analysis as a management
process'.
SWOT Analysis
Strengths of ESS
1. Continuous and sustainable financial growth is the major advantage of ESS and
it has been considered as one of the major strengths of the company. The Z
scores level analysis states that, the ratio of financial instability of ESS is very
low even when the market level instability is very high. This establishes that,
once the inflation level would be recovered ESS will be hugely advantaged. The
growth of the company has been also sustainable when comparing with the
fluctuated growth of other competitors on the same sector. This is particularly
important to consider as the management and chain of operation has
continuously operated in its effectiveness to drive the change to a positive
direction
2. This above mentioned sustainable growth is something that the whole idea of
how the business should develop.
3. Greater support with the policy and environmental regulation- With the support
of all regulations and policies, the clients or the customers will have no doubt
to trust ESS
4. Great integrity and operative principles of micro and macro components of
business
Weaknesses
1. Even though the company started operative 10 years ago in 2001, the failure to
establish a PCS scheme yet is considered as a weakness. This is very prominent
as the new legislation changes eyes on AATF run by PCS of its own human
resources to improve the opportunities of
1. There are a huge number of opportunities present for ESS for both the
sustainable and market development. These all are closely aligned with the
following factors
An over look into the strategic development plans for the future
Design the new business plans with clear mention about efficient
development
Work as pro-active group to build and develop new business plans with
regard to changing policies and legislation
Threats
1. For all the reasons competitors are the biggest threats for ESS. In this daily
competitive sector, in order to achieve development in the business there must
be a very clear scenario from the base of strategies must be written. The main
assumptions can be extracted from Weaknesses, strength, and opportunities to
develop protocols for development and tackling the huge market competition.
Utilizing the best strengths as mentioned above the weaknesses can be
addressed from which new opportunities can be identified and measured
pragmatically.
2. Another threat is the upcoming changes in the legislation. This is explained in
detail in the section Future of WEEE market- Policy and Legislation changes.
This can also be defined as a transformation for the business and working in a
pro-active manner, this threat can be decided as a biggest advantage for
development
Weaknesses
and
sustainable
financial growth
2. Greater support with the policy
and environmental regulation
and
financial
3. Great
integrity
principles of
and operative
components of business
strategies of assessment
Opportunities
Threats
economic
developmental
indicators
and
and
and
applying
the
style
of
business
1. Competitors
2. Legislation and policy changes
3. Transitional market changes
CHAPTER 11
Future of WEEE developments and Policy implementation
a. Researching future WEEE market
b. Investigating the streamline of policy and legislation changes
Summary:
The WEEE Regulations came into force for the most part on 2 January 2007; however,
the deadline for ensuring the full take back, treatment and recycling of WEEE in the UK
is set for 1 July 2007. This article critically analyses the WEEE Regulations, explaining
the complexities involved and offers practical suggestions as to the steps businesses
should be taking in working towards compliance.
The future prospects of WEEE arise in UK driven by the WEEE Regulations, prices
for non-compliance; and analysis of the implications for businesses of the WEEE
Regulations, including:
1. the increased costs;
2. the effect on SME's;
3. practical problems;
4. interactions with other legislation;
5. future actions
6. Future Market of WEEE an possible legislation changes
As discussed before, WEEE put on the market has been rapidly increasing rapidly since
2005. Despite the policy and legislative changes to drive the sustainable reduction of
WEEE wastes, the generation of the waste percentage has not even been pushing down
to even slight amount. It is estimated that in the UK alone approximately 1.8 million
tonnes of waste EEE (``WEEE'') is thrown away by householders and companies
annually.
The waste management strategy of UK during the years of 2004, 2007 and 2011 has
continuously reflected the importance of WEEE reduction which is accumulated in the
market. The waste management strategy as indicated in the following figure stresses
on the necessity of driving pressure-improved model of educating and creating
awareness in the people to drive the WEEE generation down has been of greater
importance to drive the WEEE to drive away from being landfilled or incinerated
without pre-treatment.
full European Parliament early in 2011. Then, in March of 2011 the European Council
of Ministers examined both the Commission and Parliament proposals and suggested
their own amendments.
The Parliament and Council are still discussing about the EU co-decisions to
determine the latest figures. This discussion is believed to be formally ending by Q3
of 2011. However, it appears that broad agreement on some of the general topic areas
has already been achieved for example it appears that WEEE collection and recycling
targets may well be changed although the final format and levels are still uncertain.
Looking at the Commission proposals, and suggested amendments, it is possible to
analyse how they could potentially be implemented in the UK - and therefore begin to
anticipate what effects they might have on UK WEEE producers, retailers and the UK
WEEE compliance market as a whole. The target setting suggestions are as follows:
The following are the main developmental scenarios in the prediction of future WEEE
generation in UK and policy changes which are highly likely to take place with regard
to WEEE collection targets, treatment targets and landfill allowances targets
UK WEEE Collection Rates
Graph (1) below shows total UK business to consumer (B2C) EEE sales along with the
total quantities of B2C WEEE reported to have been separately collected under the
WEEE Regulations.
Graph (1): UK B2C EEE sales and WEEE collection rates
Graph (1) shows a gradual increase in the weight of separately collected WEEE along
with a gradual reduction in the total weight of EEE put onto the market, both of which
have contributed to the calculated increases in the UK WEEE collection rate (expressed
as a percentage of EEE sales with calculated annual average figures shown at the top
of the chart for each year from 2007 to 2010).
Graph (2) below shows equivalent results for business to business (B2B) EEE sales and
WEEE collected:
Graph (2): UK B2B EEE sales and WEEE collection rates
The reported rates of EEE sales and WEEE collections for B2B equipment (shown in
graph (2)) are considerably lower than the equivalent B2C figures (shown in graph (1)).
However, since we have assumed that any proposed WEEE collection targets will be
set as a proportion of combined B2C and B2B EEE sales (see Methodology point 4)
graph (3) below shows combined EEE sales and WEEE collection rates:
Graph (3): Combined UK B2C and B2B EEE sales and WEEE collection rates
On the assumption that the new initiatives will enter into force around late in 2011 and
the targets suggested by the European Council of Ministers are accepted. Graph (4)
shows the increases in WEEE collection rate which would need to be achieved in order
for the UK to meet these requirements (assuming no increases in EEE sales from the
2010 reported levels):
The green point is the UKs 2010 WEEE collection rate of 31%.
The red points are the possible 45% and 65% targets implemented 4 and 8 years
after 2011.
The blue point is the current WEEE collection target of 4kg per head of UK
population converted to an equivalent percentage of sales (based on a UK
population of 63M).
The black line shows the increase in UK B2C and B2B WEEE collection rate from
2007 to 2010.
The red line shows an indication of the WEEE collection rates that might need
to be achieved in interim years between 2010 and 2019 to provide a steady
increase towards the possible 45% and 65% targets from the current UK
reported WEEE collection rate.
The dotted line shows an indication of the WEEE collection rates that might
need to be achieved in interim years between 2010 and 2015 to provide a
steady increase towards the possible 45% target from the current 4kg per head
of population target.
Graph (4): UK WEEE collection rates and potential rates required to meet
increased targets.
For the UK to meet an overall WEEE collection target based on total EEE sales we have
assumed that the UK Government would implement targets, applicable to individual
EEE producers, which would similarly be based on the quantities of EEE that they place
on the market. We have postulated four different potential target setting scenarios
which could be applied through changes to the UK WEEE Regulations in order to meet
an overall UK collection target. For simplicity we have only listed the potential
consequences of applying targets up to the 45% level, however, similar conclusions
can be drawn for higher or lower target regimes.
Graph (6): Annual WEEE collection rates required to meet a 45% EEE sales
collection target by 2015
If the reported 2010 sales figures for B2B and B2C EEE remained unchanged, the UK
would need to collect an extra 202k tonnes of WEEE to meet a combined 45% sales
based target by 2015.
If the B2C collection rate remained static at 38% this would require an increase in the
B2B collection rate from the calculated 2010 rate of 5% to 71%.
If the B2B collection rate remained static at 5% this would require an increase in B2C
collection rate from the calculated 2010 rate of 38% to 55%.
There is no reason for us to suspect that the collection rates of either B2B or B2C WEEE
will remain static, however, the above points lead us to consider whether one of our
initial assumption is correct i.e. if individual WEEE collection targets are set separately
for B2B and B2C sales then a number of questions and conclusions arise. For example:
Should we expect both B2B and B2C producers to meet the same EEE sales based
WEEE collection target (whether this is set at 45% or any other level)?
If the answer to this question is yes then this will further complicate target setting
scenarios. If the answer is no then on what basis should we determine which WEEE
collection source to encourage?
Furthermore, if differential collection targets are set for B2B and B2C producers - but
an overall 45% UK target based on all EEE sales is required to be met - then this may
infer cross subsidy of compliance burdens between the two WEEE streams.
than private households from products put on the market after 13 August 2005 is to
be provided for by producers.
For WEEE from products put on the market before 13 August 2005 (historical waste),
the financing of the costs of management shall be provided for by producers. Member
States may, as an alternative, provide that users other than private households also be
made, partly or totally, responsible for this financing. Producers and users other than
private households may, without prejudice to this
If the recast Directive requires B2B producers to be faced with an additional obligation
to meet a sales based collection target along with the responsibilities above, then it is
possible that potential conflicts may occur. For example:
It is not immediately clear how the existing responsibilities can be applied in tandem
with a sales based WEEE collection target for B2B producers.
It is also unclear whether Article 9 above prohibits B2C producers from financing B2B
WEEE collection treatment and recovery and meeting any potential sales based WEEE
collection targets from B2B sources.
There are potentially challenges in meeting an EEE sales based WEEE collection target.
However, it is not yet clear whether the most appropriate means to reach such a target
would be through the implementation of kerbside WEEE collection. Before such a
solution is implemented it may be appropriate to examine what potential increases
could be achieved by maximising existing collection routes. For example, an increase
in the availability of mixed WEEE collection points and improved publicity and
encouragement for both public and business end users may provide much of the
required material.
CHAPTER 11
Analysing Needs and evaluating options
a. Organisation modelling
b. Business process analysis
c. Identify options
a. Organisation modelling
Introduction
There are a number of general planning considerations which are relevant to all
proposals for waste management facilities. These are issues which it is necessary for
applicants and waste planning authorities to have regard to whilst preparing and
determining applications for waste management proposals.
Waste Management Principles
PPG 10 lists four fundamental waste management principles which should represent
the main cornerstones of waste management strategy and planning. These have been
established primarily through European legislation starting with the 1975 Framework
Directive on Waste (75/442/EEC). Implicit in the denition of these principles is the
need to promote the concept of sustainable development. These cornerstones are:
Best Practicable Environmental Option
Regional Self Sufciency
Proximity Principle
Waste Hierarchy
Schedule 2 identies projects that may require EIA subject to EIA screening and
consideration of factors such as its size, nature or location
c. Identify options
Need
An important consideration for developers and waste planning authorities with regard
to planning proposals for waste facilities is the issue of need. Applicants are not usually
required to demonstrate the need for their proposed development or discuss the
merits of alternative sites, except where an Environmental Statement is required,
although need may be a consideration where material planning objections are not
outweighed by other planning benets. Such a requirement also applies generally to
minerals proposals. Normally the need statement for waste management facilities will
have regard to the following issues:
Existing waste ows and volumes;
Identication of the waste catchment area affected and sources of waste;
Existing provision of facilities dealing with the specic waste streams in question;
Assumptions on waste movements and patterns;
Assumptions on waste growth over appropriate time periods; and
Predictions on the identied shortfall in capacity over appropriate time periods.
Alternatives
Consideration of alternative sites and technologies is now recognised as an important
part of any proposal seeking planning permission for waste facilities. Where the
proposals are dened as an EIA project under the terms of the EIA Regulations,
consideration of alternatives is an obligatory requirement as dened under Schedule