THE MANAGEMENT OF

MATANG MANGROVE FOREST,

PERAK, MALAYSIA
BY
FORESTRY DEPARTMENT OF PERAK, MALAYSIA

PRESENTATION OUTLINE:
Forests in Malaysia
Mangrove Forest in The State of Perak
The Management System of Matang
Mangrove Forest
Silviculture System
Protection and Conservation
Roles and Contribution
Issues and Challenges
Conclusion

Tobetheagencyofexcellence
inthesustainablemanagement
oftropicalforest

Tosustainablymanageand
developtheforest
resourcesandoptimizetheir
contributionsto
nationalsocioeconomic
development

BACKGROUND
Malaysia:

Total land area of 329,750 sq. km.

Population (until year 2000) = 21,793,293
Situated at 2o30 N and 112o30 E.
Experienced Tropical climate and Annual
Southwest (April to October) and Northeast
(October to February) monsoons.
13 State & 3 Federal Territory
Head of Government Yang diPertuan Agong
National Language Bahasa Malaysia

FORESTED AREA
Total forested area in Malaysia : 20.06 million ha.

Sarawak
Sabah
P. Malaysia -

9.84 million ha.

4.25 million ha.
5.92 million ha.

In P. Malaysia, a total of 4.84 million ha. has been

gazetted as Permanent Reserve Forest (PRF).

Dry Inland
- 4.49 million ha.
Peat Swamp - 0.18 million ha.
Mangrove
- 0.08 million ha.

SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONTRIBUTION
In the year 2000, forestry sector
contributed a total of
RM 17.7 billion
(4.7% of the countrys export earnings)
Exchange earning
Government
revenue
Income
Employment
Conservation of
soils, water and
biological diversity

Recreation sites
Maintenance of the
environmental stability
Protection of scenic
landscape

Upper Montane
1,500 m
Montane
1,200 m
Upper Hill
Dipterocarp
750 m
Hill Dipterocarp
300 m

Lowland Dipterocarp
Coastal Hill

0m

Peat Swamp
Mangrove

Montane

Upper Hill Dipterocarp

Hill Dipterocarp
Lowland Dipterocarp
Freshwater/Peatswamp
Coastal Vegetations
Mangroves

Montane Forest

Hill Dipterocarp Forest

Lowland Dipterocarp Forest

Peat Swamp Forest

Mangrove Forest

MANGROVE ?
woody plants that grow at the
interface between land and sea in
tropical and sub-tropical latitudes
where they exist in conditions of
high salinity, extreme tides,
strong winds, high temperatures
and muddy, anaerobic soils

MANGROVE
FOREST IN PERAK

INTRODUCTION

DISTRIBUTION OF MANGROVE FOREST

IN MALAYSIA
STATE

Sabah
Sarawak
Perak
Johor
Selangor
Kedah
Pahang
Terenggan
u
P. Pinang
N. Sembilan
Melaka
Kelantan
Perlis

TOTAL

AREA (ha)
FOREST
STATE
TOTAL
RESERVE
S
LAND
317,423
23,266
340,689
33,200
93,200
126,400
41,617
1,885
43,502
17,185
3,348
20,533
14,897
4,650
19,547
8,118
0
8,118
2,416
1,850
4,266
1,295
692
1,987
279
204
80
0
0

494
0
0
744
13

773
204
80
744
13

436,714

130,14
2

566,856

DISTRIBUTION OF MANGROVE
FOREST IN PERAK STATE

Matang Mangrove Forest

Manjung, Pangkor &
Lumut

40,466 ha.

3,036 ha.
________
43,502 ha.

Straits of
Malacca

40,466 ha
=
50%

BACKGROUND INFO
Lying between latitude 4oN 5oN
and longitude 100o2E 45E.
Situated within the
administrative district of Krian,
Larut & Matang and Manjung in
Perak.
Crescent-shaped measuring
about 13 km wide in the middle
and about 52 km between
extreme ends of the northern
coast of the state of Perak in
Peninsular Malaysia.
Comprises of 19 independently
gazetted forest reserves.
40,466 ha.

280000

285000

290000

295000

300000

305000
550000

550000

275000

5
4

1
LOT 2 14 2

545000

545000

6
3
12
9

2
13
10

15
14

24

22

21

25

17
26

27

20

18

19

28

39

40
41

38

29

U Kuala
%

18A

Sepetang

535000

535000

540000

540000

16

23

11

42

30
43

36

Kuala
Sepetang
Forest Range

37

21,069 ha

44

31

34

530000

32

45

46

33

35

530000

MATANG MANGROVE
WORKING CIRCLE

48
47

49

50
51

N
64

53
58

59

52
57

61

56
65

54

68
67

69

55

70

U
%

71

66

Kuala Trong

75

1:250000

81
72

77

78

74

520000

520000

525000

525000

60

62

63

6 Kilo me te rs

73

76

80

83

79

82

Kuala Trong
Forest
Range

510000

Range Office
Pejabat Renj
80 Compartment Number
Nombor Kompatmen
Compartment Boundary
Sempadan Kompatmen
Forest Administrative Range
(Renj Pentadbiran Hutan)
Kuala Sepetang
Kuala Trong
Sungai Kerang
U
%

90
95

89

10,958 ha

94
92
93

96
P. P AS IR HI TA M
MALA Y RES ERV E

103

97

102
101

U Sungai
%

Kerang

104
97

100

99

98

105

106

Sg Kerang
Forest
Range

107

500000

280000

84

91

Felling Series
(Siri Tebangan)
Kuala Sepetang (North)
Kuala Sepetang (South)
Kuala Trong
Sungai Kerang

275000

87

505000

505000

88

510000

500000

86

Legend /Petunjuk

515000

515000

85

108

285000

290000

295000

300000

305000

8,439 ha

GAZETTEMENT
Began in 1902.
Fully gazetted in 1906.
Gazettement driven by economic
purposes
Quality fuelwood in early 1900s
Demand by mining industry since 1920s
Demand for charcoal in 1930s

RESOURCE
8 major forest types:
Accreting Avicennia Forest
Newly formed forest areas and characterised by young
stands of Avicennia spp. invading the mud flats of the
estuaries and offshore.

Transitional New Forest

Usually between the accreting Avicennia forest and the
Rhizophora and Bruguiera forest. Comprises Rhizophora
and Bruguiera in varying proportions.

Berus Forest
Usually occurs in sea front. Comprises almost a pure
stand of Bruguiera cylindrica with small populations of
Rhizophora and other Bruguiera spp.

RESOURCE BASE
Lenggadai Forest
An occasional forest which usually comprises a mixture
of Bruguiera parviflora with Rhizophora spp towards the
mainland and Bruguiera cylindrica towards the sea front.

Rhizophora Forest
The major forest type in Matang Mangroves (85% of the
total forested area). Comprises predominantly of R.
apiculata and R. mucronata.

Transitional Dryland Forest

Between the luxuriant stand of Rhizophora forest and
the true dryland forest. Contains a mixture of sparse
stands of Rhizophora spp. and a large population of relic
Bruguiera spp with a dense crop of Acrostichum ferns in
the forest floor.

RESOURCE BASE
Dryland Forest
Occurs in isolated patches in more elevated
interiors of the island and mainland reserves. 3
canopy layers with the emergents reaching a
height of 30 m and a diameter of 50 cm.

Nypa Forest
Confined to the upper stretches of river banks
of tidal rivers where there is a greater
freshwater influence. Grows gregariously,
interspersed with Avicennia and Sonneratia
near estuaries, with Heritiera and Exoecaria
spp. in the hinterland with little tidal influence.

LOW FLYING PICTURES OVER MATANG MANGROVES

Final Felling
coupe

An aerial view of part of Pulau Gula, Pulau Kelumpang and

Sungai Selinsing Forest Reserves.

Productive Rhizophora forest type

Mudflats
Avicennia forest tpye

An aerial view of an accreting shoreline and mudflats in

Compartment 11, Pulau Kelumpang Forest Reserve.

A protected strip of riverine vegetation comprising (from left to right),

Rhizophora mucronata, Nypa fruticans, Rhizophora apiculata and
Sonneratia caseolaris.

Another protected riverine vegetation comprising pure Sonneratia alba on

an accreting mudflat. This tree species is now protected throughout the
Matang Mangroves.

FLORA OF MATANG MANGROVES

TRUE
MANGROVE
SPECIES

11 families, 28
species ~ Trees,
herbs, climbers &
shrubs

MANGROVE
SPECIES

ASSOCIATE
MANGROVE
SPECIES

10 families, 13
species ~ trees,
herbs, climbers,
shrubs, palms &
rattans.

FLORA OF MATANG MANGROVES

TRUE
MANGROVE
SPECIES

MANGROVE
SPECIES

ASSOCIATE
MANGROVE
SPECIES

Calamus erinaceus

FAUNA OF MATANG MANGROVES

12 families, 20 species
~ Long-tailed Macaque,
otter, rat, bat, squirrel
etc.

MAMMALS

MANGROVES
SPECIES

BIRDS

39 families, 114
resident species & 40
migratory sp~
Kingfisher, swift, crow
etc.
61 families, > 160
species ~ Crab, Bleekes
Grouper, shrimps &
prawns etc.

MARINE LIFE

INSECTS?

FAUNA OF MATANG MANGROVES

Migratory Birds

FAUNA OF MATANG MANGROVES

FLYWAYS OF
MIGRATORY
BIRDS IN ASIA
PACIFIC
REGION

THE MATANG
MANGROVES
Why is it
sustained?

THE
MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM

MANAGEMENT HISTORY
The need for management immediately
realised following the efforts of gazettement.
Gazettement of the Island reserves began in
1902.
First management plan was introduced in
1904 to regulate and control the felling of
island reserves.
First comprehensive plan in 1950 (1950-1959)
for the whole of Matang Mangroves and
revised once every 10 years.

HISTORY OF MATANG MANGROVE

FOREST MANAGEMENT
1902 : A.M. Burn Murdoch took first action
for gazettement.
1904 : First working plan was drafted by A.E.
Wells for the island reserves.
1906 : Gazettement completed.
1908 : J.P. Mead formulated a working plan
for the mainland reserves.
1915 : Revision by J.P. Mead.
1924 : Revision by A.E. Sanger-Davies.
1925 : Revision by J.G. Watson.

HISTORY OF MATANG MANGROVE

FOREST MANAGEMENT
1930 1939 : Revision by C.L. Durant.
1940 1949 : Revision by E.D. Robertson.
1950 1959 : First comprehensive plan by D.S.P. Noakes
1960 1969 : Revision by R.G. Dixon.
1970 1979 : Revision by Mohd Darus B. Hj. Mahmud.
1980 1989 : Revision by Haron B. Hj. Abu Hassan.
1990 1999 : Revision by Gan Boon Keong.
2000 2009 : Revision by Dato Azahar Muda &
Nik Mohd. Shah Nik Mustafa

MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES

Production of fuelwood.
Production of poles.
Conservation and protection.
Recreation and eco-tourism.
Education & research and
development.

MANAGEMENT ZONING
Based on management goals and
functional roles of all the forest areas.
A total of 4 management zones
identified:
Productive Zone (Productive Forest)
Restrictive Productive Zone (Restrictive
Productive Forest)
Unproductive Zone (Unproductive area)
Protective Zone (Protective Forest)

MANAGEMENT ZONING
40,466 ha
=
50%

Unproductive

Protective
420 ha ; 1%

7,360ha; 18%
2,892ha; 7%

29,794ha; 74%

Restrictive
Productive

Productive

MANAGEMENT ZONING
Productive Zone
(Productive Forest)
productive forest
comprising Rhizophora
Forest, Bruguiera parviflora
Forest & mixed Bruguiera
cylindrica Forest

MANAGEMENT ZONING
Restrictive Productive Zone
(Restrictive Productive
Forest)
a new inclusion, which is
necessary to take into
consideration the importance
placed on the conservation and
maintenance of fragile and
sensitive ecosystem within the
mangrove forest
The forests under this category :
transitional new forest;
seaward berus forest; and
the dryland transitional forest

MANAGEMENT ZONING
Unproductive Zone
(Unroductive Forest)

Bund and Bund Reserve

Area cut-off by the Bund
Fishing Village Reserve
Storklake
Disturbed Forest
Forest Complex
Poles Landing Site
Tidal Gate
Buffer Reserve

MANAGEMENT ZONING
Protective Zone (Protective
Forest): The fragile and
environmentaly important
accreting Avicennia forest and
dryland forest, as well as the
functionaly important functional
forests:
Virgin Jungle Forest;
Old Growth Forest;
Educational Forest;
Research Forest;
Eco-tourism Forest;
Storklake Buffer Reserve;
Archaeological Buffer Reserve

ROTATION
Previous rotation periods ranged from 20-40
years.
Current system adopts a rotation period of 30
years.
Influenced by:

site productivity,
ecological consideration,
dominant forest type,
competency and availability of contractors,
market preference,
silviculture advancement,
expected forest yield; and
mean diameter of final crop trees.

MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Year 30

Year 20

Year 2

Year 15

YIELD REGULATION
The objective of yield regulation to
ensure a constant supply of greenwood
as raw material for the local charcoal
manufacturing industry.
Regulation through the application of
area and volume method.

YIELD REGULATION
Under this method, potential areas are
classified into 3 productivity classes:
Excellent forest 190 tonnes/ha and more and less
than 10% consisting Bruguiera cylindrica or B.
parviflora.
Good forest 141 189 tonnes/ha; less than 30% of
the stand consisting B. cylindrica & B. parviflora.
Poor forest 140 tonnes/ha and below; more than
30% of the stand comprising B. cylindrica & B.
parviflora.

YIELD REGULATION
Advantages:
Only economically productive areas are allocated to
charcoal contractors and thus minimising the need
for replacement of areas.
Allowed for simplicity of control.
Provided element of security to contractors.
Assured the contractors that area provided to them
shall yield a minimum volume of greenwood
consisting of a high percentage of economic
species.

YIELD ESTIMATION
Carried out periodically.
Through circular plot method or spot
method.
4% inventory intensity.
179 tonnes/ha (2000-2009)

Plan Period

Yield

1980-1989

177 tonnes/ha

1990-1999

175 tonnes/ha

2000-2009

179 tonnes/ha

THE MATANG
MANGROVES
SILVICULTURE

SILVICULTURE
Objective to produce a fully stocked
forest of the desired species for the
next rotation.
Based on ecological approach whereby
the silvicultural operations are refined
or modified to suit the individual forest
types within the prescribed silviculture
system of each management zone.

Timber Production Zone

Year

Operations

-1

Detailed ground survey and recalculation of subcoupes and boundary demarcation.

All trees are felled, similar to a clear felling

operation. A 3 - 10 meter buffer zone of all trees
along the river bank are retained to prevent or
reduce erosion as well as for seed propagation.
Before leaving the felled area, the charcoal
contractors have to girdle all non-commercial
species.

Timber Production Zone

Year

Operations

Estimation of areas that need planting. Eradication of

invading ferns by manual means.

A survey to determine and map out the extent and

location of sub-coupes requiring planting and refilling.
Sub-coupes with less than 90% natural regeneration
will be subjected to enrichment planting of R. apiculata
(1.2m by 1.2m) and R. mucronata (1.8m by 1.8m).

First survival enumeration. Refilling imposed if survival

of planted seedlings is less than 75%.

Timber Production Zone

Year

Operations

Second survival enumeration.

Third and last survival enumeration. Sub-coupes which have

less than 75% regeneration either through artificial or natural
means will be planted with potted seedlings.

6-14

No activity recommended.

15-19

First thinning using 1.2 m stick length.

Timber Production Zone

Year

Operations

20-24 Second thinning using a 1.8 m stick length.

Procedure similar to thinning 1.
25-29 No activity recommended.
30

Final felling.

Refilling with potted seedlings of Rhizophora apiculata

SILVICULTURAL ACTIVITIES IN MATANG

MANGROVES

A former crab infested site rehabilitated by the use

of potted seedlings in 1988.

A previously clear felled area which has been successfully planted with
Rhizophora apiculata propagules slightly more than one year old.

The same site 12 years latter in 2000. Note the heavy

twigs as a result of planting spacing based on1.8 m x 1.8
m as oppose to the normal spacing of 1.2 m x .2 m.

FOREST HARVESTING IN MATANG

MANGROVES

A 15-year old stand ready for Thinning I.

Similar stand after Thinning I. The man is seen loading

the thinned poles into a wooden barge or tongkang.

A thinning operation conducted entirely with only a hand axe.

Thinning using
axe

A 30-year old Rhizophora stand ready for final felling.

A final felling operation in progress, with the use of a chainsaw.

Typical scene of a clear felling operation in a final felling coupe

A stack of round timbers, always cut to standard length of

1.6 m and the wooden mallet used to debark it.

CHARCOAL KILNS AND ACTIVITIES IN MATANG MANGROVES

Manual debarking of round logs by using a sharp

metal wedge before being loaded into the charcoal
kiln.

A newly constructed charcoal kiln. Ready for its first loading

and the charge is neatly arranged just beside the kiln.

A small burn in progress which will usually last for 6 to 8 days, after
which the aperture is sealed and the charge is left to cool before the
carbonized charcoals are removed.

THE MATANG
MANGROVES
PROTECTION &
CONSERVATION

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
Allocation of Felling Coupes
Guidelines which stipulated that annual subcoupes should preferably not more than 50 ha
to minimise the impact of clear felling on the
environment and wildlife.
Provision of Buffer Zones
To protect marine life and contain coastal or
bank erosion, the retention of a continuous
strip of trees along the bank/shoreline was
implemented.

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
Buffer allocated:
Small stream 3 m
Large rivers 5 10 m
Forest fronting the sea 50 m
Forest at eroding coastline 200 m
The additional width along river and coastline
would also provide a pleasant landscape for all
mangrove users.
The buffer along rivers also provide ample seed
source for the annual planting programme.

WILDLIFE CONSERVATION
Management of Matang Mangroves
incorporated considerations for the
conservation and protection of the
environment.
Of the total 29,794 ha of production forest,
only approx. 800.4 ha (2.7%) are clear felled
each year (or 66.7 ha per month).
The coupe is being spread out throughout
Matang Mangroves.
Clear felled areas are regenerated naturally
or artificially.

WILDLIFE CONSERVATION
Consequently, the Matang Mangroves
still support a viable population of wild
faunas.
Mammals
Birds
Reptiles

FAUNA OF MATANG MANGROVES

Mixed Agriculture
Reserves

Fruit Bats hanging out during the daytime in a nearby inland forest.

Oil palm
plantation

Monitor Lizard (Varanus salvator). A

common sight in Matang Mangroves

Long-tailed Macaque (Macaca

fascicularis).

Collared Kingfisher (Halcyon chloris). A permanent resident of the

mangrove forest.

Dollarbird (Eurystomus
orientalis). A resident of
inland forest, occasionally
flying into mangrove forest.

A Great White Egret (Egretta

alba) standing in the thickets
of a a palm grove.

The larger bird is a Whimbrel (Numenius phaeopus) and the smaller bird is
a Terek Sandpiper (Xenus cinereus). Both are shorebirds, common along
the mudflats in Matang Mangroves.

Lesser Adjuntant Stork (Leptoptilos javanicus). A large bird and a rare

resident of Matang Mangroves.

Crested Serpent-Eagle (Spilornis

cheela). A rare visitor to the
Matang Mangroves

A mangrove crab resting on a stilt root of a Rhizophora tree.

A mangrove snail clinging on a

stilt root of a Rhizophora tree.

A mud skipper

THE MATANG
MANGROVES
ROLES &
CONTIBUTIONS

ENVIRONMENT

SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONTRIBUTION
Human Settlements
Supports 34 villages.
28 fishing villages & 6 traditional villages
(non-fishery activities)
5,300 households
31,800 people

FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE IN MATANG MANGROVES

The Kuala Sepetang fishing village.

SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONTRIBUTION
Forestry Activities:
Harvesting of the mangrove for poles and greenwood
for the production of charcoal
830 ha allocated annually for clear-felled to supply fuel
and greenwood for the charcoal industry

348 charcoal kilns - 86 contractors

Annual production : 45,255 tonne
Value : RM 27,153,000 (@ RM 600 per tonne)

1,630 ha allocated annually for systematically thinned

for poles production
71 pole contractors
Annual Production : 648,100 pieces

Value : RM 2,575,301
Total Value of forest produce expected from Matang
Manggroves annually RM 30 million

SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONTRIBUTION
Harvesting for poles & greenwood
Generating RM 1.3 mill. annually to the State Revenue
Premium
Charcoal : RM 340 per ha
Firewood : RM 1 per tonne greedwood
Poles : RM 13 per ha
Royalty
Charcoal : RM 17.15 per tonne or RM 180 per klin
burn
Firewood : RM 2 tonne
Poles : between RM 2 RM 4.5 per 30 running
meters
Cess: 10% of the Royalty
Other Fees : Processing Fee, & Sub-licence etc.

SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONTRIBUTION
How Munch Do We Collected in 2006?
Royalty :

Premium :

RM 1,172,476

RM 301,766

RM 1,637,797
Other Fees :

Cess :

RM 80,563

RM 82,992

A field staff of the forestry department is seen here putting hammer

marks on the larger end of the poles to indicate that royalty has been
paid, before the barge is allowed to leave the thinning coupe.

A typical scene of the interior of a battery of charcoal kilns.

A locally modified plastic drum, which is used as a condenser to trap the

vapour coming out from the vents of the kilns.

The raw distillate being the product from

the condensation of the vapour is
essentially a byproduct from the process of
charcoal making. This condensate is
essentially pyroligneous acid or commonly
known as wood vinegar.

SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONTRIBUTION
Fisheries (crabs, prawns and fishes)
generating RM200.5 million annually.
Cockle culture and cage culture of fishes
generating RM37.45 million annually.

Harvesting cockles (Anadara granosa) from the cultured

beds of Matang Mangroves using traditional gear.

A floating fish farm comprising a few operators, each with clustered units
of floating net cages, along the Sungai Sangga Besar. The main species
cultured are sea perch, mangrove snapper and groupers. The cultured
period for these fishes varies from 9 to 12 months depending on market
demand.

Visitors at the floating fish farm.

A fisherman setting a crab trap (bintoh ketam) at the periphery of the river close
to the bank . The forested strip happens to be a buffer retained during the final
felling operation. An example of sustainable management, striking a balance
between fishery and forestry.

SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONTRIBUTION
Employment:
Created employment for local communities with
forestry & fishery activities
Forest related industry : 1,260 individuals
4,909 fishermen operating within, near and off the
water of Matang Mangroves (1999) i.e about 65% of
the total 7,510 fishermen registered to operate
licensed fishing boat in waters of Perak
Other indirect employment created by the fishing
industry includes fish and prawn processing, boatbuilding, boat repairs and transportation

THE MATANG
MANGROVES
ECOTOURISM

Ecotourism Programme
1

NATURAL
MANGROVE
FOREST

BIRD
SANCTUARY
AT KUALA
GULA

VJR

ARCHEOLOGICAL
RESERVE

CHARCOAL KILN

CADANGAN LALUAN DESTINASI

EKO PELANCONGAN
BIRD SANCTUARY
CHARCOAL KILNS

ARCHAEOLOGICAL
RESERVES
FLOATING FISH CAGE &
COCKLE FARMS
V.J.R

NATURE EDUCATION
CENTRE

Nature Education Centre

Board Walk in the Nature Education Centre

Chalets at Matang Mangrove Nature Education Centre

A surau (prayer room) at Matang Mangrove Nature Education Centre

A new camping concept, pitched tent on raised wooden

platform in the Nature Education Centre.

VISITOR STATISTICS (RECORDED AT THE

MATANG MANGROVE NATURE CENTRE)

CATEGORY

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

Local

1,178

553

963

1,890

2,118

2,172

10,462

Foreign

464

140

100

369

956

1,532

1,160

Student

2,359

2,635

3,188

3,898

5,638

6,175

17,767

Total

4,001

3,328

4,251

6,157

8,712

9,919

29,389

Bird Sanctuary Pulau Kalumpang

Archaeological Site

The Virgin Jungle Reserve in Matang Mangroves, located in

Compartment 18A, Pulau Kecil Forest Reserve.

A wide angle view of a portion of the stand comprising almost entirely of

Rhizophora in the Virgin Jungle Reserve of Compartment 18A, Pulau Kecil
Forest Reserve.

ISSUES & CHALLENGES

Highly Popular Land for Coastal Development
Programme
Progressive Destruction of Natural Habitats
Uncontrolled Waste Discharge Into the Sea
Rapid Inland Activities, Inshore and Foreshore
Construction

THE MATANG
MANGROVES
CONCLUSION

CONCLUSION
Matang Mangroves with a century of management
achievements and experiences provide a positive
approach towards sustainability.
Since its reservation, it has lost only 250 hectares that
were excised for settlement expansion and
infrastructure facilities but never for agricultural or
aqua-cultural activities. These areas represented only
0.6% of the current total area of 40,466 hectares. .
On the other hand a total of 1,498 hectares were added
through accretion.

CONCLUSION
Matang also offers an opportunity to highlight
the efforts of Malaysia towards the sustainable
management of all forest types and resources
in Peninsular Malaysia, with Mangrove Forest
being one of them.
Management and conservation concept of
forest to meet the economic, social, ecological,
aesthetic and environmental goals are viable
through integrated management of both timber
and non-timber resources.