Professional Documents
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VOLUME 0
NUMBER 0
PAGES 1^33
2013
doi:10.1093/petrology/egt040
COLLEGE OF EARTH, OCEAN, AND ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY, CORVALLIS, OR,
97331-5506, USA
2
Magma dynamics and time scales during the VEI 5, 2000 BP eruption of El Misti volcano, southern Peru (EM2000BP) are investigated to address cyclic explosive activity at this hazardous volcano.
The 14 km3 of pumice falls and flows have abundant mingled
pumice of high-K, calc-alkaline rhyolite and andesite composition.
Phenocryst zoning and compositions reveal mutual exchange of
plagioclase between the two magmas; amphibole in the rhyolite was
derived from the andesite. Amphiboles in the andesite are predominantly unrimmed crystals whereas those in the rhyolite mostly exhibit
reaction rims. Phase equilibria indicate that the andesite formed at
900^9508C and 2^3 kbar pressure and was water-saturated with
51^60 wt % H2O, broadly similar to El Misti magmas overall.
Amphibole, plagioclase, Ti-magnetite, and two pyroxenes were the
crystallizing phases. A separate rhyolite magma existed higher in
the crust at a temperature of 816 308C and 5% H2O in which
only plagioclase and Fe^Ti oxides were stable. The lack of cognate
amphibole in the rhyolite despite H2O saturation requires that it
staged above the stability limit of amphibole (5100 MPa).
Exchange reactions in amphibole (dominantly pargasitic) and
trace element partitioning in plagioclase indicate that both andesite
and rhyolite magmas were broadly constant in temperature and
H2O content. These constraints suggest that the initially separate
rhyolite and deeper andesite magmas interacted by an initial andesite
recharge event that resulted in mingling and crystal exchange. A
period of 50^60 days is required for amphibole introduced into the
rhyolite to develop reaction rims owing to decompression.These rims
are dominated by plagioclase, a consequence of the Al-rich nature of
the amphibole.The lack of reaction rims on amphibole in the andesite
implicates a second, more-forceful and voluminous eruption-triggering recharge event during which andesite rose rapidly from source to
Major composite cones, among the most hazardous volcanoes on the planet, are the integrated product of a prolonged history of effusive cone building activity
punctuated by explosive eruptions and edifice collapses
(Davidson & de Silva, 2000). Although the eruptive style
and attendant hazard is dominated by effusion, the rare
explosive eruptions are often the most voluminous and
hazardous. Understanding the controls on this transition
in activity is central to our efforts to fully address magmatic and volcanic evolution and hazard mitigation. Two
important clues to this effort are that explosive activity is
cyclic or quasi-cyclic (Matthews et al., 1997; Davidson &
de Silva, 2000; Ruprecht & Worner, 2007) and involves
recharge, suggesting that the rhythm of open magmatic
systems is a dominant driver.
*Corresponding author. Telephone: 541 737 8199; Fax: 541 737 2064;
E-mail: ftepley@coas.oregonstate.edu.
KEY WORDS:
I N T RO D U C T I O N
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JOURNAL OF PETROLOGY
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GEOLOGIC A L S ET T I NG
El Misti (162948S, 714098W; 5822 m above sea level) is a
major volcanic edifice of the Central Volcanic Zone of the
Andes (Bullard,1962; de Silva & Francis,1991a) in southern
Peru lying less than 15 km from the city of Arequipa
(Fig. 1). It is located within the Andean arc, and its history
is one of constructive dome growth, lava flows and explosive volcanism, endangering the growing population
center of Arequipa nearby (de Silva & Francis, 1991a;
Thouret et al., 2001; Harpel et al., 2011).
The geological history of El Misti is one typical of
Andean arc volcanoes. Based on extensive field mapping,
40
Ar/39Ar and 14C dating of rocks and organic material,
Thouret et al. (2001, and references therein), Paquereau
Lebti et al. (2006) and Ruprecht & Worner (2007) have
pieced together a comprehensive volcanic history for El
Misti. The earliest remnant (c. 112 ka) of El Misti is an
eroded stratovolcano (Misti 1) that unconformably overlies
lavas and volcaniclastic deposits of Chachani Volcano
(Paquereau Lebti et al., 2006; Ruprecht & Worner, 2007).
Upon this edifice lie successive edifices, termed Misti 2,
Misti 3, and Misti 4, and lava flows and pyroclastic debris
erupted since 112 ka. Historically, the volcano-building
events of El Misti are associated with alternating growth
and destruction of andesitic and dacitic domes and lava
flows with dome collapses and associated pyroclastic
flows, intermixed with explosive episodes, and avalanche
deposits (Thouret et al., 2001, and references therein;
Ruprecht & Worner, 2007). Thouret et al. (2001) suggested
that, on average, ash falls occur every 500^1500 years,
with pumice fallout-producing eruptions every 2000^4000
years. The 2000 BP eruption is a plinian eruption producing
pumice falls and flows with varying proportions of
banded pumice of rhyolite and andesite compositions
amounting to 14 km3 of material (05 km3 dense rock
equivalent; Thouret et al., 2001; Harpel et al., 2011). Extensive lahars were generated by interaction of pyroclastic
flows with snow on the volcano, attesting to the potential
hazard of explosive eruptions at El Misti (Harpel et al.,
2011).
Over the course of its history, El Misti has produced
relatively homogeneous andesites and dacites with only
a few rhyolites. Thouret et al. (2001) noted that the
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eruptions at El Misti. Herein we report the results of a detailed petrological study of the 2000 BP eruption at El
Mistithe first of its kind. We establish the magmatic conditions of the andesite and rhyolite reservoirs, and the
physical, chemical, and mineralogical signals of their
interaction, and provide constraints on the timing of the
event that led to the eruption. This work provides valuable
petrological context to a case study of the stratigraphy
and volcanology and hazard assessment of the eruption
(Harpel et al., 2011).
TEPLEY et al.
70
(a)
Caribbean Plate
(b)
10
NVZ
0
10
El Misti
30
Nazca Plate
SVZ
40
50
Ch
ile
Ris
e
Antarctic Plate
70
(c)
Fig. 1. (a) Map showing the location of El Misti in South America and its location in the Central Volcanic Zone. (b) Image of El Misti and the
surrounding region (from Harpel et al., 2011). Irregular white regions in bajadas are pyroclastic-flow deposits from the EM2000BP eruption.
Outlined by a white line is the city boundary of Arequipa. (c) Photograph of El Misti taken from downtown Arequipa, illustrating the proximity of a large population center to a potentially explosive volcano.
heterogeneous textures of the banded andesites and rhyolites of the 2000 BP eruption are unique to El Misti compared with other volcanoes in the region, in both texture
and the presence of a distinct mineral suite. For the purposes of our study, 50 samples were collected from throughout the eruption stratigraphy and studied to establish the
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zca
Na
ile Trench
Peru-Ch
20
CVZ
ge
Rid
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R E S U LT S
Lithology and whole-rock textures
A total of seven samples from the two lithological endmembers were analyzed for their major- and trace-element
compositions at the GeoAnalytical Lab at Washington
State University, by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy
(XRF) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
(ICP-MS) techniques. Details of the techniques and their
associated analytical errors have been given by Johnson
et al. (1999) and Knaack et al. (1994), respectively.
Petrographic descriptions of the four representative samples provide records of the constituent phases, their abundance, and their textural relationship to the other phases.
Detailed analyses of minerals and glasses were performed
at Oregon State University using a CAMECA SX-100
electron microprobe (EMP) equipped with five wavelength-dispersive spectrometers (WDS) and high-intensity
dispersive crystals for high-sensitivity trace element analysis. Minerals and groundmass glasses were analyzed
using 15 keV accelerating voltage, 30 nA sample current,
and 1 mm beam diameter for mineral phases and 5 mm for
groundmass glasses. Counting times ranged from 10 to
60 s depending on the element and desired detection limit.
In all cases, zero-time intercept functions were applied to
reduce the effects of alkali migration. Data reduction was
performed online using a stoichiometric PAP correction
model (Pouchou & Pichoir, 1984). Back-scattered electron
(BSE) images were obtained using the same instrument
using the CAMECA Peak Site software. Precision measurements for the most significant elements in the glass,
feldspar, amphibole, pyroxene, and Fe^Ti oxides routines
are listed in Tables 5, 8, 6, 3 and 4, respectively.
Because some amphiboles in the selected samples exhibit
reaction rims whereas others do not, several amphiboles
from each lithology were selected for in situ trace element
analysis to determine population identity. Following EMP
analysis, analysis spots were chosen where EMP data
existed and in selected cores, mid-sections and rims of the
amphiboles. The analyses were carried out by laser ablation (LA)-ICP-MS in the Keck Collaboratory for Plasma
Spectrometry, Oregon State University, using a NewWave
DUV 193 nm ArF Excimer laser at 5 hz frequency, 15 ns
pulse duration and 50 mm beam size attached to a VG PQ
ExCell Quadrupole ICP-MS system and following the
techniques outlined by Kent et al. (2004). Concentrations
of single trace elements were calculated employing 43Ca
as an internal standard relative to the USGS glass standard BCR-2G. External errors are dependent on elemental
concentrations in the samples; however, calculated errors
are typically 5% for Sc, Cr, Rb, Y, Zr, Nb, La, Ce, Pr,
Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Dy, Er, Yb, and Pb, and 10% for V, Sr,
and Ba (1s).
Whole-rock geochemistry
Of the 50 collected samples of the eruption, seven samples
were chosen for major- and trace-element analysis. These
were chosen to check and supplement existing data from this
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A N A LY T I C A L M E T H O D S
TEPLEY et al.
(a)
(b)
(c)
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eruption. All samples are typical medium- to high-K calc-alkaline CentralVolcanic Zone (CVZ) andesites and rhyolites
(Fig. 3; Table 1). Our samples from the EM2000BP eruption
fall in a similar range in aplotof K2O v. SiO2 as other samples
from the 112 kyr history of the volcano and from the CVZ
in general (Legros, 1998; Legrende, 1999; Ruprecht &
Worner, 2007; Mamani et al., 2010; Fig. 3). Similarly, for other
major or trace elements, our samples fall within the data envelope of other CVZ volcanoes.Theyare characterizedby selective enrichment in large ion lithophile and alkaline earth
elements, attesting to the probable involvement of subduction-zone fluids, and lower abundances of rare earth elements
(REE) and high field strength elements, compared with typical mid-ocean ridge basalt, confirming their arc affinity.
JOURNAL OF PETROLOGY
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6
CVZ
WR rho
WR and
EMP rhyo glass
EMP and glass
HIGH-K
MEDIUM-K
2
1
LOW-K
0
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
SiO2 wt%
Fig. 3. K2O vs SiO2 diagram for whole-rocks (filled circles and squares distinguished as rhyolite and andesite) and glasses (determined by
EMPA; open circles and squares) from EM2000BP, and their positions relative to a complete sampling of the Central Volcanic Zone (Mamani
et al., 2010). Most rocks are High-K calc-alkaline.
P H E N O C RY S T T E X T U R E S A N D
C O M P O S I T I O N A L PAT T E R N S
Amphibole
Amphibole occurs as ubiquitous crystals throughout both
rhyolite and andesite lithologies with a modal abundance
of about 2% in each lithology. The most obvious difference
between the two is that most (490%) of the amphiboles
that reside in the rhyolite have reaction rims of plagioclase,
pyroxene, and Fe^Ti oxides, or occur as ragged clusters,
whereas most (490%) of those in the andesite do not
display a reaction rim. Different rim widths may reflect
differential sectioning of crystals rather than any processrelated phenomenon. Most amphiboles in both lithologies
show some evidence of minor compositional zoning based
on EMP analyses and BSE images.
Amphiboles in both lithologies of the EM2000BP eruption show a relatively small range of major element variation, forming relatively tight trends over 3 wt %
absolute spread in SiO2 (Fig. 5; Table 6). Compositions of
the amphiboles from both lithologies are similar, although
amphibole from the andesite defines the full range for
almost all major oxides.
Cation abundances, used to constrain the amphibole
classification and decipher petrogenetic processes, were
calculated assuming a formula cation sum of 15 excluding
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K2O wt%
TEPLEY et al.
SiO2
TiO2
EM
EM
EM
EM
EM
EM
EM
EM
007
008
009
085
094
098
099
0401
5997
0890
6076
0799
6056
0822
6121
0774
6064
0804
6093
0807
6963
0359
5999
0776
Al2O3
1771
1775
1770
1767
1786
1779
1564
1757
FeO*
574
541
552
529
540
531
264
559
MnO
009
009
009
009
009
009
007
010
MgO
295
259
267
246
256
252
105
331
CaO
589
563
571
553
570
563
292
598
Na2O
431
443
440
438
441
434
386
425
218
K2O
215
225
222
231
223
228
370
P2O5
030
030
030
029
030
030
014
025
Total
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
La
2475
2546
2520
2568
2527
2551
3172
2599
Ce
5001
5103
5072
5104
5090
5121
5738
5128
Pr
614
618
613
617
618
619
613
611
Nd
2417
2422
2385
2382
2411
2413
2118
2344
Sm
454
445
445
439
448
443
353
427
Eu
126
123
126
125
126
125
090
122
Gd
357
339
340
330
338
339
264
330
Tb
048
045
046
045
046
045
037
046
Dy
242
235
241
236
236
235
217
246
Ho
044
043
044
042
044
042
042
046
Er
108
107
109
107
104
108
116
118
Tm
015
015
015
015
015
015
018
016
Yb
091
090
091
086
090
090
122
102
Lu
014
014
014
014
014
014
020
Ba
907
928
917
925
921
927
1092
016
941
Th
232
255
248
267
239
257
763
330
Nb
585
599
606
611
606
613
708
522
1128
1100
1108
1091
1098
1107
1153
1193
Hf
401
406
409
401
403
403
404
391
Ta
036
037
036
037
037
037
061
030
041
043
042
046
041
043
122
044
Pb
1314
1370
1350
1398
1341
1381
2395
1299
Rb
375
403
396
424
394
411
948
442
Cs
Sr
Sc
Zr
086
836
93
151
091
834
81
153
090
835
86
153
097
829
77
154
086
850
81
154
092
840
78
155
248
513
51
145
Plagioclase
Based on EMP analyses and backscattered electron images,
plagioclase phenocrysts, microphenocrysts and microlites
in both rock types define a large compositional range.
Phenocryst sizes range from 01 to 15 mm; we define
the boundary between phenocryst and microphenocryst
at 05 mm and microlites as 01mm. We group the
crystals based on composition into two broad groups: a
Low-An group, which ranges from An60 to An30, and a
High-An group, which ranges from An88 to An65. This
classification is based on An content frequency analyses of
the total plagioclase dataset (Fig. 9), supported by a MgO
wt % frequency histogram. Mirroring the compositional
variations are two broad classes of textural varieties based
on crystal morphology and texture: clear crystals, and
crystals with alternating sieved or dusty and clear portions.
066
840
125
150
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JOURNAL OF PETROLOGY
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(d)
andesite
rhyolite
(e)
(b)
rhyolite
andesite
(f)
(c)
andesite
andesite
Fig. 4. Photomicrographs of amphibole with and without reaction rims and Low-An and High-An Group plagioclase in both rhyolite and andesite. Field of view in all images is 2 mm, and all images are in crossed polars. (a) Boundary (dashed line) between rhyolite and andesite
with reacted and unreacted amphibole, respectively. (b) A rhyolite-hosted amphibole with reaction rim. (c) A clear elongate amphibole residing
in andesitic melt. (d) A complexly zoned plagioclase crystal in rhyolite host from the Low-An group. (e) A plagioclase crystal with complex
dusty core and clear outer rim from the High-An group, in andesitic host. (f) A predominantly clear plagioclase crystal with minor zoning, a
member of the Low-An group, in andesitic host.
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rhyolite
TEPLEY et al.
Phases
Characteristics
Rhyolite
small and intermediate to coarse
40% groundmass
glass
7278 wt % SiO2
microlites
10% phenocrysts,
plagioclase (6%)
microphenocrysts
amphibole (2%)
8168C 308C
pyroxene (1%)
Andesite
40% vesicles
equant to sub-spherical
50% groundmass
glass
6272 wt % SiO2
microlites
An4363
10% phenocrysts,
plagioclase (8%)
microphenocrysts
amphibole (2%)
pargasite euhedral
pyroxene (51%)
2-pyx temperature
9408C 408C
of An30. This population of phenocrysts is generally normally zoned, although most of those either imaged (BSE)
or analyzed show one zone of increased An content outboard of the core before decreasing to values An40^30
near the rims (Fig. 10a). Backscattered electron images
show that the low-An cores have rounded interior borders
that changed immediately to higher An values, although
these higher values are a few mol % An higher.
Texturally, these phenocrysts are generally simple, euhedral, clear crystals, although there are sparse crystals with
mottled cores.
The trace elements Mg, Ti and Fe were measured simultaneously with major elements during analysis transects.
Generally, their concentrations are low, given the incompatibility of these elements in plagioclase. Transects of
FeO show two patterns: one pattern shows little variation
regardless of changing An content (2B and 11E), whereas
the other pattern is antithetic to An content (e.g. samples
5I and 10G). MgO concentrations are more variable than
FeO, but they display the same patterns relative to An
content.
in their complex textural features, characterized by obvious dusty or sieved portions alternating with clear portions. In most examples, the cores of these crystals are
sieved or dusty and alternate with clear portions outwards
towards the rim; in a few cases, the cores of these crystals
are clear. We see no compositional differences between the
crystals with clear cores versus dusty cores.
Trace element concentrations are generally higher and
their distribution patterns are different from those of the
Low-An group. In contrast to the Low-An group, FeO
variations in all cases are regular and unchanging regardless of the variations in An content (Fig. 10b). However,
MgO appears to be sensitive to changes in An content,
producing an anti-correlation in MgO.
Microlites
Microlites in the rhyolite and andesite also show some
compositional heterogeneity. Frequency histograms show
that there are two populations of microlite compositions,
one in the rhyolite, and one in the andesite. Both populations are normally zoned. The microlite population in the
andesite has cores of An54^63 and rims of An43^63, whereas
the microlite population in the rhyolite has cores of
An41^44 and rims of An28^38 (Fig. 9). These populations of
microlites are distinct in composition from the phenocrysts
in their respective host lavas: they are slightly more
evolved. We attribute these compositional characteristics
to lower pressure final equilibration and lower magma
pH2O values.
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50% vesicles
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orthopyroxene
EM 10 L
EM 10 L
EM 10 N
EM 10 N
EM 11 M
EM 11 M
EM 2 J
EM 2 J
SiO2
5032
5246
4961
5173
5209
Al2O3
320
115
371
155
121
FeO
877
812
1004
980
MgO
1467
1569
1369
CaO
2086
2104
2050
Na2O
045
043
TiO2
088
MnO
038
Total
9953
EM 10 M
5234
5368
5294
5289
114
098
112
114
929
912
1945
1982
1584
1445
1479
2481
1896
2110
2113
100
050
036
046
039
043
105
059
019
037
029
032
044
9968
9940
9914
9924
EM 10 M
EM 11 L
EM 11 L
5301
5361
5322
100
085
098
1998
2004
1831
1846
2429
2445
2440
2524
2494
100
109
109
104
104
003
004
002
001
003
003
014
012
012
030
026
019
021
035
067
070
066
060
058
061
9941
10075
10003
10052
10041
9986
9950
Typical 1SD: SiO2 012; Al2O3 004; FeO* 001; MgO 004; CaO 005; Na2O 004; TiO2 001; MnO 003.
EM 2 O
ilmenite
EM 2 O
EM 2 O
EM 2 O
EM 2 N
EM 2 N
EM 2 O
EM 2 O
EM 2 O
EM 2 N
EM 2 N
EM 2 N
SiO2
005
005
007
005
004
004
000
001
001
003
003
004
TiO2
653
628
620
625
669
622
3843
3795
3708
3721
3691
3725
Al2O3
192
151
153
150
150
147
014
015
016
020
017
025
V2O3
044
048
045
050
044
048
027
032
031
034
030
035
Cr2O3
010
010
011
007
008
005
000
001
002
000
000
000
FeO*
8182
8247
8364
8345
8294
8223
5479
5456
5564
5429
5295
5357
MnO
039
051
052
053
049
058
057
060
052
057
051
056
MgO
184
173
176
167
167
158
237
238
241
262
253
276
CaO
003
001
002
001
004
001
002
001
001
001
003
003
ZnO
018
007
011
006
009
017
010
003
002
004
007
000
Total
9330
9321
9442
9411
9399
9284
9670
9604
9618
9532
9395
9483
DISCUSSION
The details of magma mingling
The macroscopic and microscopic lithological, petrographic, and petrological observations presented above are
all consistent with extensive mingling of a relatively hot
(940 408C) andesite and a cooler (816 308C) rhyolite
magma prior to the 2000 BP eruption of El Misti. These
magmas are typical of the calc-alkaline high-K suite of
magmas that have erupted in the Central Volcanic Zone
10
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Sample:
TEPLEY et al.
10
SiO2
TiO2
10
7466
7569
7432
7467
6681
7358
6607
033
033
034
033
079
077
056
075
076
Al2O3
1334
1347
1402
1429
1521
1595
1442
1268
1411
FeO*
149
147
148
141
491
418
226
588
376
MnO
005
007
000
008
008
009
003
013
010
MgO
030
029
018
018
196
096
041
420
217
CaO
115
103
073
082
288
304
155
284
255
Na2O
200
236
307
293
293
351
284
272
281
685
11 clear
11 dark
11 dark
6946
464
466
481
471
338
336
426
356
383
004
004
003
002
037
033
026
032
033
Cl
015
013
019
018
011
014
014
013
013
9818
9956
9917
9963
9946
10084
10035
9929
10002
Total
11
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K2O
P2O5
JOURNAL OF PETROLOGY
VOLUME 0
NUMBER 0
MONTH 2013
1.0
pargasite
magnesiosadanagaite
0.8
0.6
0.4
Amphiboles in
rhyolite melt
0.2
ferropargasite
ferro-edenite
0.0
7.5
7.0
Amphiboles in
andesite melt
6.5
6.0
5.5
5.0
4.5
Si pfu
14.0
13.0
Amphiboles in rhyolite melt
12.5
13.0
CaO
Al2O3
13.5
12.5
12.0
11.5
12.0
11.0
11.5
10.5
11.0
41.0
42.0
43.0
10.0
41.0
44.0
42.0
SiO2
18.0
14.0
17.0
MgO
13.0
FeO*
44.0
43.0
44.0
SiO2
15.0
12.0
11.0
16.0
15.0
14.0
10.0
13.0
9.0
8.0
41.0
43.0
42.0
43.0
44.0
SiO2
12.0
41.0
42.0
SiO2
Fig. 5. Upper diagram shows EM2000BP amphibole phenocryst compositions from both rhyolite- and andesite-dominated samples plotted in
the classification scheme of Leake et al. (1997) using the Mg# [Mg/(Mg Fe2)] vs Si p.f.u. (per formula unit) diagram. All are pargasitic
amphibole. Lower diagrams show amphibole variations in Al2O3, FeO* (total iron), CaO and MgO vs SiO2.
the plagioclase concentrations, we use starting melt compositions obtained from the rhyolite and andesite whole-rock
compositions (see Table 1), and temperatures calculated
from oxide pairs in the rhyolite and pyroxene pairs in the
Plotted in Fig. 11 are equilibrium partitioning concentration curves of MgO, TiO2 and FeO based on the plagioclase^melt trace element partitioning experiments of
Bindeman et al. (1998) and Tepley et al. (2010). In modeling
12
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Mg/(Mg+Fe2+)
edenite
TEPLEY et al.
Table 6: Representative compositions and structural formulae of rhyolite- and andesite-hosted hornblende types
rhyolite-hosted amphiboles
Sample:
EM 2
EM 2
EM 2
EM 2
EM 2
EM 2
EM 5
EM 5
EM 5
EM 5 A
EM 5
EM 5
EM 5
EM 5
I(2)
I(2)
I(2)
I(3)
I(3)
cl1
cl1
cl2A
cl2A
cl2A
cl2B
cl2B
cl2B
4236
SiO2
4228
4230
4247
4243
4238
4250
4275
4284
4297
4303
4232
4272
4250
4253
TiO2
248
253
244
246
254
243
237
243
240
230
241
240
235
255
250
Al2O3
1292
1298
1260
1256
1254
1236
1219
1259
1236
1222
1252
1228
1226
1234
1251
Cr2O3
002
002
002
000
001
000
000
000
000
017
002
000
007
002
006
FeO*
1203
1222
1139
1200
1191
1207
1175
1181
1199
1064
1171
1167
1133
1192
1193
MnO
010
013
010
015
007
008
011
011
015
011
010
011
009
015
015
MgO
1458
1424
1480
1458
1448
1458
1469
1468
1488
1548
1476
1488
1497
1463
1450
CaO
1181
1173
1158
1156
1156
1162
1155
1171
1173
1141
1157
1145
1137
1147
1137
Na2O
228
230
224
232
231
223
225
231
229
225
226
228
230
227
227
K2O
053
063
060
060
056
052
051
055
055
059
054
053
058
053
058
Cl
Total
002
002
002
002
003
002
002
003
003
002
002
002
001
002
002
9909
9918
9834
9874
9843
9846
9825
9911
9940
9826
9825
9836
9789
9849
9831
Si
6103
6122
6170
6157
6166
6175
6221
6184
6184
6230
6153
6203
6199
6181
6172
AlIV
1897
1878
1830
1843
1834
1825
1779
1816
1816
1770
1847
1797
1801
1819
1828
SUM T
8000
8000
8000
8000
8000
8000
8000
8000
8000
8000
8000
8000
8000
8000
8000
AlVI
0301
0336
0328
0307
0318
0293
0312
0328
0281
0316
0299
0305
0307
0295
0321
Ti
0265
0272
0263
0265
0274
0262
0255
0260
0256
0247
0260
0258
0254
0275
0270
Fe3
0320
0228
0224
0236
0203
0279
0218
0213
0281
0192
0282
0227
0212
0225
0202
Cr
0002
0002
0002
0000
0002
0000
0000
0000
0000
0019
0002
0000
0008
0002
0007
Mg
3137
3072
3204
3153
3142
3157
3186
3158
3192
3341
3197
3221
3256
3170
3150
Fe2
0974
1090
0979
1039
1062
1011
1029
1042
0994
0885
0960
0989
0964
1033
1050
Mn
0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
SUM C
5000
5000
5000
5000
5000
5000
5000
5000
5000
5000
5000
5000
5000
5000
5000
Fe2
0158
0161
0181
0180
0185
0177
0183
0172
0169
0212
0182
0201
0207
0191
0201
Mn
0012
0016
0013
0018
0009
0010
0013
0013
0018
0014
0012
0013
0012
0018
0019
Ca
1827
1819
1803
1797
1802
1809
1800
1811
1809
1770
1802
1781
1777
1786
1775
Na
0004
0004
0004
0004
0004
0004
0004
0004
0004
0004
0004
0004
0004
0005
0005
SUM B
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
Na
0635
0641
0628
0648
0647
0624
0632
0642
0634
0627
0634
0638
0645
0635
0636
0097
0117
0112
0110
0104
0096
0096
0102
0100
0109
0099
0097
0108
0099
0108
SUM A
0733
0757
0739
0758
0750
0720
0727
0744
0735
0736
0733
0736
0753
0734
0745
Mg/(Mg Fe2)
0735
0711
0734
0721
0716
0727
0724
0722
0733
0753
0737
0730
0736
0721
0716
andesite-hosted amphiboles
Sample:
EM 10
EM 10
EM 10
EM 10
EM 10
EM 10
EM 10
EM 10
EM 10
EM 10
EM 10
EM 11
EM 11
EM 11
EM 11
K(2)
K(2)
4263
SiO2
4199
4195
4162
4388
4274
4380
4303
4227
4272
4258
4245
4321
4269
4277
TiO2
258
253
264
230
243
229
239
247
251
254
254
222
235
244
233
Al2O3
1286
1284
1313
1187
1259
1198
1262
1254
1237
1255
1274
1267
1195
1253
1264
Cr2O3
003
001
000
012
011
050
007
004
005
002
002
014
000
017
002
FeO*
1141
1176
1192
1011
1162
1018
1147
1189
1120
1126
1204
1051
1165
1152
1235
(continued)
13
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EM 2
I
JOURNAL OF PETROLOGY
VOLUME 0
NUMBER 0
MONTH 2013
Table 6: Continued
andesite-hosted amphiboles
Sample:
EM 10
EM 10
EM 10
EM 10
EM 10
EM 10
EM 10
EM 10
EM 10
EM 10
EM 10
EM 11
EM 11
EM 11
EM 11
K(2)
K(2)
012
014
008
007
016
007
009
011
009
011
011
010
011
010
012
MgO
1486
1467
1441
1615
1487
1603
1503
1442
1532
1487
1442
1586
1468
1502
1451
CaO
1121
1153
1134
1141
1159
1161
1175
1175
1160
1166
1175
1123
1155
1145
1139
Na2O
232
239
237
228
231
229
235
221
236
228
228
239
220
230
223
K2O
054
057
058
052
060
061
053
054
060
056
058
059
059
059
054
Cl
002
001
002
002
002
003
002
002
002
002
002
002
002
001
002
9799
9846
9816
9875
9906
9942
9942
9837
9889
9847
9901
9896
9783
9897
9887
Total
Si
6119
6098
6077
6298
6168
6260
6181
6152
6165
6173
6144
6204
6241
6175
6174
AlIV
1881
1902
1923
1702
1832
1740
1819
1848
1835
1827
1856
1796
1759
1825
1826
SUM T
8000
8000
8000
8000
8000
8000
8000
8000
8000
8000
8000
8000
8000
8000
8000
AlVI
0328
0299
0337
0307
0310
0278
0318
0303
0269
0318
0318
0348
0300
0308
0332
Ti
0278
0273
0285
0244
0260
0242
0255
0267
0268
0273
0272
0234
0254
0260
0250
Fe3
0227
0270
0229
0156
0223
0167
0225
0275
0245
0208
0236
0178
0214
0215
0258
Cr
0004
0002
0000
0013
0013
0056
0008
0005
0005
0002
0002
0016
0000
0019
0003
Mg
3228
3180
3136
3456
3199
3416
3219
3128
3297
3214
3112
3394
3198
3233
3133
Fe2
0935
0977
1014
0824
0995
0841
0976
1023
0916
0985
1060
0829
1037
0964
1024
Mn
0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
SUM C
5000
5000
5000
5000
5000
5000
5000
5000
5000
5000
5000
5000
5000
5000
5000
Fe2
0228
0182
0212
0233
0184
0209
0178
0150
0191
0172
0160
0255
0174
0211
0214
Mn
0015
0018
0010
0008
0019
0008
0011
0014
0011
0013
0013
0012
0013
0012
0014
Ca
1751
1796
1773
1754
1793
1778
1808
1833
1794
1811
1822
1728
1809
1772
1767
Na
0005
0004
0005
0005
0004
0004
0004
0003
0004
0004
0004
0005
0004
0005
0004
SUM B
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
Na
0650
0668
0666
0629
0643
0631
0651
0622
0656
0638
0636
0662
0619
0640
0622
0100
0105
0107
0096
0111
0112
0097
0101
0110
0104
0108
0109
0109
0109
0099
SUM A
0750
0773
0773
0724
0754
0743
0748
0722
0766
0742
0744
0770
0728
0748
0721
Mg/(Mg Fe2)
0735
0733
0719
0766
0731
0765
0736
0727
0749
0735
0718
0758
0725
0733
0717
14
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MnO
TEPLEY et al.
0.6
AlVI (pfu)
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
10K
10H
0.1
(a)
0.0
(Na+K)A (pfu)
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
(b)
0.5
Ti (pfu)
0.4
0.3
0.2
(c)
0.1
Mg/(Mg+Fe2+
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
(d)
0.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
AlIV
1.9
2.0
2.1
(pfu)
15
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JOURNAL OF PETROLOGY
(a)
VOLUME 0
NUMBER 0
MONTH 2013
Laser spot
Microprobe spot
Microprobe transect
500 um
1000 um
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0.80
0.80
EM10 andH
EM10 andI
0.75
Mg#
Mg#
0.75
0.70
0.70
0.65
0.65
200
400
600
1.5
800
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
AlIV pfu
Distance (m)
1000 um
200 um
0.80
0.80
EM10 andK
EM11 rhyH
0.75
Mg#
Mg#
0.75
0.70
0.70
0.65
0.65
200
400
600
800
200
Distance (m)
400
600
800
Distance (m)
200 um
500 um
0.80
0.80
EM11 rhyI
EM11 rhyK2
0.75
Mg#
Mg#
0.75
0.70
0.70
0.65
0.65
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8 1.9
AlIV pfu
2.0
2.1
2.2
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
AlIV pfu
Fig. 7. BSE and compositional diagrams for representative amphibole phenocrysts from rhyolite and andesite. Illustrated are BSE images
plotted with EMP traverse or spot point locations and LA-ICP-MS spot locations. In traverses, the Mg# data are plotted versus distance
from rim, and in spot analyses, the Mg# data are plotted versus AlIV p.f.u.
(continued)
16
TEPLEY et al.
(b)
Laser spot
Microprobe spot
Microprobe transect
500 um
200 um
EM2 rhyI3
EM2 rhyI
0.75
Mg#
Mg#
0.75
0.70
0.70
0.65
0.65
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
AlIV
2.0
pfu
2.1
2.2
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
AlIV pfu
200 um
200 um
0.80
0.80
EM5 rhy2B
0.75
Mg#
Mg#
0.75
0.70
0.70
0.65
0.65
200
400
600
1.5
800
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
AlIV pfu
Distance (m)
500 um
200 um
0.80
0.80
EM5 rhy2A
EM2 rhyI2
0.75
Mg#
Mg#
0.75
0.70
0.70
0.65
0.65
200
400
600
800
200
400
600
Distance (m)
Distance (m)
Fig. 7. (Continued)
17
800
2.2
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0.80
0.80
JOURNAL OF PETROLOGY
VOLUME 0
Concentration/
Chondrite
100
10
Ce
Pr
Nd Sm Eu
Gd
Dy
Er
Yb
100
EM10 Andesite
10
1
La
Ce
Pr
Nd Sm Eu
Gd
Dy
Er
Yb
100
10
1
La
Ce
Pr
Nd Sm Eu
Gd
Dy
Er
Yb
Mass-balance calculations were performed using a multiple linear regression least-squares mixing algorithm
coded in MATLAB (Dymond et al., 1973). The code uses
the chemical compositions of the reaction rim phases
(plagioclase, pyroxene, and Fe^Ti oxides) in oxide weight
per cent to calculate a modal best-fit solution to a target
composition (amphibole composition) with the lowest residuals. The algorithm in this code is similar to Petmix
(Wright & Doherty, 1970) used by both Rutherford & Hill
(1993) and Buckley et al. (2006), and reproduces solutions
to mineral proportions in amphibole reaction rims in
these studies accurately.
Rutherford & Hill (1993) noted that there was no combination of reaction rim phases in their calculation equivalent to the amphibole. To balance their equation and
18
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Concentration/
Chondrite
MONTH 2013
EM2 Rhyolite
Concentration/
Chondrite
NUMBER 0
EM 2
2024
632
198
540
381
147
108
Nd
Sm
Eu
Gd
Dy
Er
Yb
900
EM 10
111
169
358
412
182
442
170
455
286
119
064
EM 11
Nd
Sm
Eu
Gd
Dy
Er
Yb
Sample:
008
084
Yb
022
005
010
073
123
324
497
173
539
084
100
140
351
493
177
529
1911
326
1697
396
H-3
EM 11
008
012
018
030
006
048
093
024
172
005
005
022
024
004
043
027
014
035
008
1 SE
075
130
276
432
194
540
1825
353
1862
365
I-1
EM 10
122
159
421
588
222
770
2782
535
3675
1165
EM 2
065
087
226
377
141
397
1391
229
1282
258
I-1
EM 11
008
023
009
023
009
029
098
012
056
009
1 SE
013
004
009
020
009
007
030
035
016
028
011
1 SE
075
136
269
374
183
432
1771
314
1732
346
I-2
EM 10
098
317
114
012
447
183
538
1826
324
1776
356
I2-1
007
069
017
087
281
078
620
294
1SE
381
142
Dy
Er
018
502
178
030
020
1812
Nd
Sm
512
010
296
Pr
Eu
047
Gd
013
380
1673
Ce
352
1940
1 SE
La
016
007
010
034
009
033
077
008
2014
EM 2
I3-3
008
009
033
012
005
015
047
011
034
014
1 SE
015
009
020
042
005
027
034
012
063
010
1SE
EM 2
055
111
291
370
147
448
1512
270
1407
288
I-2
EM 11
107
140
354
467
192
647
2095
388
2204
460
I-3
EM 10
110
121
372
504
176
621
2092
350
2001
428
I2-2
011
005
025
031
009
021
071
005
037
014
1 SE
008
009
033
012
005
015
047
011
034
014
1 SE
015
009
020
042
005
027
034
012
063
010
1SE
EM 2
077
131
362
536
181
591
2055
382
2056
459
I-3
EM 11
099
144
366
603
192
567
2178
375
2098
470
J(2)-1
EM 10
092
134
279
463
158
503
1939
352
2136
506
I2-3
014
010
031
042
007
037
036
017
038
007
1 SE
014
009
032
018
006
051
151
015
041
015
1 SE
007
008
021
026
014
047
043
017
081
017
1SE
EM 2
009
095
145
336
543
153
501
1853
331
1733
387
K(2)-1
EM 11
007
128
095
020
009
011
024
057
018
130
055
1 SE
014
008
016
019
002
034
035
014
070
016
1SE
287
460
183
547
1950
354
1977
480
J(2)-2
EM 10
138
133
341
564
181
589
2324
374
2060
456
I-1
EM 2
015
018
014
043
007
011
047
010
022
009
1 SE
075
079
227
351
137
400
1479
248
1459
287
K-1
EM 10
072
143
381
539
178
620
2016
362
1923
421
I-2
007
009
020
029
007
044
057
005
044
007
1 SE
013
007
023
033
007
029
056
019
069
017
1SE
EM 2
083
117
349
473
169
528
2029
353
1950
409
K-2
EM 10
102
148
343
420
172
525
1821
341
2145
663
I-3
009
009
016
016
009
025
055
007
033
021
1 SE
013
007
023
033
007
029
056
019
069
017
1SE
EM 10
115
168
417
664
230
822
2912
551
3287
676
K-3
EM 10
065
105
270
341
160
435
1602
263
1453
298
H-1
009
009
016
016
009
025
055
007
033
021
1 SE
011
008
016
022
006
039
038
006
037
007
1SE
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19
H-2
285
1632
Pr
034
1 SE
015
011
016
068
016
143
026
513
025
241
104
1SE
2173
402
2822
495
333
1572
La
Ce
006
EM 2
I3-2
H-5
1 SE
006
010
024
026
005
061
036
011
063
020
1SE
H-4
EM 10
384
Pr
Sample:
429
1955
Ce
I3-1
La
Sample:
032
016
007
018
434
229
098
079
037
015
408
136
023
145
359
115
047
1 SE
010
007
017
046
007
007
044
005
028
022
1SE
1724
2487
828
K-4
EM 10
094
119
315
466
173
471
1845
293
1698
352
H-2
EM 10
084
161
294
527
153
555
1715
297
1534
348
H-1
EM 11
081
112
262
393
154
508
1660
279
1549
339
H-3
005
010
022
018
008
020
030
010
047
013
1 SE
010
007
017
046
007
007
044
005
028
022
1SE
TEPLEY et al.
EL MISTI 2000 BP ERUPTION
40
60
80
100
An Content
8
6
4
2
0
40
50
60
70
80
An Content
Number
Number
Microlites
Total # analyses = 63
Total # crystals = 35
10
9
2
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14
Relative probability
12
Relative probability
14
30
160
2
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12
MgO wt%
16
20
MONTH 2013
MgO wt%
Fig. 9. Cumulative abundance plots of plagioclase phenocryst and microlite An content and corresponding MgO contents. The relative
frequency of occurrence of compositions and 2s errors for MgO are plotted.
oxides revealing a paragenetic sequence. There are no relative crystallization clues between plagioclase and amphibole (i.e. no inclusions of plagioclase in amphibole or vice
versa) to indicate saturation order.
Experimental data for andesite and dacite phase equilibria reveal the effect of pressure and melt H2O content
(Eggler, 1972; Eggler & Burnham, 1973; Moore &
Carmichael, 1998; Martel et al., 1999), and fO2
(Rutherford & Devine, 1988; Martel et al., 1999) on amphibole stability. These studies show that crystallization of
plagioclase as the main liquidus phase at low pressure is
suppressed by increasing pH2O, and that the amphibole
stability field increases at high pH2O and temperature
and fO2 Ni^NiO 1 at the expense of clinopyroxene,
orthopyroxene and plagioclase (Moore & Carmichael,
1998; Martel et al., 1999). Water-saturated conditions also
change the plagioclase phase equilibria such that plagioclase compositions increase in An content with increasing
pH2O (Housh & Luhr, 1991; Lange et al., 2009). Phase equilibria for a starting material similar to the El Misti andesite indicate that hornblende is the first crystallizing phase,
followed closely by plagioclase and Fe^Ti oxides at pressures between 2 and 25 kbar at H2O-saturated conditions
(5^6 wt % H2O) and temperatures between 950 and
9758C (Moore & Carmichael, 1998). This temperature
range is similar to our two-pyroxene thermometer calculation for the EM2000BP andesite. A similar relationship is
found in the experiments of Martel et al. (1999) using silicic
andesites from Mount Pelee, although at somewhat higher
20
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20
Number
Number
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
NUMBER 0
Relative probability
Phenocrysts
VOLUME 0
Relative probability
JOURNAL OF PETROLOGY
TEPLEY et al.
(a)
An Content
500 um
An Content
Distance (m)
200 um
Distance (m)
Fig. 10. BSE images, An transects, and corresponding MgO (open circles) and FeO (filled squares) concentration profiles for representative
Low-An (a) and High-An group (b) plagioclase phenocrysts from EM2000BP tephra. White lines on plagioclase (BSE images) represent transect locations. Dashed black line represents average limit of detection for MgO. Also plotted are 1s errors for MgO (open circle) and FeO
(filled square).
(continued)
21
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shows a slightly positive correlation, indicative of the TiTschermak exchange. Further support for temperature
control on the EM2000BP amphibole compositions is seen
in the trend of decreasing Mg# (05 Mg# values) and
increasing AlIV (04 AlIV p.f.u.) (Fig. 6a and d), consistent with the work of Rutherford & Devine (2003). Finally,
our data show no increase in AlVI with any other geochemical indicator obviating a role for the Al-Tschermak
exchange (2SiIV MgVI 2AlIV AlVI) favored by
increasing pressure (Johnson & Rutherford, 1989; Thomas
& Ernst, 1990; Schmidt, 1992).
Thus, on the basis of previously published experimental
results and our observed mineral chemistry variations, we
suggest that the EM2000BP amphiboles crystallized in a
near isobaric environment with modest temperature
JOURNAL OF PETROLOGY
(b)
VOLUME 0
NUMBER 0
MONTH 2013
200 um
Distance (m)
500 um
Distance (m)
Fig. 10. (Continued)
22
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TEPLEY et al.
Table 8: Representative compositions of Low- and High-An plagioclase phenocrysts and microlites
Low-An plagioclase phenocrysts
Sample:
EM 2 B
EM 2 B
EM 5 I
EM 5 I
EM 5 I
EM 10 G
EM 10 G
EM 10 G
EM 11 E
EM 11 E
EM 11 E
Inter
Rim
Core
Inter
Rim
Core
Inter
Rim
Core
Inter
Rim
SiO2
5747
5562
5700
5511
5376
5891
5655
5498
5969
5428
5290
5620
Al2O3
2661
2792
2720
2848
2887
2570
2749
2827
2582
2859
2960
2753
FeO*
036
033
040
028
029
056
029
031
035
040
044
043
MgO
002
002
001
001
001
005
001
001
001
003
002
002
CaO
871
1011
907
1044
1131
795
936
1041
712
1085
1211
970
Na2O
582
503
526
484
458
521
538
491
621
469
396
467
043
K2O
058
042
051
037
032
057
050
037
077
035
027
TiO2
003
004
002
002
001
005
002
001
002
002
002
002
Total
9959
9950
9948
9954
9914
9901
9960
9926
9998
9921
9932
9902
An content
44
51
47
53
57
44
48
53
37
55
62
52
EM 2 D
EM 2 D
EM 2 D
EM 5 H
EM 5 H
EM 5 H
EM 10 E
EM 10 E
EM 10 E
EM 11 C
EM 11 C
EM 11 C
Core
Inter
Rim
Core
Inter
Rim
Core
Inter
Rim
Core
Inter
Rim
SiO2
4764
4904
5471
4665
5077
5364
4599
4816
5002
4786
4829
5082
Al2O3
3314
3235
2816
3403
3094
2972
3394
3225
3128
3276
3278
3139
FeO
055
062
053
054
064
058
059
057
058
057
057
058
MgO
004
006
006
004
009
007
003
005
006
005
005
007
CaO
1655
1534
1071
1707
1384
1186
1734
1547
1412
1585
1569
1401
Na2O
198
251
483
160
325
433
148
241
306
220
240
314
K2O
006
010
031
005
015
020
004
008
011
007
008
011
TiO2
003
003
003
001
003
003
002
002
003
002
002
003
Total
9999
10005
9933
9999
9971
10043
9942
9902
9927
9937
9987
10015
An content
82
54
85
70
86
78
71
80
78
77
59
71
EM 2
EM 2
EM 2
SiO2
5686
5968
6100
Al2O3
2636
2456
2400
FeO
040
025
MgO
001
CaO
842
EM 5
EM 5
EM 5
EM 10
EM 10
EM 10
EM 11
EM 11
EM 11
5464
5485
5427
5411
5450
5875
5286
5301
5345
2869
2767
2810
2821
2779
2492
2932
2944
2909
031
066
075
069
078
079
136
063
065
060
001
000
007
010
008
007
010
014
008
006
008
622
534
1078
1033
1070
1097
1050
800
1209
1198
1175
Na2O
581
662
694
496
507
481
471
493
493
430
428
447
K2O
063
094
132
028
032
030
030
036
101
019
020
026
TiO2
000
002
003
004
005
004
005
006
018
004
003
004
Total
9859
9832
9896
10014
9915
9899
9923
9907
9935
9952
9967
9974
An content
43
32
27
52
54
55
53
44
60
60
58
54
23
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EM 2 B
Core
JOURNAL OF PETROLOGY
VOLUME 0
80
Phenocrysts
Microlites
Hi T eq
Lo T eq
2
70
60
50
40
30
20
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
MgO wt%
100
detection limit
(b)
90
An Content
80
Phenocrysts
Microlites
Hi T eq
Lo T eq
2
70
60
50
40
30
20
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
TiO2 wt%
Fig. 11. Trace-element [MgO (a), TiO2 (b), FeO*(c)] variations vs An content in plagioclase from EM200BP tephra. Plotted are phenocryst
(open symbols) and microlite (shaded symbols) values. Also plotted are equilibrium partitioning curves for andesite (Hi T eq) and rhyolite
(Lo Teq) and partitioning curve uncertainties based on the partitioning behavior of these elements into plagioclase as reported by Bindeman
et al. (1998) and Tepley et al. (2010). Values for each element used to determine the equilibrium partitioning curves are whole-rock values of the
andesite (EM0401) and the rhyolite (EM099), as an estimate of the melt composition, and T is determined through Fe^Ti oxide (rhyolite;
8168C) and two-pyroxene (andesite; 9408C) geothermometry. Limit of detection for each trace element is depicted as a gray dashed line. Also
plotted are 2s errors.
(continued)
24
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detection limit
100
90
An Content
MONTH 2013
and thus a case can be made that the rhyolite endmember is related to the andesite magma by crystal
fractionation of plagioclase, amphibole, pyroxene and
magnetite. However, we have no definitive evidence that
(a)
NUMBER 0
TEPLEY et al.
(c) 100
Phenocrysts
Microlites
Hi T eq
Lo T eq
90
70
60
detection limit
50
40
30
20
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
FeO wt%
Fig. 11. (Continued)
EM2000BP rhyolite must then represent a degassed remnant of some prior episode in El Mistis past, or it had passively degassed. In either case, based on phase equilibria
experiments and plagioclase^melt equilibria, the lack of
cognate amphibole requires that the magma was stored
above the stability limit of amphibole (100 MPa or
53 km at c. 816 308C). This is consistent with the correspondence of the EM2000BP rhyolitic glass to the 05^1
kbar granite ternary eutectic in Petrogenys Residua
System (Tuttle & Bowen, 1958).
25
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An Content
80
JOURNAL OF PETROLOGY
VOLUME 0
NUMBER 0
MONTH 2013
1000
pyroxene*
oxidesy
EM 2 I
68
25
EM 2 I3
64
26
64
30
EM 5 K
61
36
EM 10 K
55
40
182
774
45
181
783
36
MSH (B)z
237
675
87
MSH (R&H)
43
53
maximum thermal
stability limit
600
400
200
0
700
800
900
1000
1100
T (C)
1150
T (C)
1050
950
850
maximum thermal
stability limit
750
EM rhyolite
EM andesite
650
550
2
10
H2Omelt (wt.%)
Fig. 12. P (MPa) vsT (8C), and T (8C) vs H2Omelt (wt %) based on
the amphibole reduction of Ridolfi et al. (2010), showing the coherence
of data from amphiboles residing in both the rhyolite and andesite.
This figure also illustrates T and P of formation for the amphibole,
and the water content in the andesitic melt.
26
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EM 2 I2
P (MPa)
Sample
EM rhyolite
EM andesite
800
TEPLEY et al.
of 50^60 days for the development of rims on the amphiboles in the EM2000BP rhyolite.
Microlite crystallization
27
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JOURNAL OF PETROLOGY
(a)
VOLUME 0
NUMBER 0
MONTH 2013
Stage 2
Stage 1
Eruption
Duration of stagnation:
50-60 days
Duration of event:
<5 days
andesite reservoir
(b)
eruption
Stage 2
Stage 1
~5 days
e1d
>200 MPa
amphibole stability
(in andesite)
max
max
ceme
amphibole stability
(in rhyolite)
ike e
mpla
100 MPa
Stag
Pressure
nt
50-60 days
min
max
min
max
Vm/Vf
Vm/Vf
min
max
min
conduit
cross section
min
max
min
conduit
cross section
Time
Fig. 13. Petrogenetic model illustrating andesite reservoir location and perched rhyolite magma lens. (a) Schematic model and simplified development of the 2000 BP eruption of El Misti. Diagram illustrates the initial conditions of each reservoir in relationship to the amphibole stability
limit. Stage 1 is initiated with dike emplacement into and stagnation in the existing rhyolitic mush. Limited magma mixing occurs during this
stage, resulting in mixed crystal populations and development of reaction rims on amphibole. Stage 2 occurs when a stronger recharge pulse reactivates the emplaced dike, causing more magma mixing, mixed crystal populations and eruption. (b) Right panel illustrates the detail associated with mixed magma and crystal exchange. Included are box models schematically illustrating the interaction between andesite and
rhyolite at the initial contact deep in the system (left), and interactions in the conduit during eruption (right). The box models offer acrossdike and conduit qualitative assessments associated with variations in temperature (T), volume of mafic to felsic magma (Vm/Vf) and viscosity
(m). These gradients are steep at the initial contact deep in the system and become more gentle higher in the system with continued shearing
and diffusion of material and heat. The left panel illustrates the pressure^time relationship showing the time scales of eruption based on amphibole stability. Elongate dike represents the initial intrusion of andesite into the rhyolite magma reservoir (Stage 1). This magma resides
above the amphibole stability limit for 50^60 days, before being recharged by another pulse of andesite magma, which initiates evacuation
and eruption in the time frame of 5 days (Stage 2). Diagram is not to scale.
28
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More in-conduit
magma mixing
and exchange
of crystals
TEPLEY et al.
Blundy & Cashman, 2001). In the case of the 2000 BP eruption of El Misti, all these processes probably conspired to
cause the explosive eruption, but the fundamental trigger
for the eruption was andesite recharge.
CONC LUSIONS
The architecture, dynamics, and time scales of andesite^
rhyolite interaction during the 2000 BP, VEI 5 eruption of
El Misti in southern Peru have been revealed through
detailed petrological study. Bulk-rock chemistry, mineral
textures and compositions reveal macroscopic and microscopic evidence for magma mingling and crystal exchange
that record how an initial dike tapping a deep (7^12 km),
hot, water-saturated andesite magma reservoir intruded
29
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JOURNAL OF PETROLOGY
VOLUME 0
NUMBER 0
MONTH 2013
S U P P L E M E N TA RY DATA
Supplementary data for this paper are available at Journal
of Petrology online.
AC K N O W L E D G E M E N T S
J. Permenter, C. Harpel, W. Scott, B. Anders, Y. Lavallee
and J. Burns, as well as Ms. C. Harpel-Avendano and
other students from UNSA, were helpful during various
fieldwork sessions at El Misti when these samples were collected. We thank S. Marcott for help with MATLAB
code, H. Diettrich for help with EMPA work, and C.
Bouvet de la Maisonneuve for an internal review of the
paper. A. Allan, P. Ruprecht, M. Rutherford, and M.
Streck provided very thorough and constructive reviews
that are appreciated. These, and G. Worners editorial
handling of the paper, have helped clarify and strengthen
our ideas.
F U N DI NG
This work has been variously supported by the National
Science Foundation (EAR 0087181 to S.d.S.) and the
Volcano Disaster Assistance Program (VDAP) of the US
Geological Survey. This work was initiated when G.S. was
30
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R E F E R E NC E S
TEPLEY et al.
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VOLUME 0
NUMBER 0
MONTH 2013
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33