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ABSTRACT
This paper describes the advantage of using sand drains in consolidation of saturated compressible soils. It also
discusses the applicable theory, design procedure; type and technique of drain installation as well as monitoring and
control procedures. The most significant part of this paper is the experimental evaluation of the validity of design and its
efficiency.
INTRODUCTION
hen loads are to be applied to saturated
compressible soils, particularly if they affect
large loaded areas, pre-consolidation of the soil
to prevent excessive differential settlement is usually
required when one or more of the following conditions
exist:
than that in situ soil, the sand columns called sand drains
become the path of low energy potential and sub soil water
flows vertically and radially through sand columns under
the hydraulic gradient produced by the fill. As a result, the
length of the drainage path becomes very short which helps
to speed up the drainage process and consequently the
consolidation process is accelerated. After about a decade
of study and experience it has been found that, sand drains
together with the surcharge preloading are considered as
the most cost and time constrain effective solution for the
consolidation of saturated compressible soil.
The sand drains are mainly used in consolidation of
extensive areas of loading, such as airport runways, road
embankments, large storage areas and reservoirs etc.
This paper outlines the method of designing sand drains
in conformity with the characteristic of soil in situ and in
compliance with the consolidation theory [2, 3]. Then the
methods of execution and their merit and de-merits are
briefly discussed and the quality of sand used in sand drains
is elaborated. Necessary steps for monitoring and quality
control are also described. An experimental programme
was carried out for the verification of the validity of the
design and its output data is also given in this paper.
Asaokas method [4] was adopted for the analysis of the
measured settlements which confirms that the total
settlement achieved was about 100% of the estimated
value. Finally the validity of the design and conclusions are
given.
L0
H=
q
ES
dZ =
L0
dZ
Lo
cv =
---(1)
Or
H=
---(2)
Ti H
ti
K
rw m v
---(3)
Figure 1: Execution of Sand Drains Using Hollow Stem Continuous Flight Auger
APPLICATION EXAMPLE
he author was involved in an extensive
experimental program on this subject.
The
following trial test illustrates the design parameters,
method of execution and analysis of the test results [5-6].
A site to be reclaimed occupied an approximate area of
45000 m2 of a bay like stretch of shallow sea water with a
maximum water depth around 1.5 m. Based on the
available data, the maximum tide level was +0.6 MSL, and
the minimum tide level -0.5 MSL.
The platform for the external work (roads, utilities etc.)
was to be raised to an elevation of +2.5 MSL using a fill
Litho logy
Thickness
(m)
Levels
DensityConsistency
N
(lb/ft)
1
(Only onshore)
3.0
+2.5 -0.5
Medium dense
15
7.0
-0.5 -7.5
Very Loose
6 (1)
0 (2)
10.5
-7.5 -18
Compact/
dense
33
20.0
-18 <-35
Compact
30
1.
2.
on shore
off shore
PI (%)
e0
cc
cc/(1+e0)
46
19
1.24
0.65
0.29
39
15
1.02
0.28
0.14
54
32
1.39
0.42
0.175
cc (compressibility index)
cv (coefficient of consolidation)
Theoretical fill height (HR)
Expected settlement (TR)
Fill unit weight
Total equivalent water depth
Preloading time
Final time of secondary settlement
Degree of consolidation
ER, the residual height to be scraped at the end
= 0.175
= 10 m2/year
= 4.0 m.
= 0.71 m. (in 6 months)
= 18.0 KN/m3
= 1.3 (Elve. = 0.8 MSL)
= 6 months.
= 3.0 (years)
= 1.0
= 0.25 m.
Figure 2:
Determination of the height of fill to be placed in order to reach
design platform level at the end of the 6 months time period of
consolidation
For
settlement
analysis,
the
settlement plates were located at the
trial test location. For this purpose, a
test area of 50 m x 50 m was selected to
test the efficiency of the sand drains. In
this area, installation of sand drains
started on Nov. 21, 2002, and the work
completed on Dec. 12, 2002.
Figure
3
summarizes
all
measurements in the test area from
Sept. 29, one month after the end of
filling and about two months prior to
installation of sand drains till end of
Feb. These measured settlements are
only part of the total settlement, since
these do not include the settlement part
that occurred during the filling
operation.
Observation made since the
construction of drains can be analyzed
by the Asaokas method [4]. It is
evident that on Feb. 28, the
consolidation degree reached on any
plate is higher than 99%. The estimated
final settlement is between 0.18 m and
0.28 m. It can be confirmed that the
total settlement achieved is nearly
100% of the estimated value. This
means that around 0.4 to 0.3 m of the
total settlement (or roughly 50% of the
total settlement) occurred during the
filling period itself and before the
settlement plates were installed.
Appendix 1: Graphic Method for Determining the Sizes of Vertical Sand Drains (Ref. 5)
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
[1] BOWLES, J.E. Engineering Properties of Soil and their Measurement, Foundation Analysis & Design, 4th
edition, Mc Graw-Hill , 1988
[2] Terzaghi & R.B. Peck Soil Mechanics in Engineering Practice, 2/e John Wiley & Sons, N.Y.1967.
[3] Landau, R.E Sand Drains Theory and Practice, TRR No. 678, Trans-Research Board, Washington, DC, 1978.
[4] Akira Asaoka Observational Procedure of Settlement Prediction (Soil and Foundations Vol. 18, Dec. 1978, the
Japanese Society of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering. Page Nos. 87 to 91.
[5] Terrasol Bureau Dingenieurs Conseils, Montreuil Cedex, France.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The author is extremely grateful to M/S. Rashid Engineering, one of the leading consultants in the Kingdom for its
continuous patronage and encouragement. Any opinion, findings and conclusions expressed in this study are those of the
author and dont necessarily reflect the views of the sponsor. The author also appreciates M/S. Terrasol of France, for its
close coordination and cooperation in the test evaluation of the design concept of sand drains. The author gratefully
acknowledges the support of M/S. Rashid Geotechnical and Material Engineering, Riyadh for subsoil investigations and
laboratory tests.
NOTATIONS