Identidad Urbana

Urban Identity in Phoenicia: "Hippodamian" versus "Contour" Planning

S. Rebecca Martin (University of Minnesota)
Little inquiry has been made into the validity of the term Hippodamian
Plan or what
impact its ascription might have on our perceptions of supposedly
Hippodamian towns outside
of the Hellenic world. The term is derived from the Milesian Hippodamos
(born c. 500 B.C.E.),
a constitutional theorist and sometime urban designer.
From Aristotles Politics (2.1267b22ff) and other sources, it is apparent that
Hippodamos
was concerned primarily with planning theory; if Aristotles characterization
is correct,
Hippodamos espoused or wrote the first utopia. Hippodamos has been
linked to a few practical
projects, but the Peiraeus is the only plan certainly carried out under his
supervision. Even in the
construction of the Peiraeus his major contribution was establishing specific
divisions of
territory.
The extent to which Hippodamian planning can be considered Greek
depends on how
much emphasis is placed on Hippodamos theories versus their apparent
physical manifestation.
Of course Hippodamos ideals were not executed widely even in Greece, but
his name has come
to be associated with rational city planning. The term Hippodamian has
been accepted by
Levantine archaeologists to refer generally to grid planning, without any
regard to Hippodamos
specific theoretical concerns and despite the fact that the grid plan itself is
widely-recognized for
its greater antiquity in the Near East.
The disciplined grid,1 however, with a master plan and all houses facing
the street, is not
well-documented in the eastern Mediterranean before the beginning of the
fifth century B.C.E.
Previously a contour-style planone that responds directly to the
topography of a sitewas
predominate. Contour plans are considered typical of Phoenician and
especially Punic
settlements. Once these settlements begin to share physical characteristics
with Greek cities,
they are associated by archaeologists with Hippodamos and begin to lose
their Phoenician
identity to the narrative of the Hellenization of the East.
By looking closely at the plans of some southern Phoenician cities, we will
observe that the
contour plan was never fully replaced by the disciplined grid. Indiscriminate
use of the term
Hippodamian suggests, without support, that city planning itself arose in a
Greek milieu.
While the opposite might be the case, it is equally possible that the
disciplined grid arose
precisely in the zone of Greek-eastern contact in which Phoenicians
operated.
1

F.

Trazado ortogonal
El gran aporte urbanstico del mundo clsico es el llamado trazado ortogonal o hipodmico por ser su
creador Hipdamo de Mileto. Se trata de una cuadrcula de calles que se cruzan perpendicularmente
una con otra, por lo que domina la regularidad, el orden y la simetra.
La ciudad romana se organizaba sobre dos vas principales que se cruzaban perpendicularmente en
el centro: cardo y decumano. De estas calles principales nacan calles secundarias ms pequeas.
En las ciudades clsicas existan zonas concretas para las diversas actividades: deportes, los edificios
pblicos, mercado... El gora era el lugar de relaciones pblicas para los griegos y en ella se ubicaban
los edificios pblicos ms importantes. El equivalente romano del gora era el foro.
Para saber ms:
1. Urbanismo: Roma
Mediante este documento, podrs conocer multitud de construcciones datadas de la antigua
Roma, pudiendo conocer los aspectos ms caractersticos de cada una de ellas.
http://www.arteespana.com/urbanismo.htm [versin en cach]

El arte en Grecia y Roma

El arte griego atraves tres etapas coincidiendo con las etapas histricas: arcaica, clsica y
helenstica. En los siguientes apartados abordaremos los aspectos artsticos ms relevantes de estas
tres etapas histricas.
Sociedad y Cul tura Greco-romana

Etapa Arcaica
En la etapa arcaica se sientan las bases de la arquitectura y de la escultura:
La arquitectura se somete a unas reglas precisas que determinan cada uno
de los estilos u rdenes arquitectnicos. Veamos a continuacin cada uno de
los estilos arquitectnicos y sus caractersticas ms relevantes: drico, jnico
y corintio.
Drico: es el ms antiguo y el ms simple, con columnas firmes y frentes cubiertos
con esculturas que, al mismo tiempo, podan pintarse de rojo o azul para generar
impacto. El mejor ejemplo superviviente de un templo drico es el Partenn (438 a.C.)
en la Acrpolis de Atenas.
Jnico: fue utilizado en las ciudades ms ricas de Asia Menor. Es ms ligero y ms
decorativo, con columnas esbeltas en las que destacan volutas ensortijadas en cada
esquina del capitel. El estilo alcanz su cumbre en el desaparecido Templo de Artemis
en Efeso, una de las Siete Maravillas del Mundo. Hoy en da podemos admirar la
arquitectura jnica en el Templo de Atenea Nike en la Acrpolis.
La escultura evolucion desde la rigidez y poca naturalidad del perodo arcaco con influencia
oriental a una mayor naturalidad y suavidad de formas en el perodo clsico.