Professional Documents
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Exposure descriptors
Exposure
Description of exposure
magnitude/
amplitude
posture
movements
(external) force
duration
frequency
x.
x.
x.
x.
x.
x.
vibration
no
contact forces
no
Exposures assessed for each cycle with respect to duration (% of cycle), frequency (efforst/minute)
and speed of work (very slow -- very fast). Total duration of the task per day either measured or
obtained from plant personnel.
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June 2009
Strain Index
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Fields of the working life where the method has been used
Saw-filers (Jones 2007); automotive assembly plants (Drinkaus 2003); hose connector manufacturing
plant (Moore 2001, Rucker 2002); furniture manufacturing plant and turkey processing plant (Moore
2001); surgical tasks (Lee 2005); manufacturing, meat/poultry processing, and manual material
handling (Stephens 2006); turkey processing plant (Knox & Moore 2001); pork processing plant
(Rucker 2002); manufacturing and health care sector (Bao 2006, Bao 2006); electronic industry
(Pourmahabadian et al 2005).
Modified SI: automotive plants (Drinkaus 2005); cleaners (Cabecas 2007)
Validity
Face validity / Contents validity
Does the method seem to be valid for the aimed purpose?
yes
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June 2009
Strain Index
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Concurrent validity
How well does the method correspond with more valid method/s?
1) SI vs RULA (Drinkaus 2003) (Industry)
2) SI vs RULA (Lee 2005) (Surgical operations)
These methods obviously measure different items
3) SI vs ACGIH HAL (Bao 2006)
5) SI vs ACGIH HAL (Spielholz 2008)
SI gave higher risk estimates than ACGIH HAL
"Predictive validity"
How well has the risk-estimation of the method been shown to be associated
with or predicting musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs)?
Longitudinal field studies
(Knox 2001) :
Sensitivity 0.91, specifity 0.83
Cross-sectional field studies
1) (Moore 1995): p. 451, Preliminary testing
Sensitivity 0.92, specifity 1.00
3) (Rucker 2002))
Sensitivity 1.00, specifity 0.91
4) (Moore 2001)(pooling of (Knox 2001) and (Rucker 2002))
Sensitivity 0.93, specifity 0.89
5) (Drinkaus 2005): Modified Strain Index
Maximum task SI: Sensitivity 0.7, specifity 0.8
Cumulative assessment SI: Sensitivity 0.7 to .9, specifity 0.8 to 0.5 (??)
6) (Spielholz 2008):
Fig. 3; with SI level 7 sensitivity and specificity equal (about 0.55). With level 3 sensitivity about
0.75; with level >12 specificity >0.7
Intraclass correlation (ICC) coefficients for task variable ratings and accompanying data
ranged from 0.66 to 0.95 for both individuals and teams. The Strain Index Score ICC(2,1)
for individuals and teams were 0.56 and 0.82, respectively. Intrarater reliability for the
hazard classification was 0.81 for individuals and 0.88 for teams
Inter-observer repeatability (between observers)
1) (Stevens 2004)
For task variables and estimated data,ICC(2,1) varied between 0.660.84 for individuals and 0.48
0.93 for teams. The Strain Index score had an ICC(2,1) of 0.43 and 0.64 for individuals and teams,
respectively.
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June 2009
Strain Index
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Conclusions
Strengths of the method
Takes into account the interaction of observed variables. One figure gives comparison of jobs.
The methods assesses all main risk factors for distal upper limb disorders
Validity and repeatability well documented in the literature
References
Bao S &al. Quantifying repetitive hand activity for epidemiological research on musculoskeletal
disorders--part II: comparison of different methods of measuring force level and repetitiveness.
Ergonomics. 2006;49(4):381-92.
Bao S &al. Quantifying repetitive hand activity for epidemiological research on musculoskeletal
disorders--part I: individual exposure assessment. Ergonomics. 2006;49(4):361-80.
Bao S &al. Application of the Strain Index in multiple task jobs. Appl Ergon. 2009;40(1):56-68.
Cabecas JM. The risk of distal upper limb disorder in cleaners: A modified application of the Strain
Index method. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics. 2007;37(6):563-71.
Drinkaus P &al. Job level risk assessment using task level strain index scores: a pilot study. Int J
Occup Saf Ergon. 2005;11(2):141-52.
Drinkaus P &al. Comparison of ergonomic risk assessment outputs from Rapid Upper Limb
Assessment and the Strain Index for tasks in automotive assembly plants. Work. 2003;21(2):165-72.
Drinkaus P &al. Job level risk assessment using task level ACGIH hand activity level TLV scores: a
pilot study. Int J Occup Saf Ergon. 2005;11(3):263-81.
Jones T & Kumar S. Comparison of ergonomic risk assessments in a repetitive high-risk sawmill
occupation: Saw-filer. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics. 2007;37(9-10):744-53.
Knox K & Moore JS. Predictive validity of the Strain Index in turkey processing. J Occup Environ
Med. 2001;43(5):451-62.
Lee EC &al. Ergonomics and human factors in endoscopic surgery: a comparison of manual vs
telerobotic simulation systems. Surg Endosc. 2005;19(8):1064-70.
Moore JS & Garg A. The Strain Index: a proposed method to analyze jobs for risk of distal upper
extremity disorders. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J. 1995;56(5):443-58.
Moore JS &al. Validity of generic risk factors and the strain index for predicting nontraumatic distal
upper extremity morbidity. Aihaj. 2001;62(2):229-35.
www.ttl.fi/workloadexposuremethods
June 2009
Strain Index
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Moore JS & Vos GA. The Strain Index:. In: Stanton N, Brookhuis K, Hedge A, Salas E, Hendrick
HW, eds. Handbook of human factors and ergonomics methods. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press
2005: 9:1-5.
Rucker N & Moore JS. Predictive validity of the strain index in manufacturing facilities. Appl Occup
Environ Hyg. 2002;17(1):63-73.
Spielholz P &al. Reliability and validity assessment of the hand activity level threshold limit value and
strain index using expert ratings of mono-task jobs. J Occup Environ Hyg. 2008;5(4):250-7.
Stephens JP &al. Test-retest repeatability of the Strain Index. Appl Ergon. 2006;37(3):275-81.
Stevens EM, Jr. &al. Inter-rater reliability of the strain index. J Occup Environ Hyg. 2004;1(11):74551.
www.ttl.fi/workloadexposuremethods
June 2009