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Introduction
Chapter Objective
The objective of this chapter is to carry out first law and
second law analysis on a vapor power plant in which the
working fluid is alternatively vaporized and condensed as it
completes a thermodynamics cycle.
What is a Vapor Power Plant?
A vapor power plant is a thermodynamics heat engine used to
produce mechanical power output from energy sources such
as fossil fuel, nuclear (uranium) or solar energy.
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Introduction Contd
The power output is typically used to drive electrical
generator, to produce electricity for our everyday use.
The plant uses water as a working fluid, which will be
alternately vaporized and condensed as it undergoes a
complete thermodynamics cycle.
Note: The processes taking place in actual power generating
system are complicated. To carry out thermodynamics study
on the system, we will develop a simplified model of the
system.
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Basic Components
The functions of the basic components of Subsystem A are:
a) Boiler: to transform liquid water into vapor (steam) of high
pressure and temperature.
b) Turbine-Generator: to transform the kinetic energy of the vapor
into mechanical power (rotating shaft). The mechanical power is
used to drive an electric generator, to produce electricity.
c) Condenser: to cool off the wet vapor exiting the turbine and
transform it back into the liquid water.
d) Feed-water Pump: to deliver the water exiting the condenser back
into the boiler, thus completing one thermodynamics cycle.
Revision
The 1st Law of Thermodynamics
Net heat received by any cyclic device is the same with
the net work produced.
The 2nd Law of Thermodynamics
It is impossible for any device that operates on a cycle to
receive heat from a single reservoir and produce a net
amount of work. Certain amount of heat must be rejected
to the surrounding.
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Q = W
Qnet = Wnet
Q1 Q2 = Wnet
Cyclic
device
Wt
Q2
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Revision
Isentropic Process
A process during which the entropy remains constant. It also
can be recognized as internally reversible, adiabatic process.
s = 0
s2 = s1 (kJ / kg.K )
or
11
2
2
Q W = m e he + e + gze m i hi + i + gzi
2
2
for each exit
For single-stream (one-inlet-one exit) systems, the inlet and exit states
are denoted by subscripts 1 and 2 for simplicity. The mass flow rate
through the entire control volume remains constant
( m1 = m 2 ) and is denoted by m . Then the energy balance for singlestream steady-flow systems becomes
2 12
Q W = m h2 h1 + 2
+ g ( z2 z1 )
2
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Q W = m (h2 h1 )
(1)
13
s.s.c. =
m
3600
3600
=
=
( kg / kW .hr )
Wnet Wnet Wt W p
(2)
The lower the s.c.c the more compact the steam plant.
2.
wr =
Wnet Wt W p
=
Wt
Wt
(3)
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th =
Wt W p
Wnet
x 100% =
x 100 %
Qin
Qin
(4)
15
is ,t =
Actual work
h h2'
= 1
Isentropic work (h1 h2 )
(5)
4
4
is , p =
(6)
2 2
Figure 3
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bwr =
6.
Wp
(7)
Wt
Efficiency ratio
Defined as,
ratio =
(8)
17
s3 = s4
and pressure.
s1 = s2
Figure 4
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s3 = s4
s1 = s2
Figure 4 Repeated
th = 1
Q2
Q1
or th = 1
T2
T1
(9)
19
Basic
(Ideal/actual)
With
Superheat
(Ideal/actual)
Reheat Cycle
(Ideal/actual)
Regenerative
Cycle
With Opentype
Feedwater
Heater
(Ideal/actual)
Regenerative
Cycle
With Closedtype
Feedwater
Heater
(Ideal/actual)
20
10
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21
Figure 5 An ideal
Rankine Cycle
Figure 2 Repeated
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11
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23
24
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Boiler
Since there is no work interaction
between the working fluid and the
surrounding, W = 0. Hence, the
amount of heat added to the working
fluid in the boiler is
Figure (2-3)
Repeated
b)
(10)
Turbine
Since the expansion process is assumed to be isentropic (reversible
adiabatic), then Q = 0. Thus the amount of mechanical work produced by the
turbine is
w1 2 = wt = (h1 h2 ) kJ / kg
(11)
25
Condenser
There is no work interaction,
so that W = 0. Hence, the amount
of heat rejected from the working
fluid to the cooling water is
Figure (2-3)
Repeated
(12)
Feed-water pump
Since the pumping process is assumed to be isentropic (reversible
adiabatic), then Q = 0. Thus the amount of work supplied to the feed-water
pump is
w3 4 = w p = (h4 h3 ) = v3 ( p4 p3 ) kJ / kg (13)
where v is the specific volume (m3/kg) of water at pressure p3.
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Example 1
A steam power plant operates between a boiler pressure of
50 bar and a condenser pressure of 0.035 bar. Calculate for
these limits the thermal efficiency, the work ratio, and the
specific steam consumption:
a) for a Rankine cycle with dry saturated steam at entry
to the turbine
b) for a Rankine cycle with the turbine isentropic
efficiency of 85 %.
Sketch the cycle on a T-s diagram.
27
The Solutions
a) h1 = hg@50 bar = 2794 kJ/kg
50 bar
T
1
4
0.035 bar
th =
=
= 0.441
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The Solutions
50 bar
w wc (h1 h2 ) (h4 h3 )
wr = t
=
(h1 h2 )
wt
4
0.035 bar
= 0.717
3
3600
3600
=
wt wc (h1 h2 ) (h4 h3 )
s.s.c. =
=
3600
= 4.98 kg / kW .hr
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The Solutions
b)
is ,t =
wactual
h h2'
= 1
wactual = h1 h2' = is ,t x (h1 h2 ) = 0.85 x (2794 1785.9 ) = 856.9 kJ / kg
wIsentropic (h1 h2 )
is ,c =
wIsentropic
wactual
(h4 h3 )
(h
'
4
h3
) (h h ) = (11550.85870.2) = 335 kJ / kg
wactual = h4' h3 =
is , c
50 bar
T
w
w wc 856.9 335
th = net = t
=
= 0.328
qin
q4 1
1588.8
wr =
s.s.c. =
0.035 bar
3600
3600
=
= 6.9 kg / kW .hr
wnet 856.9 335
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s
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The Solutions
c)
th =
wr =
0.035 bar
3600
3600
s.s.c. =
=
= 3.59 kg / kW .hr
(h1 h2 ) (h4 h3 )
wnet
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The Solutions
d)
is ,t =
th =
wr =
wactual
h h2'
= 1
= 0.85
wisentropic h1 h2
wnet wt w p
h h2' (h4 h3 )
=
= 1
= 0.32
qin
q41
(h1 h4 )
wnet
h h2' (h4 h3 )
= 1
= 0.845
wt
h1 h2'
s.s.c. =
3600
3600
=
= 4.23 kg / kW .hr
'
wnet
h1 h2 (h4 h3 )
50 bar
T
1
0.035 bar
2 2
s
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33
34
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Provide storage
for the condensate
Superheated
temperature, Tsh
Saturation
temperature
Ts at boiler
pressure
Hot well
35
Example 2
Reconsider the vapor power cycle of Example 1.
Calculate its thermal efficiency and s.s.c. if the steam
exiting the boiler is heated to 500oC before entering
the turbine. Assume the pump work is small and can
be neglected.
Sketch the cycle on a T-s diagram.
36
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The Solutions
h1 = 3433 kJ/kg
s2 = s1 = 6.975 kJ/kg = sf + x2.sfg@0.035 bar
= 0.391 + x2 (8.310)
x2 = 0.81
h2 = hf + x2.hfg@0.035 bar
= 112 + 0.81 (2438) = 2086.8 kJ/kg
0.035 bar
th =
=
wnet wt w p (h1 h2 )
=
=
(h1 h4 )
qin
qin
(3433 2086.8)
(3433 112 )
= 0.405
s.s.c. =
3600
3600
=
wt w p (h1 h2 )
3600
1346.2
= 2.67 kg / kW .hr
=
37
38
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Low pressure
turbine
2
4
6
3
6
39
T
High-pressure
turbine
Reheating
1
(14)
Work output
The work developed by the turbine is given by
wt ,total = w1 2 + w34
wt ,total = (h1 h2 ) + (h4 h3 ) kJ / kg
Low-pressure
turbine
6
5
Figure 8 Repeat
(15)
40
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Work input
The work supplied to the feed-water pump is
given by
T
High-pressure
turbine
Reheating
1
3
Low-pressure
turbine
Figure 8 Repeated
41
Example 3
In a reheat Rankine cycle, steam enters the high-pressure
turbine at 15 MPa and 600C and is condensed in a
condenser at a pressure of 10 kPa. If the moisture content of
the steam at the exit of the low-pressure turbine is not to
exceed 10.4 percent, determine:
a) the pressure at which the steam should be reheated
b) thermal efficiency of the cycle
Assume that the steam is reheated to the inlet temperature
of the high-pressure turbine.
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Example 3
43
44
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Example 4
60 bar
ToC
500
1
3 16 bar
15 bar
400
60 bar 60 bar
P2 = P3 = 16 bar
2
2
3
60 bar
6
0.1 bar
0.1 bar
5
4
4
45
46
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Example 5
40 bar
1
1
350
3
10 bar
40 bar
P2 = P3 = 10 bar
0.03 bar
0.03 bar
40 bar
5
0.03 bar
47
48
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49
50
25
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51
Pump 2
Condenser
Pump 1
3
2
1
52
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(y)
(m.h )
in
= (m.h )out
i.e.
(1)
Open
FWH
(1 y)
2
Solve to give,
y=
(h3 h2 )
(h6 h2 )
(17)
Tbleed =
Ts ,boiler + Ts ,cond
2
pbleed = saturated pressure at Tbleed (18)
53
Open
FWH
(1)
(1 y)
2
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s
Figure 10 Repeated
54
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(19)
b) Turbine work
The total amount of work produced by
the turbine,
wt = (h5 h6)+(1-y)(h6 h7)
(20)
55
Heat rejected
The heat rejected to the cooling water in
the condenser,
qout = q7-1 = (1-y)(h7 h1)
d)
(21)
(22)
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Example 5
A steam power plant operates on the ideal
regenerative cycle with one feed-water heater. Steam
enters the turbine at 15 MPa and 600C and is
condensed to a condenser pressure of 10 kPa. Some
steam is extracted from the turbine at a pressure of 1.2
MPa and enters the open-type feed-water heater.
Determine:
(a) the amount of steam extracted from the turbine,
and,
(b) thermal efficiency of the cycle.
57
Example 5
Pump 11
Pump 1
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59
Pbleed = p6
Ideally,
T9 = T7
Throttle valve
Figure 11
60
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(m.h)
in
(m.h )
out
s
Figure 12 Repeated
y=
(h9 h4 )
(h6 h7 )
(23)
61
Heat supplied
Pbleed = P6
(24)
T9 = T7
Turbine work
The work produced by the turbine
w1-2 = (1)(h1h6)+(1-y)(h6-h2)
c)
(25)
Figure 12 Repeated
Heat rejected
The heat rejected to the cooling water,
q2-3 = (1-y)(h2-h8)+(1)(h8-h3)
(26)
62
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(27)
T9 = T7
Figure 12 Repeated
63
Ideally, T6 = T11
T5 = T9
(1 y1 y2) kg
y1 kg
(y1 + y2) kg
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(28)
h6 = h11 = h12
Ideally, T6 = T11
T5 = T9
(29)
(1 y1 y2) kg
h5 = h9 = h10
Figure 13 Repeated
65
Heat supplied
Ideally, T6 = T11
T5 = T9
(30)
(1 y1 y2) kg
Work output
The work output of the turbine
wt = (h1- h7) + (1-y1)(h7- h8)+(1-y1-y2) (h8- h2)
Figure 13 Repeated
(31)
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Open-type
Closed-type
Design
Simpler
More complex
Cost
Cheaper
More expensive
Heat Transfer
Good
Less effective
Feed Pump
Many
Single/Less
67
Example 6
An ideal regenerative steam power plant operates between
a pressure limit of 40 bar and 0.2 bar. The steam enters the
turbine at 450C and exits the turbine with a dryness
fraction of 0.86. Some amount of steam is extracted from
the turbine at a pressure of 4 bar and enters a closed-type
feed-water heater. Neglecting feed pump work, determine:
(a) the mass of steam extracted from the turbine,
(b) thermal efficiency of the cycle,
(c) specific steam consumption, and
(d) condenser heat load.
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Example 6
450oC
40 bar
4 bar
Ideally,
T9 = T7
0.2 bar
Throttle valve
69
Example 7
Consider a steam power plant that operates on an ideal reheatregenerative Rankine cycle with one open feed-water heater, one
closed feed-water heater, and one reheater. Steam enters the
turbine at 140 bar and 520oC and is condensed in the condenser
at a pressure of 0.1 bar. Some steam is extracted from the high
pressure (H.P) turbine at 40 bar for the closed feed-water heater,
and the remaining steam is reheated at the same pressure to
520oC. The condensate exiting the closed feed-water heater and is
throttled to the open feed-water heater at 7 bar. Some steam of
the low-pressure (L.P) turbine is extracted from the turbine at 7
bar for the open feed-water heater. Saturated liquid from the open
feed-water heater is pumped to 140 bar before entering the closed
feed-water heater and passes to the boiler. Determine (a) the
fraction of steam extracted from each turbine as well as (b) the
thermal efficiency of the cycle.
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Example 8
Stim meninggalkan dandang pada 140 bar dan 520C. Stim
kemudiannya memasuki turbin peringkat pertama dan keluar pada
tekanan 40 bar. Sebahagian stim yang keluar dari turbin ini dibekalkan
kepada sebuah pemanas air suapan tertutup, dan selebihnya
dipanaskan semula kepada suhu 520C. Stim yang dipanaskan semula
memasuki turbin peringkat kedua dan dikembangkan kepada tekanan
pemeluwap 0.1 bar. Sebahagian stim dijujuh dari turbin peringkat
kedua pada tekanan 7 bar untuk digunakan oleh pemanas air suapan
terbuka. Stim jujuhan daripada turbin peringkat pertama memeluwap
apabila ia melalui pemanas tertutup dan didikitkan ke pemanas
terbuka pada 7 bar. Cecair tepu air yang meninggalkan pemanas
terbuka melalui sebuah pam yang meningkatkan tekanan kepada 140
bar sebelum memasuki pemanas tertutup dan dialirkan kepada
dandang. Dengan anggapan kitar adalah unggul dan mengabaikan kerja
pam, tentukan (a) peratus stim memasuki turbin peringkat pertama
yang memasuki pemanas tertutup, (b) peratus stim memasuki turbin
peringkat kedua yang dialirkan kepada pemanas terbuka, dan (c)
kecekapan kitar.
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71
Example 8
520oC
12
(y1)
10
11
72
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P1 = 13 Mpa
T1 = 600oC
T3 = 420oC
P2 = P3 = 4 Mpa
LowPressure
turbine
(1) 1
HighPressur
e
turbine
Boiler
P5 = 10 kPa
4
P4 = 800 kPa
(y1)
(1 y1 y2)
(y2)
10
Heater
P
2
7
6
Heater
P
1
11
Condense
r
12
73
37