Microprocessors

Chapter 2

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Objectives
Discuss the working of microprocessor
Discuss the various interfaces of microprocessor
List the types of microprocessors
Discuss the evolution of microprocessors
List the various microprocessor designs
Install the microprocessor
Configure the microprocessor
Upgrade the microprocessor
Troubleshoot the microprocessor
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Microprocessor
Is a chip
Has transistors built into it

Has cache to store information

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Working of the Microprocessor

Accepts data
Processes data
Stores data
Sends output data

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Parts of microprocessor - I
Arithmetic and Logic Unit
Control Unit - Controls the flow of the data and
information to other units of the microprocessor
Prefetch Unit - Controls the flow of the data and
gives instructions to the Decode unit from the
Instruction cache
Instruction and Data Cache Stores instructions
and data temporarily
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Parts of microprocessor - II
Bus Unit - Connects the internal units of the
microprocessor like the control unit and prefetch
unit.
Decode Unit - Decodes the various instructions
sent to the microprocessor
Registers - Store data required by the ALU

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Speed of Microprocessor
Depends on number of instructions it
processes
Bandwidth (32/64 bit)
Clock speed (GHz)
Number of transistors built into it

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Multitasking/Multiprocessing
Multitasking means the processor time is divided into no.
of tasks
Enables the processor to run multiple program
simultaneously
Reduces the processor idle time
Multiprocessing means parallel processing used for
simultaneously running more than one process by multiple
processing units
Each processing unit runs independently and may or may
not have individual cache memory
Most effective when used with application software
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Interface of Microprocessor
Steps followed by the microprocessor to
interface with a device:
Checks the status of the device.
Requests the device for transferring data.
The device sends the data request to the
microprocessor.
The microprocessor sends the required data to
the device.
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FSB/BSB
FSB interfaces between the L2 cache on processor
to the north bridge of motherboard
Also known as system bus or memory bus
Speed at which CPU communicates with RAM
BSB interfaces between L1 cache on processor
with L2 cache
BSB is faster than FSB

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Operating Voltage of Microprocessor

Lowering the operating voltage decreases the
power consumption
Less power consumption, system is less expensive
to run and more battery life
Less voltage of the equipment generates less heat
Processors that run cooler give better performance
Operating voltage range is 1.5 to 2.9V

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Packaging of microprocessor - I
Types of microprocessor packaging:
Pin Grid Array (PGA) - Mainly used with
modern high speed microprocessors due to the
enhanced thermal and electrical properties of
the ceramic material
Staggered Pin Grid Array (SPGA) Pins are
staggered rather than arranged in standard rows
and columns. Allows to move the pins closer
and decrease the size of chip
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Packaging of microprocessor - II
Single edge contact (SEC) and single edge
processor packaging (SEPP) - SEC cartridge
incorporates the back side bus and L2 cache
internally. It was a cost effective method for
integrating L2 cache into the processor. A less
expensive of the SEC is the single edge
processor (SEP) package without fancy plastic
cover

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Types of microprocessor - I
Based on the number of instructions built into it, they can
be classified as:

Complex Instruction Set Computing (CISC)

Many instructions built into it which saves
processing time for performing tasks otherwise it
has to be retrieved from RAM. However it
affects the performance of the microprocessor
because more time is taken to process the
instruction and also the space available on the
microprocessor for processing reduces. To
overcome this problem more transistors need to
be built into the microprocessor
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Types of microprocessor - II
Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC)
Have limited instructions built into it which
requires few transistors to be built into the
microprocessor. Saves the space in the
microprocessor and cheaper as compared to
CISC processor. This processor is favorable for
scientific purposes where limited instructions
are required

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Microprocessors Timeline

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Intel Pentium Microprocessor

Designed to work with everyday applications

Word processors
Spreadsheets
Multimedia applications
Games

Versions

Pentium I
Pentium II
Pentium III
Pentium IV

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Pentium I
Released in 1993
First chip from the fifth generation of
microprocessors
Has a 5-stage data pipeline for executing
instructions to perform multiple calculations
simultaneously

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Pentium II
Released in 1997
Available on a daughter card that has L2
cache
Has a 14-stage data pipeline for executing
instructions

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Pentium III
Released in 1999
Has a unique Processor Serial Number
(PSN) embedded in the chip
Has a 10-stage data pipeline for executing
instructions
Has 70 more instructions built into it which
enhances
processing
of
graphical
information
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Pentium IV
Released in 2000
Enables
to
work
with
applications that require a lot of
processing such as digital
photography
Has a 20-stage data pipeline for
executing instructions
Also available in the following
editions:
Hyper-Threading (HT)
HT Extreme
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Intel Centrino Mobile Technology

Released in the year 2003
Uses the SSE instruction set
Has 2 MB L2 cache and supports USB 2.0
The components that constitute this
technology are:
Intel Pentium M Processor
Intel 855 chipset family
Intel PRO/Wireless 2100 Network connection
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Intel Pentium M
Small in size
Consumes less energy and prolong the
battery life
Used in
Laptops
notebook computers

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Intel Celeron
Cheaper and economical
Used for running applications that do not
require a lot of processing
Smaller cache size, clock speed and bus
speed is also less
Celeron D processor has 256 KB L2 cache,
533 MHz FSB and uses LGA775 socket
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Intel Xeon
Heavy-duty microprocessors
Used to power servers and workstations on a
network
Supports multiprocessors

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Intel Itanium
Used to power network servers
and workstations
Can execute three instructions
at a time
Is a Reduced Instruction Set
Computing (RISC) based
microprocessor
Cost is more than Xeon
processors
Uses in database and e-mail
servers
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Advanced Micro Devices (AMD)

Created in the year 1969
Developed
Duron
Athlon

Cheaper than Pentium processors

Uses Slot A to connect the AMD microprocessor to
the motherboard

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Dual Core
Two cores on a single die comprise a dual core
CPU
Each of the cores has their own cache, can
process independently and provide better
performance
To make use of dual core technology, the process
must use multiple threads
Well suited for multitasking environment
Intel and AMD provide dual core processors for
various segments
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Cyrix
Chip was basically a 486 design
First introduced in 1995
Had several compatibility and overheating
problems
6X86 was the fastest processor

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Microprocessor Design
Specifies the type of the microprocessor that
can be installed on the motherboard
Uses the
Socket
Slot

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Microprocessor Socket and show from CBT

Connects the microprocessor to the

motherboard
Available as
Zero Insertion Force (ZIF) uses a lever to
install or remove the microprocessor
Low Insertion Force (LIF) requires little
force to install or remove the
microprocessor
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Socket 1
169 pins arranged in
three rows
Supplies maximum 5
volts
to
the
microprocessor
Supports the 80486
and 80486 OverDrive
microprocessor
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Socket 2
238 pins arranged in
four rows
Supplies maximum 5
volts
to
the
microprocessor
Supports the 80486
OverDrive
and
Pentium OverDrive
microprocessors
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Socket 3
237 pins arranged in four
rows
Supplies 3.3 to 5 volts to
the microprocessor
Voltage can be adjusted
using the jumpers on the
motherboard
Supports the 80486,
AMD,
Cyrix
and
Pentium
OverDrive
microprocessors
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Socket 4
273 pins arranged in
four rows
Supplies maximum 5
volts
to
the
microprocessor
Supports the Pentium
66, 120 and 133 MHz
microprocessors
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Socket 5
320 pins arranged in five
rows
Supplies maximum 3.3
volts
to
the
microprocessor
Supports the Pentium,
Pentium with MMX and
Pentium
OverDrive
microprocessors
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Socket 6
235 pins arranged in
four rows
Supplies
maximum
3.3 volts to the
microprocessor

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Socket 7
321 pins in five rows
supplies 2.5 to 3.3
volts
to
the
microprocessor
This socket supports
the Pentium, Pentium
with
MMX
and
Pentium OverDrive
microprocessors
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Socket 8
387 pins arranged in
five rows
Supplies 3.1 to 3.3
volts
to
the
microprocessor
Supports the Pentium
Pro microprocessors
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Socket 370
370 pins arranged in
six rows
Has L2 cache built
into
the
microprocessor
Supports Celeron 2
and
Pentium
III
microprocessors
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Socket 462
Known as Socket A
Has 462 pins but 9
pins are blocked
Has the L2 cache built
into
the
microprocessor
Supports the AMDs
Athlon and Duron
microprocessors
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Socket 478
Has 478 pins
Has the L2
cache built into
the
microprocessor
Supports
the
Intel Pentium 4
microprocessor
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Socket 754
Developed by AMD and used for Athlon
64 or Sempron processors
Supports 64 bit computing processors
Has 754 pins and PGA-ZIF type
Voltage range is 0.8 to 1.55V
Supports 800MHz bus speed

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Socket 775
Developed by Intel used with Intel's latest
processors such as Pentium D, P4 with HT
and P4 extreme edition processors
Also supports 64 bit computing technology
Has 775 pins and LGA-ZIF type

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Socket 939
Developed by AMD and supports 64 bit
computing
Contains 939 pins and PGA-ZIF type
Operating voltage range is 0.8 to 1.55V
Supports 64 KB L1 and 1 MB L2 cache
Supports 3D technology for better graphic
resolution
Used with AMD Athlon 64, 64 FX, 64 X2 and
Opetron processors
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Slot 1
Supports microprocessors that have 242 pins
Microprocessor is mounted on a card that uses
Socket 8
Supplies 2.8 to 3.3 volts to the microprocessor
Supports the Pentium II, III, and Celeron
microprocessors

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Slot 2
Supports microprocessors that have 330 pins
Supports the Pentium Xeon microprocessors
Found on server motherboards

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Slot A
Created by AMD and similar to Intels slot1
Supports the Athlon microprocessors
Uses the EV6 protocol for increased speed
between microprocessor and RAM

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Install Microprocessor in ZIF socket and heat

sink I and show from CBT
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Check voltage requirements

Wear an anti-static wristband
Place motherboard on work desk
Take microprocessor out from anti-static bag
Check that all pins on underside of microprocessor are
straight

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Heat Sink
A component that is used to lower the temperature of an
electronic device which absorbs heat from the electronic
device and distributes it to surrounding environment. Two
types of heat sinks available namely:
Passive Heat Sink The passive heat sink is a metal plate
with fins attached to surface of the processor. The plane of
the heat sink absorbs the heat of processor and fins streams
the air to cool it.
Active Heat Sink An active heat sink is an expansion of
passive heat sink with a fan attached on top of the plane
metal surface. This facilitates direct cooling of the
processor.
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Configuring the Microprocessor and show P32 from CBT

Possible by adjusting the jumpers or by
changing the system BIOS
Overclocking the microprocessor to
perform faster

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Overclocking
Overclocking increases the speed of the microprocessor
You can overclock the microprocessor by changing jumper
settings on motherboard or by changing appropriate BIOS
settings
Additional cooling devices such as CPU fan must be
installed to cool down the processor
Must be done with a great care by increasing clock speed
as little as possible every time
Must check documentation of the microprocessor and
motherboard before overclocking
Overclocking a processor beyond its maximum capacity
can permanently damage the microprocessor
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Upgrading the Microprocessor

Improves the speed and performance of the
system and to keep the system up to date
To upgrade
Replace old microprocessor with new and
better microprocessor
Replace old processor card on the slot with a
new card
New processor should be compatible with existing
motherboard otherwise you have to replace both
processor and motherboard
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Replacing the LIF socket Processor

LIF socket does not have a lever to dislodge the
microprocessor chip. You have to use a little force
to remove the microprocessor from motherboard
socket. Chip puller is used to remove the
microprocessor from the socket
You can also use a screwdriver to loosen the
microprocessor from the socket. Microprocessor
must be loosened carefully such that
microprocessor or socket is not damaged
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Troubleshooting the Microprocessor

Troubleshooting
microprocessor
techniques solve the problems that arise
due to the improper functioning of the
microprocessor.
General problems are:
Overheating
Slow Processing or Hanging Issues
No display

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Summary - I
The microprocessor is the heart of the system.
Microprocessors process the data using instructions.
CISC microprocessors have many instructions built into the
microprocessor.
RISC microprocessors have limited instructions built into the
microprocessor.
The speed of the microprocessor depends on various factors, such as
the number of instructions it processes, the bandwidth and the clock
speed.
Transistors in the microprocessor boost the data signals on the
processor.
Intel Pentium microprocessors are designed to work with everyday
applications such as word processors, spreadsheets, multimedia
applications, and games.
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Summary - II
Intel Pentium M microprocessors are used for laptops and
notebook computers.
Intel Celeron microprocessors are cheaper and more
economical than the Pentium microprocessors.
Intel Celeron microprocessors have a smaller cache size
than the Pentium microprocessors.
Intel Xeon microprocessors power servers and
workstations on a network.
Intel Itanium is an RISC microprocessor that powers
network servers and workstations.
AMD Duron and Athlon are economical microprocessors.
The socket on the motherboard connects the
microprocessor to the motherboard.
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Summary - III
The microprocessors available on cards use motherboards that have a
slot to install the microprocessor.
The different parts of the microprocessor work together to process the
data and give the user valuable information.
Data and information flows from the microprocessor to the different
devices connected to the system using the bus.
Configuring the microprocessor is possible by adjusting jumpers on the
motherboard or using the system BIOS.
Overclocking the microprocessor increases the speed of the processor.
To upgrade a microprocessor, we replace the microprocessor in the
system with a new and better microprocessor.
By troubleshooting, we can solve the microprocessor problems like
overheating and slow processing.
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