Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
Introduction
Requirements on ground investigation
Determination of ground types in accordance to
EC8
Case study on role of ground investigation in
geotechnical design
1. Introduction
2. Requirements on ground
investigation in accordance to EC7
Personnel
Qualified operator documented competence based scheme for lead driller: Skills Evaluation
Certificate (Knowledge) [SEC(K)] for Soil Drilling & instrumentation, issued by the BCA
Responsible expert degree with 3 years experience or diploma with 5 years experience;
sufficient proven knowledge; Sign the GI report
Companies
Assessment Criteria
An Assessment Team consisting of the Lead Assessor(s) and Technical
Assessor(s) will assess the quality management system and technical
competencies of the inspection bodies against current regulatory
requirements and the following standards, technical note and accreditation
documents:
ISO/IEC 17020: 2012 General Criteria For The Operation Of Various
Types Of Bodies Performing Inspection
SAC 01 - Terms And Conditions For Accreditation
IB 01 Accreditation Process
IB 02 Fees Schedule
Technical Note SI:01 - Specific Requirements For The Accreditation Of
Inspection Bodies For Site Investigation Certified Course for SI Supervisor
11
12
Topic:
Singapore geology
Roles and responsibilities
Drilling, soil sampling, field test
methods and instrumentation
13
Geotechnical categories
14
Geotechnical categories
Factors to be
Considered
Geotechnical
Hazards/risk
Ground
conditions
Groundwater
situation
Geotechnical Categories
GC1
GC2
GC3
Low
Moderate
High
Regional
seismicity
Influence of the
environment
Vulnerability
Natural and size
of the structure
and its
elements
Surroundings
Moderate
Conventional types of structures
with no abnormal risks
15 1999)
Geotechnical Categories related to geotechnical hazard and vulnerability levels (Geotechnical Design to Eurocode 7; Orr & Farrell,
Geotechnical categories
Local example: GC1
Description of category
Example of projects
GC1
16
Geotechnical categories
Local example: GC2
Description of category
Example of projects
GC2
conventional types of structure
and foundation with no
exceptional risk or difficult
ground or loading conditions
- canal
- conventional buildings on
- shallow or raft foundations;
- pile foundations;
- walls and other structures retaining or supporting soil
or water < 6m height;
- excavations < 6m depth
- bridge piers and abutments;
- embankments and earthworks;
- ground anchors and other tied-back systems;
- tunnels in hard, non-fractured rock/ competent soils,
and not subjected to special water tightness or other
requirements.
17
Geotechnical categories
Local example: GC3
Example of projects
Description of category
GC3
Geotechnical investigations
EN 1997-1
EN 1997-2
19
Geotechnical investigations
EC7-1 Section 3: Geotechnical Data
EC7-2 Section 2: Planning of ground investigations
Gathering of all relevant information about the site
Ground investigation
Preliminary investigation (conceptual design) desk
studies & site inspection
Design investigation (detailed design) specify relevant
investigation methods i.e. field tests/ lab tests to justify
choice of foundations, geotechnical works
Control investigation (construction stage) - Verification of
choice of foundation method and design procedure,
control of ground improvement works and stability during
construction
20
Preliminary investigations
EN 1997-2 C2.3
21
Design investigations
EN 1997-1 C3.2.3
22
Design investigations
EN 1997-2 C2.4
To provide all the information required for the design of
temporary and permanent works
Identify any difficulties that may arise during construction
Include drilling, field tests, laboratory tests, groundwater
measurement
23
Design investigations
EN 1997-2 C2.4
24
Number of BH required
Large area
1 BH every 20 to 200m
1 BH every 15 to 40m
1 BH every 10 to 30m
1 BH every 10 to 75m
1 BH every 20 to 200m
25
26
27
28
29
FAQ
30
FAQ
FAQ
32
FAQ
Can designer used existing GI report based on BS standard for his
EC design?
FAQ
34
Measurement/correlated value
Shear wave
In situ relative density
SPT tests
SPT N value
In-situ density
in-situ density tests
Basic soil properties
Laboratory tests; sieve analysis, Atterberg
limits, moisture content, specific gravity, bulk
and dry densities, and maximum and minimum
dry densities tests; constant head permeability
tests on sand, one-dimensional consolidation
tests on clayey soils, and unconsolidated
undrained (UU) triaxial tests on clayey soils
36
37
Classification of
ground types
38
39
Soil profile
1.5
3.0
4.5
6.0
7.5
9.0
10.5
12.0
13.5
15.0
16.5
18.0
19.5
21.0
22.5
24.0
25.5
27.0
28.5
30.0
SPT
4
4
7
8
22
20
22
22
24
15
13
18
12
16
20
22
42
75
100
100
40
?
41
Fill
Fill
Firm sandy clay/silt
Firm sandy clay/silt
Firm to very stiff sandy silt
Firm to very stiff sandy silt
Firm to very stiff sandy silt
Firm to very stiff sandy silt
Firm to very stiff sandy silt
Firm to very stiff sandy silt
Firm to very stiff sandy silt
Firm to very stiff sandy silt
Firm to very stiff sandy silt
Firm to very stiff sandy silt
Firm to very stiff sandy silt
Firm to very stiff sandy silt
Hard sandy silt
Hard sandy silt
Moderately highly weathered
sandstone
Moderately highly weathered
sandstone
SPT
4
4
7
8
22
20
22
22
24
15
13
18
12
16
20
22
42
75
100
0.015
512
0.0029
413
0.0036
100
0.015
2.240
512
0.0029
0.1132
413
0.0036
0.1283
Avg SPT
Class
13.4
D
Class
265
C
42
m/s
Class
234 m/s
C
Sand Fill
Sand Fill
Sand Fill
Residual
soil
Residual
soil
43
44
The above example showed that for an area within the same geological
formation, there could be big variation in ground type classification. As
such, the designer cannot just solely rely on the geological map.
Each project should use its own boreholes to determine the site
classification
45
46
Boreholes
Probed holes
49
BH1
Tunnel
Section
CP
Tunnel
50
BH2
BH1
New borehole
Weaker soil
above tunnel
crown
Tunnel
Section
CP
Tunnel
51
End of presentation
52