Unit 1 - 1.1,1.2,1.3,1.4 - Vector, Motion, Forces

HERIOT WATT UNIVERSITY (MALAYSIA)
Foundation in Science
Unit 1 : Mechanics & Properties of Matter
1.1 Vector Analysis
Vectors & Scalars Qty
Vectors
Scalars
Displacement (m)
Distance (m)
Velocity (ms-1)
Speed (ms-1)
Acceleration (ms-2)
Time (s)
Force (N)
Mass (kg)
Momentum (kgms-1)
Energy (J)
Difference between distance & displacement

Distance total path length travelled, only the magnitude/ size is concerned.
Displacement - direct length from start point to end point, both magnitude ( length) &
direction must be given.

Distance & Displacement
4m
B
1)Determine the distance from point A to point B.
3m
a)
Using scale diagram

1cm : 1m
2) Determine the displacement from point A to pint B.

(hint: how far it is from A to B? )
b) Using vector diagram
2
FiS HWUM Physics / TWW

Speed & Velocity
avg. speed ,
avg. velocity,
* need to include the direction

* ex: Car travelling at 20 ms-1 at N45E
Vector Addition
When vectors are being added, both their magnitude & direction need to be considered.
Vector can be represented by a line with arrow where
the length of the line represent the magnitude of the vector
the arrow of the line represent the direction of the vector
Vectors can be added by using

(i) scale diagram
(ii) Vector diagram
step 1: choose an appropriate scale, ex: 1cm: 1N

step 2: re-arrange the lines so that the arrows show
1 start point & 1 end point
step 3: joint the start point & end point to measure
the length ( magnitude) & use protactor to
determine the angle ( direction)
* similar to scale diagram, but instead of

measuring using ruler, the length and
direction of the resultant vector is
calculated using mathematical method.

1.1 : Vector Preliminaries
Exercise:
1) Three forces, A,B and C, with 10N each, acting in the direction as shown below:
FA = 10N
FB = 10N
FC = 10N
45
Construct a vector diagram for the case below and hence, find the resultant force:
a) FA + FB
4

Exercise:
1) b) FA +FC
c) FA FB
5

Exercise:
d) FA - FC
e) FA + FB + Fc
6

1.1 Vector Preliminaries
Vector Resolution
vy
v
vy
vx
vx
-All vectors can be resolved into 2 mutually components. i.e vx and vy.
-By solving the right-angled triangle,
v = vx + v y
where vx = v cos ,
vy = v sin
-Inversely, we can find the vector, v from its x- , y- components using Pythagoras theorem where
Magnitude:
Direction
v2 = vx2 + vy2 v = v 2 v 2
x
y
tan =
vy
vx
vy
v
x
= tan-1
http://www.frontiernet.net/~imaging/vector_calculator.html

Example:
1)Two horizontal forces act at the same point on a body. One force of magnitude 10N acts towards the
east. The second force of magnitude 10N acts at north 50 east. Determine the resultant of the two
forces.
N
C
F2 = 10N
F2 = 10N
R
50
40
F1 = 10N
40
F1 = 10N
140
F1 = 10N
F2 = 10N
40
Resultant Force, R can be calculated by solving the vector diagram using triangle rules:
1) Magnitude
from a2 = b2 + c2 2bc cos A AC2 = AB2 + BC2 (AB)(BC) cos ABC
R2 = 102 + 102 (10)(10) cos 140
R = 18.8N
2) Angle / Direction of R,
180 140
BAC ACB
So, =
= 20
2
(isosceles triangle)
Resultant force, R = 18.8N in the direction N70E / above the horizontal.
8

CHAPTER 1 : Vector Preliminaries
Exercise:
2) Two dogs are pulling a sandal in the direction as shown below. Jack tries to save his sandal from
the dogs and he pulls the sandal towards him. Construct a vector diagram and calculate how much
force he needs to pull the sandal so that his sandal is at static equilibrium.
FB = 20N
FA = 20N
90
FJack = ? N
9

1.2 Equation of Motion
Acceleration rate of change of velocity
v v u
a
t t f ti
where v = final velocity

u = initial velocity
tf = final time taken
ti = initial time
For an object moving in a straight line with constant/uniform acceleration, the graphs of
velocity Vs time are shown as below:
i) a= 0 ms-2
ii) a= + ve value
V / ms-1
iii) a= -ve value

V / ms-1
V / ms-1
t/s
t/s
t/s
10

i) a= 0 ms-2
ii) a= + ve value
a / ms-2
iii) a= -ve value

a / ms-2
a / ms-2
t/s
t/s
t/s
Constant velocity & constant acceleration
A car travel with velocity changes over time as shown

on the graph. What can you conclude about the
velocity and acceleration of the car from the graph ?
v / ms -1
A
velocity = linearly increasing

path OA acceleration = constant +ve a
C
t/s
path AB
velocity = constant
acceleration = 0
path BC
velocity = linearly decreasing

acceleration = constant ve a
11

In a linear / straight line motion with constant acceleration , we can analyze the motion via linear motion
equation as below:
where v = final velocity at time t
1) v = u + at
u = initial velocity at t = 0
2
2
t = time taken
2) v = u + 2as
a = acceleration
3) s = ut + at2
s = displacement travelled
Derivation of the above equation :

Knowing that
v u
t
and the graph of v vs t is shown as below, derive the above equations.
12

Derivation of the equation of motion :
1) v = u + at
2) s = ut + at2
3) v 2 = u 2 + 2as
1) v = u + at
From
v u
a
t
Rearrange the formula:
v = u + at
2) s = ut + at2
From the graph of v vs t above,
Displacement (s ) = v t
= area under
the graph
s = area of A + area of B
= (v-u) t + ut
= (at) t + ut
=
at2 + ut
3) v2 = u2 + 2as
From v = u + at, square the
equation become
(v)
= (u +at )2
= u2 + 2uat + a2t2
= u2 + 2a ( ut +
at2 )
= u2 + 2as
13

Examples of motion:
1) linear motion
Ex: A car is accelerated at 6 ms-2 from an initial velocity of 2ms-1 for 10s. What is
(a) the final velocity?
(b) the distance moved?
u
v
t=0
t = 10s
14

Examples of motion:
2) Vertical motion upwards
Ex: An object is thrown vertically upwards at a speed of 40 ms-1. Determine
(a) the time taken by the object to reach maximum height
(b) the maximum height reached
(c) the velocity at 2.0s after throwing the object
At max. height, v = 0
Since object only experience

gravitational force while travelling
In the air, , a = - g
vector directed up +ve value

vector directed down -ve value
15

Examples of motion:
3) 2 Dimensional Motion - Projectile motion
any object that has been projected/ launched/ thrown/ fired at some ANGLE, into the air, near the
surface of the Earth and move in a parabolic path
Resolve all vectors into vertical &
horizontal component, i.e
uy, ux,
At max. height, vy= 0
vy, vx
B
ay = -g, ax = 0
sy, sx
uy
ay= -g
ux
Height = Sy
vy
ux
C
Range = Sx
Since object only experience
gravitational force while travelling
In the air, , a = - g at any point
16
vector directed up +ve value

vector directed down -ve value

Examples of motion:
3) Projectile motion
initial point A
1) ux = u cos
uy = u sin
B(max height)
1)instantaneous velocity, v = ux
(vy = 0)
2) Neglect air resistance,

the horizontal velocity, ux is
always constant at all point ( ux = vx)
at any point
1) instantaneous velocity, v
v = u 2 v 2
x
y
2) tan = v y
vx
3) ax = 0 at all point
* Acceleration of the object at any point, ay = - g
Then we can use the kinematic 1) Sx = uxt
equation to study the
2) vy = uy + ayt
Projectile motion
3) vy2 = uy2 + 2 ays
4) sy = uyt + ayt2
17

Example:
1) An object is thrown upwards at a speed of 30ms-1 at an angle of projection of 60. Determine

a) the time taken by the object to reach maximum height
b) the maximum height reached
c) the range
d) the time taken to reach a height of 30m
e) the velocity of the object at a height of 30m
(Assume g= 9.8ms-2)
18

1.3 Newtons 2nd Law, energy & power
Newtons 1st Law object will remain at rest or continue to move with constant speed in straight line
unless it is acted by an external force
Newtons 2nd Law -
F ma
where F = force / N
m = mass of the object
a = acceleration
The SI unit for Force ( F) = kgms-2

Common written as Newton ( N) where
1N = resultant force which will cause a mass of 1 kg to accelerate at 1ms-2.
this also implies that
F a F m a m m F a F
condition
Tick if true
When m is
constant
When a is
constant
When
force is
constant
When a is
constant
When m is
constant
19

When there are more forces acting on an object, the resultant/ net force acting on the object need to
be found considering both the magnitude & direction ( Force is a vector) .
Examples of forces acting on an object and its motion :
1) Free Body Diagram
Ex: When a rocket take off, the thrust on a rocket of mass 8000kg is 200 kN, find the acceleration of
the rocket.
Thrust Force = 200kN
Weight/
Gravitational Force = 200kN
20

2) In a lift ( apparent force)
Ex: A student of mass 40kg stands inside a stationary lift initially. Determine the apparent weight of the
student if the lift moves
(a) downwards with constant speed
(b) downwards with a constant acceleration of 0.50 ms-2.
(c) upwards with a constant acceleration of 0.50 ms-2
21

3) On an inclined plane ( resolution of force)
Ex:A wooden block of mass 2 kg is placed on a slope at 30 to the horizontal as shown. A frictional force
of 4 N acts up the slope. The block slides down the slope for a distance of 3 m.
Determine
(i) the acceleration of the block
(ii) the speed of the block at the bottom of the slope.
22

Energy & Power
Work done = Work is done on an object when force is used to move the object over a
displacement
where
W F. s
F = component of force that is parallel to the displacement (N)

s = displacement travelled by the object (m)
W = work done (J) or Nm
Energy = the ability to do work
work done on a system cause energy to be transferred into / out of a system

work done can be converted to energy / energy can be converted to work done
the law of conservation of energy implies that total energy of a closed system must be conserved,
although the energy may change its form, for example: electrical energy can be transformed into heat
(thermal energy) / sound.
In general, we have
Kinetic Energy
1
Ek mv
2
where
2 m = mass of the object (kg)
v = speed of the object(ms-1)
E = energy (J)
Potential Energy
E p mgh
where
m = mass of the object
h = height of the object
g = 9.8 ms-2
E = energy (J)
23

Energy & Power
Power = rate of transformation of energy from one form to another form
Energy Work done W

P
time
time
t
where
P = power ( unit: Watt (W) / Js-1 )
W = work done ( J)
t = time (s)
Ex:
1) A trolley is released down a slope from a height of 0.3 m. If its speed at the bottom is found to be
2 ms-1, find a) the energy difference between the Ep at top and Ek at the bottom.
b) the work done by friction
c) the force of friction on the trolley
24

2) A student of mass 55kg runs up a flight of 50 steps, which each has 20cm high as shown below. What
is the power generated by the boy if he takes 22s to climb to the top of the stairs ?
20 cm
25

1.4 Momentum & Impulse
Momentum = the product of mass and velocity
p mv
where
p = momentum ( kgms-1)
m = mass of the object ( kg)
v = velocity ( ms-1)
Law of conservation of momentum

Total momentum before collision is the same as the total momentum after collision, in a
closed/isolated system ( i.e no external force applied to the system.
p1initial p2initial p1 final p2 final
m1u1 m2u2 m1v1 m2v2

Generally, we encounter 2 types of collisions:
1) Elastic collision both momentum and kinetic energy are conversed
2) Inelastic collision momentum is conserved but kinetic energy is NOT.
26

Exercise
1) ) A bullet of mass 2.0g strikes a metal block of mass 3.0kg suspended freely on a string. The bullet
rebounds in the opposite direction at a speed of 250ms-1 and the block starts to move at a speed of
0.5ms-1. Determine the initial speed of the bullet.
2) An object of mass 400kg was at stationary initially and exploded . After explosion, it breaks up into
2 parts, one having a mass of 50kg moving at a speed of 120ms-1 in the opposite direction.
Determine the velocity of the second part.
3) An object A moving towards object B on the same straight line and finally collide with object B. After
the collision, object B moves at a speed of 3.0ms-1 to the right. Determine the velocity of object A
after collision.
-1
-1
Before
collision
5ms
A 2kg
B 3kg
2ms
27

Impulse
Newtons 2nd Law of Motion states that the acceleration of a body is directly proportional to the force
that causes it.

F a
F ma
For a given force, when mass of the body, m , the acceleration, a

For a given force, when mass of the body, m , the acceleration, a
F is vector, a is vector, m is scalar. Force F is always in the
SAME direction as the direction of acceleration vector, a.
Also, from
F ma
v
F ma, and a
can be re-define as
v f vi
F m
t
vi
t
mvf mvi
F
t
v
F m
t
Mass can be used as a measure

of an objects resistance to
acceleration (changes of motion)
measure of INERTIA of a body
Ex: when a fat boy
collide with a thin boy,
the fat boy will stand
still but the thin boy
falls (change motion!
Simulation: http://galileoandeinstein.physics.virginia.edu/more_stuff/Applets/Collision/jarapplet.html
28

Impulse
From
mv
F
t
redefined that
** the force on a body is a measure of the rate at which the quantity of mv changes.
where
mv
is defined as a bodys MOMENTUM, p such that
mv
F
t
p mv f mvi
p(kgms1 ) m(kg)v (ms1 )
thus, momentum, p is a vector and its direction is the same as v.

also, we can then defined the Newtons 2nd law of motion as the rate of change of momentum of the
the body which it acts on.
F is also known as Impulsive Force in
mv
F
t
Ft = Impulse
= change of momentum
p
F
t
Ft p
therefore, unit p can also be represented in sN (sec Newtons)
this Eq. Impulsive force is a force

which exerts on an object for a short
while.
Basic ideas used when considering
car safety design.
-> increase t to reduce the
impulsive force acted on occupant
of car.
Ex: seat belt, rubber bumper bars,
Collapsible steering wheel columns
29

The Law of Conservation of Momentum

In an isolated system ( i.e no external force acts), the momentum of the system remains constant.
p1 + p2 + p3 + p4 + .pn = constant if net external force acting on the system is ZERO.
In 2 Body Collision
For 2 objects moving on the same line and colliding
as below:
F2
m1
u1
u2
m2
m1
v1
m2
m1
F1
During
Collision
Before
Collision
m2
v2
After
Collision
Before Collision
Object A has mass m1 with velocity u1. Object B has mass m2 with velocity u2.
After Collision
Object A has mass m1 with velocity v1. Object B has mass m2 with velocity u2.
p
mv2 mu2
mv
mu
Therefore, each body experiences a change in the momentum,
2
1
1
1 and
During impact, each object exerts a force on the other body. (Newtons third law)
F1 F2
p1
p2
t
t
p1 p2
p1 p2 0
Sum of changes of momentum

of the 2 bodies is ZERO.
Simulation: http://galileoandeinstein.physics.virginia.edu/more_stuff/Applets/Collision/jarapplet.html
30

F1 F2
Force acting on
each object is
equal in size
but opposite in
direction
p1
p2
t
t
t is the same for
both since both
object colliding each
other at the same
duration
p1 p2
p1 p2 0
Change of momentum
experienced by Object 1 =
change of momentum
experienced by Object 2,
but in OPPOSITE direction
Sum of changes of
momentum of the 2 bodies is
ZERO.
On a graph of F vs t, impulse ( Ft) is the area under the graph as shown below:
F/N
Area under the graph = impulse
t/s
31

Exercise:
1) A tennis ball of mass 0.1 kg hit horizontally on a vertical wall at initial speed of 10ms-1, is rebound in
the opposite direction by the wall, with a speed of 10ms-1. the duration of the impact occur for 50 ms.
Calculate the impulsive force exerted on the ball by the wall.
32

Extended Readings:
1) Free fall projectile
2) Frictional force
3) Heat & thermodynamics
This will help you to understand more on

Kinematics of Motion
33

Unit 1 - 1.1,1.2,1.3,1.4 - Vector, Motion, Forces

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Unit 1 - 1.1,1.2,1.3,1.4 - Vector, Motion, Forces

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HERIOT WATT UNIVERSITY (MALAYSIA)

Difference between distance & displacement

HERIOT WATT UNIVERSITY (MALAYSIA)

1)Determine the distance from point A to point B.

Using scale diagram

2) Determine the displacement from point A to pint B.

b) Using vector diagram

HERIOT WATT UNIVERSITY (MALAYSIA)

* need to include the direction

Vectors can be added by using

(ii) Vector diagram

step 1: choose an appropriate scale, ex: 1cm: 1N

* similar to scale diagram, but instead of

FiS HWUM Physics / TWW

HERIOT WATT UNIVERSITY (MALAYSIA)

HERIOT WATT UNIVERSITY (MALAYSIA)

HERIOT WATT UNIVERSITY (MALAYSIA)

HERIOT WATT UNIVERSITY (MALAYSIA)

HERIOT WATT UNIVERSITY (MALAYSIA)

HERIOT WATT UNIVERSITY (MALAYSIA)

HERIOT WATT UNIVERSITY (MALAYSIA)

Acceleration rate of change of velocity

where v = final velocity

iii) a= -ve value

HERIOT WATT UNIVERSITY (MALAYSIA)

iii) a= -ve value

Constant velocity & constant acceleration

A car travel with velocity changes over time as shown

velocity = linearly increasing

velocity = linearly decreasing

FiS HWUM Physics / TWW

HERIOT WATT UNIVERSITY (MALAYSIA)

Derivation of the above equation :

and the graph of v vs t is shown as below, derive the above equations.

HERIOT WATT UNIVERSITY (MALAYSIA)

Rearrange the formula:

HERIOT WATT UNIVERSITY (MALAYSIA)

HERIOT WATT UNIVERSITY (MALAYSIA)

Since object only experience

vector directed up +ve value

HERIOT WATT UNIVERSITY (MALAYSIA)

vector directed up +ve value

HERIOT WATT UNIVERSITY (MALAYSIA)

2) Neglect air resistance,

HERIOT WATT UNIVERSITY (MALAYSIA)

1) An object is thrown upwards at a speed of 30ms-1 at an angle of projection of 60. Determine

HERIOT WATT UNIVERSITY (MALAYSIA)

The SI unit for Force ( F) = kgms-2

FiS HWUM Physics / TWW

HERIOT WATT UNIVERSITY (MALAYSIA)

Thrust Force = 200kN

HERIOT WATT UNIVERSITY (MALAYSIA)

HERIOT WATT UNIVERSITY (MALAYSIA)

HERIOT WATT UNIVERSITY (MALAYSIA)

F = component of force that is parallel to the displacement (N)

Energy = the ability to do work

work done on a system cause energy to be transferred into / out of a system

FiS HWUM Physics / TWW

HERIOT WATT UNIVERSITY (MALAYSIA)

Energy Work done W

HERIOT WATT UNIVERSITY (MALAYSIA)

HERIOT WATT UNIVERSITY (MALAYSIA)

Law of conservation of momentum

p1initial p2initial p1 final p2 final