1

Title

Author

Year

Objective

Methodology

Outcome/finding/conclusion

1. COAL

Diana

2013

find out the economic

1. CCBA was grinded in

1. The grinded CCBA can effectively replace

COMBUSTIO

Bajare

benefit and efficiency

planetary ball mill Retch PM

cement up to 20% of its total amount without

N BOTTOM

for the partial

400 for 4, 15, 30 and 45

reducing compressive strength of concrete and its

ASH AS

replacement of

minutes. Various grinding

strength class. By replacing 20% of cement with

MICROFILLE

cement with coal

periods were applied in order

CCBA compressive strength class of concrete

R WITH

combustion bottom

to find out how the

C30/37 can be ensured, which is equivalent to the

POZZOLANIC

ash (CCBA) as well

granulometric composition will

reference mix of concrete.

PROPERTIES

as if it is possible to

impact properties of concrete

FOR

use CCBA as

and if the grinding period has

2. Comparing concrete where 20% of cement is

TRADITIONA

microfiller like flay

an impact on the CCBA

replaced with CCBA with the one where 20% of

L CONCRETE

ash with pozzolanic

pozzolanic activity. 20% and

cement is replaced bydolomite flour, the formed

properties in

40% of cement mass in the

showed higher compressive strength (by 712%),

production of

concrete mix was replaced by

as well as higher depth of penetration of water and

concrete

the grinded CCBA.

water absorption rate, indicating that dolomite

flour is more useful as microfiller from the filler
packing point of view.

3. Replacing 40% of cement with CCBA

Future research

2. In order to determine the

(regardless of its grinding period) the compressive

efficiency of CCBA and its

strength of concrete reduces significantly. After 28

impact on the concrete

days of curing compressive strength class of

structure and its mechanical

concrete reduces to C20/25 compared to the

properties, several etalon or

compressive strength class C30/37 for the

reference concrete mixes were

reference mix of concrete. Strength indicators are

prepared:

even lower for the concrete with inert fillers

1) Mixes without replacing of

(dolomite flour) reaching class C16/20.

cement and 2) mixes where

cement is partially replaced by

4. The research results approve that CCBA has

inert filler dolomite flour in

little pozzolanic activity, because comparing

the same proportions as CCBA

concrete specimens with the equivalent amount of

20 and 40% respectively. By

CCBA (CCP4/20 45 MPa) and dolomite flour

comparing the mechanical

(D20 40 MPa), properties of the latter are

properties of reference mix

higher. In addition, this tendency do not change if

(with 100% of cement) to the

amount of fine particles in CCBA increases. It was

mix with CCBA (20% and

approved in the chemical composition research,

40% of cement mass) it is

which showed that pozzolanic activity of CCBA

possible to evaluate the CCBA

increases only slightly if the specific surface area

activity and its role in the

of particles expands.

concrete strength increase as a

result of long term

5. After 28 days of curing compressive strength

curing, By analysing results

class of concrete with CCBA grinding period of 4

obtained from research of

minutes reaches C16/20 and with CCBA grinding

CCBA containing concrete and

period

concrete with inert filler in

Compressive strength of concrete differs by

their

14.8%. The respective compressive strength

turn, it is possible to determine

increase do not provide corresponding economic

the role of the CCBA

benefit for additional grinding period (+11 min),

microfiller in ensuring ideal

therefore energy and resources can be economized

filler packing and creation of

on the grinding. Partially replacing cement with

dense concrete structure.

the CCBA, the consumption of cement and CO2

of

15

minutes

reaches

C20/25.

emission from the cement production reduces

3. properties of CCBA were

significantly. In addition to cement economizing,

determined, such as substance

possibility of environmental pollution with CCBA

density by Le Chatelier flask,

is prevented and effective application for CCBA is

particle size distribution after

found.

different grinding periods (4,

15, 30 and 45 minutes) (LVS

EN 933-2:1995 un LVS EN
451-2:2001),
CCBA particles were
investigated under scanning
electron microscope (SEM
TESCAN Mira\LMU
Field-Emission-Gun)
and chemical composition was
determined with EDX (energy
dispersive X-ray spectrometry
EDS, Oxford instruments
7378). The specific surface
area of particles was
deteremined by Porosimeter
NOVA 1200 (0.35 200 nm)
Quantachrome Instruments.
The pozzolanic activity of
particles was determined

according to the method

created at the
Laboratory of Analytical
Chemistry, Short description of
method:
Fine grinded materials
containing active SiO2 and
Al2O3 (pozzolanic additives or
hydraulic components) are
dissolved in weak hydrochloric
acid. Silica and aluminium
hydroxide are separated from
the solution by determining
their weight fractions followed
by burning of precipitates in
order to obtain active SiO2 and
Al2O3.

4. Cone slump of fresh mortar

specimens was determined

according to LVS EN
12350-2:2009. The necessary
amount of water for mortar
preparation was determined
experimentally depending on
the composition of mortar
aiming to maintain class S4
cone slump, which is 160
210 mm.
Mortar bulk density was
determined according to LVS
EN 1015-6:2003.

5. Density of hardened
concrete for concrete
specimens was determined
according to standard LVS EN
12390-7.

Compressive strength of
specimens was determined
according to standard LVS EN
12390-3/AC. Loading rate was
0.7 MPa/s.
Compressive strength of
specimens was determined
using hydraulic press
CONTROLS 3000kN.

Compressive strength of
concrete was tested for 7, 14,
28 and 90 days old specimens.

Depth of penetration of water

under pressure for concrete
was determined according to
standard LVS EN
12390-8:2009 with the

Controls impermeability
apparatus C245 by exposing
one surface of specimens to the
water with pressure of 5
atmospheres.
This experiment continued 72
hours. Water absorption was
determined for 28 days old
concrete specimens.

6. Chemical composition of
visually different CCBA
particles was detected using
EDX

7. Three different reference

mixes were prepared in order
to compare their properties
with those of CCBA containing

concrete. In one of the

reference mixes 100% of
cement was used as binder and
in two mixes cement was
partially replaced
by inert filler dolomite flour
20 and 40% from the cement
mass respectively.

8. Four different mixes with

CCBA were prepared two of
them with CCBA grinded for 4
minutes and other two with
CCBA grinded for 15 minutes,
replacing with it 20 and 40%
from the cement mass.

9. Normal curing regime was

applied to specimens

10

(10x10x10 cm) demoulded

specimens were kept in the
water with temperature
202 C for 3 days, then
placed in the room with
constant temperature regime
(202 C) and humidity level
(relative humidity 95% ).
Specimens were kept there
until the tests and experiments.
Mortar bulk density for all
specimens ranged from 2358 to
2382 kg/m3
2. USAGE OF

Haldu

COAL

2007

The purpose of the

1. In this study, the total carbon

main conclusions can be drawn;

present study is to

content of generated ash was

1. Compared to other pre-treatment methods such

COMBUSTIO

Kuram

test common methods

determined by employing the

as the heavy medium separation and electrostatic

N BOTTOM

(such as sink and

standard

separation

ASH IN

float test, particle size

analysis

the

method was found to be a more useful route for

CONCRETE

classification, and

determined LOI is accepted as

lowering the carbon content of the considered

loss-on-ignition
(LOI)

and

methods,

the

crushing-screening

11

MIXTURE

electrostatic

the mass of unburned carbon in

CBA. By using this method, 57.67% of feed CBA

separation) as an

the original sample, which is a

was beneficiated with an unburned carbon content

effective and

common approach in cement

of 4.65%.

economical method

and concrete applications. size

2. In concrete tests, although the compressive and

for removing of

values were calculated as 2.7

flexural strengths of specimens cured at 56 day

unburned carbon

and 1 mm, respectively.

increase

from Tuncbilek

with

increasing

amount

of

ash

replacement up to 15%, the maximum substitution

Power Station bottom

2. The specific gravity of the

rate of CBA was determined as 10%. When 10%

ash in order to

sample

of CBA is replaced by cement, the compressive

enhance its

pycnometer method was 2.39

strength of CBA-concrete increases from 42.65

application as a

g/cm3.

N/mm2 to 45.1 N/mm2. This relatively lower

measured

by

the

constituent in
concrete production.

substitution ratio compared to the common

3.

The

phases

crystalline
in

the

mineral

practice of fly ash usage, can be attributed to the

CBA were

different phase distributions and higher unburned

2. The paper also

identified by using

X-Ray

examines the effects

Diffraction

model

of pre-treated CBA

S5000 diffractometer, with a

3. The observed CSH fibres or elongated

additions on the final

nickel filtered Cu Ka.

particles on the

concrete properties as

(XRD),

carbon contents of CBA.

SEM micrograph of BC10 clearly indicate the

12

a replacement

4.

The

scanning

electron

for Portland cement

micrograph

of

ash

shows

in cement mixture

spherical,

rounded

and

irregularly shaped grains.

Methods
1. Pre-treatment
Particle

size

separation.

Mechanical means of removing

carbon from siliceous ash is
based on the relative particle
size of the carbon particles and
the siliceous particles in the
ash.

In

this

study,

the

representative 500 g of CBA

was subjected to laboratory
impact

crusher

with

and

without using 2 mm separating

sieve.

pozzolanic
effect of CBA substitution on improving the
strength

13

2. Sink and float tests. The sink

and float tests were performed
on crushed samples at various
densities

to

assess

the

suitability of heavy medium

separation. These experiments
were conducted in 250 mL
glass flax with a volume of 100
mL,

using

an

appropriate

mixture of bromoform and

alcohol to adjust the density of
liquid between 1.0 2.4 g/cm3.
A 50 g of representative ash
sample was introduced in the
liquid of highest density. The
floating product was removed,
washed and then placed into
the next lower density and so
on.

14

3. Electrostatic separation tests.

Electrostatic separation
encompasses a number of
different technologies which
are based on the electrical
properties of the particles to be
separated. The electrostatic
separation tests were carried
out by using a
conductor/non-conductor type
of separator (Boxmag Rapid
Ltd-HT150).

4. Moulding of CBA paste

specimens Representative
cement compositions were
prepared by progressive
incorporation of pre-treated
samples in place of Portland

15

cement (5, 10, 15, and 25 wt%)

to observe the effect of ash
addition in cement bodies.

5. The physical tests of

the cement mixes were
performed according to
Turkish standards TS EN
1971. The cementwater
mixtures were stirred at a low
speed for 30 s, and then with
the addition of sand, the
mixture was stirred again for 5
min. Three 40x 40 x160 mm
prismatic specimens for
compression tests were
prepared from each mixture.

The moulded specimens were

16

cured at 20

C with 95%

humidity for 24 h, and then

after placed in a tap water and
cured for 7, 28 and 56
days.

3.

M.

POZZOLANIC
PROPERTIES

1999

This paper examines

1. Characterization of the

Conclusion

Cheria

the pozzolanic

bottom ash

1. This particular ash, very poor in CaO (0.8%),

fa

activity of a Brazilian

presents a certain similarity to class F fly ash.

OF

bottom ash and a way

The chemical composition of

PULVERIZED

that allows for an

the bottom ash is given in

2. The pozzolanic activity of bottom ash with lime

COAL

improvement of its

Table 1. The calcium content is

is very low till 14 days of hydration. Pozzolanic

COMBUSTIO

reactivity.

very low (,1%) and the sum

activity starts at 28 days and the calcium

N BOTTOM

(SiO2b + Al2 O3 + Fe2O3)

hydroxide consumption is very important at 90

ASH

reaches 88.5%, which means

days.

that this ash belongs to ASTM

Type F ash.

3. The strength activity indexes with Portland

For this bottom ash, the loss on

cement determined on standard mortars according

ignition (LOI) is mainly due to

to the European standard ENV450 reach 0.88 at

17

carbon The X-ray

28 days and 0.97 at 90 days. Such values allow the

diffractogram of the ash .shows

use of bottom ash in concrete.

the presence of a glassy phase

with two major crystalline

4. An adequate grinding improves the pozzolanic

phases of quartz and mullite.

activity of the bottom ash. The filling role of

This low-calcium ash shows

ground ash is also interesting and the 28-day

diffused halo maxima at 2027

strength index of ash is increased by 27% when it

82 u (Cu Ka radiation).

is ground for 6 h in laboratory ball mill.

The scanning electron

micrograph of the ash, shows
both spherical and rounded
particles, and irregularly
shaped grains.

The specific gravity measured

by the pycnometer method was
2.0.

18

The particle size distribution of

bottom ash as received was
measured using a laser
granulometer.

Of the particles, 100% were

smaller than 100 mm and 2%
were smaller than 1mm. The
average diameter of the particle
size distribution was 35 mm.

Evaluation of the pozzolanic

activity of ash and other
pozzolans falls into three
categories: chemical, physical,
and mechanical.
The chemical evaluation,
which is the method of the
International Organization for

19

Standards (ISO)
recommendation R 863-1968,
measures the reduction of
calcium ions when a pozzolan
is suspended in a saturated
lime solution.

The X-ray diffraction

technique has been used to
monitor the progress of the
lime up take in pozzolanPortland cement containing fly
ash and rice-husk ash [10].

The results obtained by this

method indicated good
correlation between the lime
combined in the reaction and
the compressive strength of

20

mortars at 6 months and 1 year.

The mechanical methods

assess the strength properties
of concretes containing fly ash
and pozzolans, and ASTM C
311 describes the strength
activity with Portland cement
and with lime. For both, the
compressive strength of the
control mixture is compared
with the strength of
pozzolan-containing mixture at
ages of 7 or 28 days.

In the present study, both

mechanical and chemical
assessments of the pozzolanic

21

activity with lime were

performed.

Plain paste containing 50%

bottom ash (BA) and 50%
calcium hydroxide (CH) was
prepared at standard
consistency.

The water-to-solid ratio was

0.42. The paste was placed into
cylinders ( =50 mm, h=100
mm), kept in molds for 6 days,
then cured in water until 13,
27, and 89 days of hydration.

Before testing the samples

were dried at 50C for 1 day.

22

The cylinders were subjected

to compressive strength tests at
7, 14, 28, and 90 days.

At the same ages, the calcium

hydroxide consumption was
measured by the following
method, previously developed
by Ambroise et al [11]

to study the pozzolanic activity

of metakaolin. The
measurement was done by
differential thermal analysis on
600 mg of powder ground to be
smaller than 100mm. The
surface area of the residual
calcium hydroxide peak was
measured and compared to that

23

of a paste containing 50%

calcium hydroxide and 50%
ground silica, which acts as an
inert material.

The ratio between these two

peaks gave the relative calcium
hydroxide consumption of
bottom ash compared to an
inert filler. The microstructure
of the different pastes was also
investigated by scanning
electron microscopy associated
with energy- dispersive X-ray
analysis, using a Philips XL30
microscope (Philips, The
Netherlands). Strength activity
of bottom ash The strength
activity of bottom ash was

24

determined according to the

European standard EN 450.

The strength activity

index is the ratio of the
compressive strength of
standard mortar bars, prepared
with 75% reference cement
plus 25% ash by mass, to the
compressive strength of
standard mortar bars prepared
with reference cement alone,
when tested at the same age. If
these indexes are higher than
0.75 at 28 days and 0.85 at 90
days, the ash is allowed to be
used in concrete.
4.

A.

LIGHTWEIG

Beglar

2015

1. In this

1. Materials used in this

experimental

study are ordinary Portland

CONCLUSIONS

25

research, utilization

cement (CEM I 42.5 N), fly Applying the bottom ash (BA) and the fly ash in

BUILDING

of bottom ash of

ash (FA) of Soma B plant the production of lightweight building blocks were

BLOCKS

Dalan Chemical

and bottom ash of Turkeys investigated in this study. Pumice aggregate was

INCORPORAT

Company and fly ash

Dalan Chemical Company. replaced by bottom ash in high volume. Fly ash

ING BOTTOM

of Soma B power

According to ASTM C 618, was also replaced with cement in high volume.

ASH

plant (placed in

FA can be classified as class Test results indicated that;

AGGREGATE

Turkey), as a

C.

UNDER

construction material,

DIFFERENT

were investigated.

2. Bottom ash and pumice dimensional stability problem which was observed

CURING

Test results showed

were used as aggregate (0-5 especially over 50% of BA replacement ratios in

CONDITIONS

that, high volume

mm).

HT

igale

- BA replacement level must be limited due to

standard water curing.

bottom ash and fly

ash can be used in the

3. In the first stage, the - There is no significant difference in compressive

production of

effect

lightweight building

aggregate replacement on containing mixtures.

blocks as light weight

mechanical properties was curing is the most effective curing method among

aggregate and binder,

investigated

respectively.

different curing conditions compressive strength development.

of

bottom

in

ash strength of 50% BA containing and 100% pumice

Furthermore,

autoclave

three the others from the point of early and ultimate

(28-day water curing, steam

26

curing,

and

autoclave - Porosity of BA mixture is slightly higher than

curing).

pumice mixture. Both dry bulk density and

specific gravity of BA mixture are lower than P

4. Five different mixtures mixture due to lower unit of weight and porous
were

prepared.

These structure of bottom ash. Therefore, BA mixture is

mixtures are BA0, BA25, suitable to produce lightweight elements.

BA50, BA75 and BA100,
which indicates bottom ash - Thermal conductivity value of BA mixture is
replacement level by weight. lower than P mixture. The results of both mixtures
are lower than the conventional cement mortar

5. In the second stage, and in turn comparable with burn clay bricks.
selected bottom ash mixture
(BA) and control pumice - Porous structure of P and BA particles which
mixture (P) were prepared.

was observed in microstructural investigation

leads to an increase in the porosity of mixtures.

6.

The

mixtures

were - Compressive strength of building blocks

prepared in a Hobart mixer. produced from BA mix is approximately 25 % less

Test specimens were cast than P one. However, utilization of bottom ash

27

from the same batch into (BA) and fly ash are definitely suitable for the
steel molds. Physical and production of lightweight building blocks.
mechanical properties were These mixtures are very environment-friendly due
determined after different to the utilization of solid wastes in high volume
curing regimes.

and lack of burn process compared to the clay

bricks.

7. After the curing period,

three cube specimens (50
mm x 50 mm 50 mm) from
each mixture were subjected
to compressive strength test.

8. Physical properties of
specimens were also
determined. Prismatic
specimens (40 mm x 40 mm
x 160 mm) were used in
thermal conductivity and
capillary suction tests.

28

Bottom surface of the

prismatic specimens up to a
height of 34 mm is in
contact with water inside a
steel tray

9. Specimens were removed

from the steel tray at the
intervals of 4, 8, 12, 16, 20,
and 24 min and weighed
carefully .Furthermore, in
order to determine the
volume stability of mixtures,
prismatic (width: 25 mm,
height: 25 mm, length: 285
mm) specimens were used.
Building blocks and hallow
blocks were prepared by

29

using the selected mixtures.

5.

Abdul

POTENTIAL

hamee

of the strength

USE

characteristics of

Bottom ash is sand sized,

MALAYSIAN

concrete and mortar

usually

THERMAL

as influenced by CBA a4.75mm (No. 4) sieve. It also

with a density in the range of 1560-

POWER

as partial replacement

has 10 - 60% passing a

1960 kg/m3 and a 28 day compressive strength in

1. An established set of

PLANTS

of fine aggregate is

0.42mm (No. 40) sieve, 0 -

the range of 20-40 N/mm2 [30]. Though, the

standards that spells out

COAL

presented based on

10% passing a 0.075mm (No.

strength development is slow at the beginning but

guidelines on its usage

BOTTOM

the available

200) sieve, and a top size

with extended curing days, maximum strength can

and regulates it if need be.

information in the

usually above 19mm.

be achieved.

ASH

OF

IN

CONSTRUCTI

2012

1. a critical review

1. Physical properties.

50-90%

passing

ADVANTAGES OF USING COAL BOTTOM

Future research on the use

ASH.

of coal bottom ash in

construction should focus

1. It is possible to produce lightweight concrete

published literatures.

ON

on the following:

2. Long-term study on the

For categorization given in BS

2. Bottom ash may be used as a partial

effect of durability and

2. Diverse physical

882: 1992 based on percentage

replacement of natural aggregates, with finer

strength

and chemical

passing

sieve,

bottom ash used as sand. The percentage of

concrete and mortar using

properties of CBA

between 55% to 100% would

bottom ash that can be used in a mixture

coal

from different power

defined it as fine sand.

composition depends upon its quality and required

required.

the

600m

plants in Malaysia are

also presented.

strength of the product [34].

The grading requirements for

properties

bottom

ash

of

is

30

3. The influence

fine

of different types,

aggregates

3. Inclusion of bottom ash has a more pronounced

3.

described into four zones in BS

influence

on

constituent materials on

amounts and sources

882: 1973 and it was done

compressive strength, reduction of splitting tensile

the water absorption [19].

of CBA on the

based

strength is hardly noticed, as long as a minimum

strength and bulk

passing the 600m (No. 30

density of concrete

ASTM) sieve.

on

has

the

been

percentage

on

tensile

resistance

than

cement content of 365 kg/m3 is utilized [28].

influence

of

4. Chloride transport and

Corrosion effect of coal

is discussed.

4. Drying shrinkage decreased with an increase in

2. Specific gravity of bottom

bottom ash content. Concrete made from bottom

4. The setting time,

ash is a function of chemical

ash exhibits a reduced drying shrinkage in

workability and

composition,

comparison with that of the control samples [28].

consistency as well as

carbon content resulting in

the advantages and

lower specific gravity.

5. Due to increased demand for mixing water,

disadvantages of

Coal Bottom ash with a low

bottom ash mixture displayed a much higher

using CBA in

specific gravity, has a porous

degree of bleeding than the control concrete [28].

construction

or

materials are also

characteristics

popcorn

6. High fire resistance: for protection against fire,

highlighted.

particles that readily degrade

those materials that retain large quantity of water

under loading or compaction

are more desirable, since when they are exposed

[13].

to a fire, part of this water evaporates and is

vesicular

The

with

higher

texture,
of

bottom ash concrete.

31

5. An effective

Bottom ash with a porous or

transported from the fire exposed surface to the

utilization of CBA in

hollow ash may present a

interior of the material, where the water cools and

construction

specific gravity as low as or

condenses again [35].

materials

will

significantly

even lower than 1.6 [14].

reduce

7. Fly and bottom ashes increase the fire

the accumulation of

The range of the specific

resistance of blocks, and are principally due to the

the

in

gravity of this bottom ash

wide evaporation plateau that those ashes incur as

thus

might be different depending

a result of increase water intake of the porous

reduce environmental

on coal type, origin, size,

aggregates [21]

pollution.

handling, processing technique,

by-products

landfills

and

boiler
storage

size,

disposal

methods

or

and
other

DISADVANTAGES

OF

USING

COAL

BOTTOM ASH.

criteria [15].
1. The early strength development of coal bottom
All these factors mentioned

ash has been shown to be very slow at the

have a commanding influence

beginning, but as the curing period is extended

on the specific gravity property

beyond 28 days, a dramatic increase in strength is

of bottom ash, as reported by

noticed [6].

[16],

32

2. Bottom ash mixtures display a lower modulus

When they investigated the

of elasticity than the control mixes. The empirical

physical properties of bottom

relationship between static modulus of elasticity,

ash

from

unit weight and compressive strength is slightly

different disposal points in a

lower than that suggested by the American

disposal pond. There is a

Concrete Institute (a=31.2) [28].

specimen

taken

difference of Gs between the

sample taken from nearest to

3. Due to high water absorption rate, angular

slurry disposal point and one

shape and very porous surface of the bottom ash,

taken farther away

higher water content is required to achieve the

degree of lubrication needed for a workable mix.

3. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

The increase water demand has a moderate effect

on early-age characteristics of bottom ash

The chemical analysis of CBA concretes [28].

either

using

X-ray

energy

dispersive spectrometry (EDS)

4. The inclusion of bottom ash has been shown to

or X-ray fluorescence (XRF)

delay the setting time of the mixture with increase

will reveal that the main

in percentage of bottom ash, the initial setting

chemical compounds include

time is further delayed. This can be attributed to

33

Silicates (SiO3), Aluminates

the reduction in the quantity of C3S as a result of

(Al2O3) & Iron oxide (Fe2O3)

adding bottom ash and the amount of mixing

with a host of other compounds

water required to maintain a workable mix.

in smaller percentages.

4. INFLUENCE OF COAL
BOTTOM ASH ON THE
MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES OF
CONCRETE & MORTAR.

According to [6],
Bottom ash has a large
particle size and a high porous
surface, resulting in higher
water requirement and lower
compressive strength. The
water retention capacity of
bottom ash has also

34

been highlighted by [21] &

[22] that additions increase
the capacity of aerated block to
retain water since Bottom ash
is a porous material, thereby
improving the moisture
transport behavior
within the block during fire

Method

Standard

Onjective

Type
sample

of

Day testing

No
of
sample/
cubes/slabs

35