How Zero-gravity Flights Work

by Jonathan Strickland

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Training to become an astronaut requires an applicant to endure physically demanding and stressful tests -- various
machines and simulators measure each trainee's response to the rigors of space travel. Today, an entirely unrelated
industry uses many of these simulators and other devices for a different purpose -- entertainment.

Photo courtesy of Zero Gravity Corporation

Playing catch with a fellow passenger in a low-gravity environment

Few of these simulators appeal to the general public more than the zero-gravity flight. Almost everyone dreams of
floating effortlessly like astronauts in space. Currently, NASA uses a modified C-9 plane to create simulations of
aweightless environment, both for training purposes and to conduct weightlessness experiments (without the
enormous costs of space travel). Until recently, only a select few had the privilege of experiencing these flights.
Today, a company called Zero Gravity Corporation (ZERO-G) offers this experience to the general public.
In this article, we'll learn about gravity, free-falling and what it's like to board the so-called "vomit comet." We'll start
with what it's like to experience weightlessness.

Simulating Weightlessness
So exactly how can we simulate weightlessness without escaping the gravitational pull of the Earth? The simplest
answer is that we observe an object in free fall. Free fall is when an object falls solely under the influence of gravity.
Because of air resistance, an object can't truly be in a free fall without being in a vacuum.

Photo courtesy of Zero Gravity CorporationZero Gravity Corporation

Parabolic flight path

In order for passengers in a plane to experience a free fall safely, the aircraft must climb at a steep angle, level off,
and then dive, creating a path called a parabolic arc, also called a Keplerian Trajectory or free-fall path. In a true
parabolic arc, the only accelerative force is gravity pulling in a vertical direction -- horizontal velocity remains

Photo courtesy of Zero Gravity Corporation

A passenger aboard the G-FORCE-ONE

constant. Because of air resistance, objects in Earth's atmosphere only travel in arcs that approximate a true
parabola.
Typically, ZERO-G's plane, called G-FORCE-ONE, flies between 24,000 and 32,000 feet altitude. This gives the pilot
enough room to maneuver the plane safely through its flight path. The plane's descent must start at a high altitude to
provide enough distance for the pilot to safely pull out of a dive. As the plane climbs to the peak of its arc, the pilot
orients it at a 45-degree angle. During the climb, the plane's acceleration and the force of gravity create a pull 1.8
times the strength of gravity alone -- passengers temporarily weigh nearly twice as much as normal.
As the plane goes over the top of the arc, the centrifugal forceexerted on the plane and everything in it cancels out
the gravitational force pulling downwards. At this point, passengers experiencemicrogravity -- it feels as if you are
weightless because only negligible gravitational forces are present. The sense of weightlessness lasts for about 30
seconds. Because the plane shields the passengers from the rush of air, they can experience a free fall without the
interference of air resistance.
The pilot pulls the plane out of the dive so that the dip between one arc and the next is at about 24,000 feet altitude.
As the plane pulls out of the dive and begins to climb again, passengers again experience the force of 1.8 times that
of gravity. The typical ZERO-G flight includes 15 of these parabolic arcs, while NASA flights may include up to 100.
In the next section, we'll find out how passengers prepare for zero gravity -- and motion sickness.

Largest LMT on Earth

The largest LMT on Earth is the Large Zenith Telescope in British Columbia. Its spinning liquid mirror is almost 20 feet
across and weighs three tons, making it the third-largest telescope in North America. The dish that holds the mercury
is fabricated from hexagonal segments glued together to form a shell. Each piece has a high-density foam core
covered with fiberglass. To give the shell a concave shape, it is heated in a large oven. A wall at the rim of the mirror
prevents mercury from spilling.

The Advantages of Liquid Mirror Telescopes

The biggest advantage of an LMT is its relative low cost. Liquid
telescopes cost much less to build than polished aluminum mirrors of
similar size. For example, the Large Zenith Telescope carried a price tag of
$1 million. A comparable glass mirror telescope would cost 100 times that
much to build. And LMTs cost less to maintain, mainly because the liquid
mirror doesnt need to be cleaned, adjusted or aluminized.
Of course, there are some drawbacks. Mercury is extremely toxic, so
working with it poses some long-term health risks. Not only that, the dish
holding the mercury can only be tilted so far before the liquid spills out.
This limits the view of an LMT, which can only look straight up.
Supporting the dish is a steel truss and 19 adjustable pads. The truss, in turn, is supported by a stainless-steel air
bearing designed just for the Large Zenith Telescope. An air bearing is a special type of bearing that uses a thin film
of pressurized air to act as the lubricant around the shaft that turns the mirror. Normal bearings that use oil lubricants
are less effective because they produce vibrations and unstable rotations that degrade image quality. As a zerofriction solution, an air bearing eliminates these problems, leading to a perfectly smooth, vibration-free rotation. A
built-in brushless DC motor turns the air bearing spindle and can rotate a load up to 10 tons at approximately 10
revolutions per minute.

Photo courtesy of Professional Instrument Company

The air bearing spindle at the bottom of a liquid mirror telescope

Six support legs attach the primary mirror to a ring at the top of the telescope. The ring supports a smaller refracting
lens that helps focus the image, as well as the detector. The detector includes a charge-coupled device (CCD), which
gathers photons of light and converts them into picture elements, or pixels. These pixels are transferred to a
computer screen and pieced together to form an image that can be manipulated and enhanced to improve the image
detail. The computer is not housed in the telescope's observatory structure, but in a building located nearby
The one problem with the Large Zenith Telescope -- a problem it shares with all Earth-bound telescopes -- is its
location. Even at an altitude of 1,295 feet, its view of the heavens is still shielded by the atmosphere. If a liquid mirror
telescope mirror could be placed on the moon, where there is no atmosphere to block ultraviolet, infrared and other

forms of energy, it could provide even more spectacular results. But, as we'll see in the next section, building an LMT
on the moon presents its own challenges.

Suiting Up
If you want to experience a zero-gravity flight, you can book a trip on G-FORCE-ONE -- a modified Boeing 727-200 -through the ZERO-G Web site or at your local Sharper Image store for $3,500. The package includes your flight,
unique merchandise and a post-flight celebration (or, depending on your point of view, a wake for your temporary
dramatic weight loss). Passengers must be at least 15 years old if unaccompanied, or 12 if flying with a parent or
guardian.

Motion Sickness
ZERO-G has a stigma to shake off -- that of the Vomit Comet, the
name passengers gave to NASAs zero-gravity flight programs.
Many people who have taken a trip on NASAs zero-gravity flights
experienced severe motion sickness. ZERO-Gs focus is more on
entertainment than research, and so they strive to reduce
passenger discomfort.
According to the company, most people begin to experience motion
sickness after the plane has traveled through 25 or more parabolic
arcs -- the company limits G-FORCE-ONE to 15 arcs per trip
[Source: Zero Gravity Corporation]. The company also provides
Dramamine for passengers prone to motion sickness.
After you book your flight, the company will mail you a packet of information and forms to fill out. Forms include a
waiver and statement that you are not suffering from any conditions or illnesses that could become worse during the
flight. Some passengers may need to obtain a doctor's permission before the company allows them to go on the

Photo courtesy of NASA

NASAs KC-135A in a
45-degree ascent.
experience.
On the day of your flight, you'll travel to the appropriate location -- normally either McCarren International Airport in
Las Vegas or the Kennedy Space Center in Florida. Once you're at the airport, you'll have to check in with the flight
center where you'll receive your own flight suit.
You'll then enjoy a light meal (you wouldn't want to fill up before throwing your sense of equilibrium out of whack)
provided by the company before watching an orientation and safety video. The video is a mandatory part of the
experience, and the company is serious about showing it to every passenger. If you leave during the video for any
reason, you will have to watch the entire video again uninterrupted before the company allows you on the flight. After
the video, passengers participate in a question-and-answer session with the flight crew.
In the next section, we'll find out what it's like to do a somersault in zero gravity

Taking the Plunge

Photo courtesy of Zero Gravity Corporation

Each flight includes 15 parabolas

-- a total of seven to eight
minutes of reduced gravity.
Once the question-and-answer session is over, it's time to board the plane. Passengers sit in the rear of the plane,
which looks like a normal 727, apart from the lack of windows. You'll fasten your seat belt, and the pilot will taxi the
plane to the runway and take off just like any other flight. Once you reach cruising altitude, it's time to unbuckle your
seat belt and move to the play area of the plane, where you'll lie down as you prepare for the first steep climb, during
which the g-forces increase.
When the plane goes over the top of the highest point, a crew member will yell "Martian gravity," "Lunar gravity" or
"zero gravity." At that point you can move about the play area, experiencing a reduced-gravity environment. The crew
offer assistance and take pictures and video footage of your experience as you float, somersault, fly and bounce
through the play area. When the plane begins to pull out of its dive, a crew member will yell, "feet down." This is your
cue to orient yourself so that you may safely land on the floor as gravity gradually increases. You'll have to lie down
again to prepare for the next climb.
Each flight includes 15 parabolas, which means you'll experience seven to eight minutes of reduced gravity. Once the
plane completes the final parabolic arc, you'll return to the seating area and strap in for landing. Upon your return to
the airport, you'll leave the plane to go to a post-flight party, complete with complimentary champagne and souvenirs.

" face="arial,helvetica" size="3">Martian and Lunar Gravity

By adjusting the curve of the flight path, the plane can simulate the
gravity of Mars or the moon. The shape of the parabola is
elongated and not as steep as the free-fall path. The resulting
centrifugal force is weaker and only partially offsets the force of
gravity.
Earths gravity is about three times stronger than Mars and about
six times stronger than Lunar gravity.
In the next section, we'll find out how the Boeing 727-200 was retrofitted to withstand the force of 15 parabolic arcs.

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Inside the G-FORCE-ONE

Doctors Peter Diamandis and Byron Lichtenberg founded ZERO-G in 1993 with the intention of creating a space
entertainment and tourism company. NASA used to conduct zero-gravity flights using a Boeing KC-135A
Stratotanker, originally designed as an in-flight aircraft refueling vehicle. Diamandis and Lichtenberg needed an
aircraft that met FAA (Federal Aviation Administration) regulations (NASA is exempt from FAA certification, but
commercial travel is not), yet could withstand the stresses involved in simulating weightlessness. The aircraft also
needed to be less expensive to purchase and maintain than the KC-135A. They focused their attention on theBoeing
727-200.

Photo courtesy of Zero Gravity Corporation

Passengers can eat candy in a weightless environment and

not gain weight ... at least until they land.
The 727 has many qualities that appealed to Diamandis and Lichtenberg. Most large airports in the United States can
accommodate the aircraft. Also, because the 727 is still a major part of the fleets of many airlines, parts and servicing
are readily available. And although ZERO-G made some minor modifications to the aircraft, the 727 met FAA
regulations, including standards on noise abatement.
In 2004, the FAA granted ZERO-G the permission to conduct flights in a 727-200 using parabolic paths. The company
flies over uninhabited areas that are out of the way of most commercial flight routes. Each flight takes place within an
FAA-designated corridor about 100 miles long and 10 miles wide.

Photo courtesy of Zero Gravity Corporation

ZERO-Gs Boeing 727-200, G-FORCE-ONE

ZERO-G modified the 727-200 to better suit the company's needs. Crews removed most of the seating and created a
padded, 90-foot-long corridor where flyers -- the company's term for passengers -- would experience weightlessness.
The rear of the plane can hold up to 35 flyers and six crew members. Engineers designed a new hydraulic system
that prevented air and hydraulic fluid from mixing in a weightless environment -- such a mixture could result in a loss
of hydraulic pressure, making it very difficult to control the plane. The new hydraulic system is a closed system,
meaning a series of valves prevents air and hydraulic fluid from mixing.
Engineers also designed a special accelerometer for the cockpit. The accelerometer measures the plane's speed
and path through a parabolic arc. Because of ZERO-G's focus on providing entertainment to customers, the company
felt that comfort of customers was an important concern (NASA relies on its pilots to follow the parabolic path on their
own and is less concerned about the smoothness of the flight). Pilots can receive data on their flight path, making
minor adjustments when necessary to make ensure each arc is smooth as possible.
Boeing designed the 727 to withstand forces from -0.1 G to 2.5 G. The g-load stresses during parabolic flight on GFORCE-ONE range from 0 G to 1.8 G, well within the range of safety. ZERO-G regularly inspects the aircraft for
signs of equipment fatigue and maintenance needs.

Thank You
The company's headquarters is in Las Vegas, Nev. Most flights originate from
Las Vegas or the Kennedy Space Center in Florida, but because many
Thanks to Dr. Peter Diamandis of
airports can accommodate a 727, the company invites customers to charter
the Zero Gravity Corporation for
flights based out of their nearest major airport, making it that much easier to
his input on this article.
achieve a lifelong dream of defying gravity.
To find out more about zero-gravity flights, check out the links on the next page.

Lots More Information

Related HowStuffWorks Articles

How Airplanes Work

How Airports Work
How do satellites orbit the Earth?
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How Mars Works
How NASA Works
How Space Planes Will Work
How Space Shuttles Work
How Space Tourism Works
How Weightlessness Works
More Great Links

Zero Gravity Corporation

NASA
The X Prize Foundation

Sources

"A brief interlude in zero-G." New Scientist. Vol. 194, Issue 2602, 5/5/2007.
Dempsey, Robert, et al. "Thank You for Flying the Vomit Comet." The Physics Teacher. Vol. 45,
February 2007.
Gold, Scott. "Floating Free and Queasy." Los Angeles Times. Sept. 15, 2004.
Personal interview with Dr. Peter Diamandis on July 20, 2007.
Spangenberg, Ray and Moser, Diane. "The World's Highest Rollercoaster." Final Frontier,
Sept./Oct. 1988.
US Patent # 5,971,319. System for converting jet aircraft to parabolic flight operation.
ZERO-G Corporation
http://www.gozerog.com