CS2060- HIGH SPEED NETWORK

Unit I
Frame relay Networks
Frame Relay often is described as a streamlined version of X.25, offering fewer of the robust
capabilities, such as windowing and retransmission of last data that are offered in X.25.
Frame Relay Devices
Devices attached to a Frame Relay WAN fall into the following two general categories:

Data terminal equipment (DTE)

Data circuit-terminating equipment (DCE)

DTEs generally are considered to be terminating equipment for a specific network and typically
are located on the premises of a customer. In fact, they may be owned by the customer. Examples
of DTE devices are terminals, personal computers, routers, and bridges.
DCEs are carrier-owned internetworking devices. The purpose of DCE equipment is to provide
clocking and switching services in a network, which are the devices that actually transmit data
through the WAN. In most cases, these are packet switches. Figure 10-1 shows the relationship
between the two categories of devices.
Standard Frame Relay Frame
Standard Frame Relay frames consist of the fields illustrated in Figure 10-4.
Figure Five Fields Comprise the Frame Relay Frame

Each frame relay PDU consists of the following fields:

1. Flag Field. The flag is used to perform high level data link synchronization which
indicates the beginning and end of the frame with the unique pattern 01111110. To ensure
that the 01111110 pattern does not appear somewhere inside the frame, bit stuffing and
destuffing procedures are used.
2. Address Field. Each address field may occupy either octet 2 to 3, octet 2 to 4, or octet 2
to 5, depending on the range of the address in use. A two-octet address field comprising

the EA=ADDRESS FIELD EXTENSION BITS and the C/R=COMMAND/RESPONSE

BIT.
3. DLCI-Data Link Connection Identifier Bits. The DLCI serves to identify the virtual
connection so that the receiving end knows which information connection a frame
belongs to. Note that this DLCI has only local significance. A single physical channel can
multiplex several different virtual connections.
4. FECN, BECN, DE bits. These bits report congestion:
o

FECN=Forward Explicit Congestion Notification bit

BECN=Backward Explicit Congestion Notification bit

DE=Discard Eligibility bit

5. Information Field. A system parameter defines the maximum number of data bytes that a
host can pack into a frame. Hosts may negotiate the actual maximum frame length at call
set-up time. The standard specifies the maximum information field size (supportable by
any network) as at least 262 octets. Since end-to-end protocols typically operate on the
basis of larger information units, frame relay recommends that the network support the
maximum value of at least 1600 octets in order to avoid the need for segmentation and
reassembling by end-users.
Frame Check Sequence (FCS) Field. Since one cannot completely ignore the bit error-rate of the
medium, each switching node needs to implement error detection to avoid wasting bandwidth
due to the transmission of erred frames. The error detection mechanism used in frame relay uses
the cyclic redundancy check (CRC) as its basis.
Congestion-Control Mechanisms
Frame Relay reduces network overhead by implementing simple congestion-notification
mechanisms rather than explicit, per-virtual-circuit flow control. Frame Relay typically is
implemented on reliable network media, so data integrity is not sacrificed because flow control
can be left to higher-layer protocols. Frame Relay implements two congestion-notification
mechanisms:

Forward-explicit congestion notification (FECN)

Backward-explicit congestion notification (BECN) FECN and BECN each is controlled by a

single bit contained in the Frame Relay frame header. The Frame Relay frame header also
contains a Discard Eligibility (DE) bit, which is used to identify less important traffic that can be
dropped during periods of congestion.

Frame Relay versus X.25

The design of X.25 aimed to provide error-free delivery over links with high error-rates. Frame
relay takes advantage of the new links with lower error-rates, enabling it to eliminate many of the
services provided by X.25. The elimination of functions and fields, combined with digital links,
enables frame relay to operate at speeds 20 times greater than X.25.
X.25 specifies processing at layers 1, 2 and 3 of the OSI model, while frame relay operates at
layers 1 and 2 only. This means that frame relay has significantly less processing to do at each
node, which improves throughput by an order of magnitude.
X.25 prepares and sends packets, while frame relay prepares and sends frames. X.25 packets
contain several fields used for error and flow control, none of which frame relay needs. The
frames in frame relay contain an expanded address field that enables frame relay nodes to direct
frames to their destinations with minimal processing .
X.25 has a fixed bandwidth available. It uses or wastes portions of its bandwidth as the load
dictates. Frame relay can dynamically allocate bandwidth during call setup negotiation at both
the physical and logical channel level.
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is an International Telecommunication UnionTelecommunications Standards Section (ITU-T) standard for cell relay wherein information for
multiple service types, such as voice, video, or data, is conveyed in small, fixed-size cells. ATM
networks are connection-oriented.
ATM is a cell-switching and multiplexing technology that combines the benefits of circuit
switching (guaranteed capacity and constant transmission delay) with those of packet switching
(flexibility and efficiency for intermittent traffic). It provides scalable bandwidth from a few
megabits per second (Mbps) to many gigabits per second (Gbps). Because of its asynchronous
nature, ATM is more efficient than synchronous technologies, such as time-division multiplexing
(TDM).
With TDM, each user is assigned to a time slot, and no other station can send in that time slot. If
a station has much data to send, it can send only when its time slot comes up, even if all other
time slots are empty. However, if a station has nothing to transmit when its time slot comes up,
the time slot is sent empty and is wasted. Because ATM is asynchronous, time slots are available
on demand with information identifying the source of the transmission contained in the header of
each ATM cell.
ATM transfers information in fixed-size units called cells. Each cell consists of 53 octets,
or bytes. The first 5 bytes contain cell-header information, and the remaining 48 contain the
payload (user information). Small, fixed-length cells are well suited to transferring voice and
video traffic because such traffic is intolerant of delays that result from having to wait for a large
data packet to download, among other things. Figure illustrates the basic format of an ATM cell.
Figure :An ATM Cell Consists of a Header and Payload Data

ATM Protocol architecture:

ATM is almost similar to cell relay and packets witching using X.25and framerelay.like packet
switching and frame relay,ATM involves the transfer of data in discrete pieces.also,like packet
switching and frame relay ,ATM allows multiple logical connections to multiplexed over a single
physical interface. in the case of ATM,the information flow on each logical connection is
organised into fixed-size packets, called cells. ATM is a streamlined protocol with minimal error
and flow control capabilities :this reduces the overhead of processing ATM cells and reduces the
number of overhead bits required with each cell, thus enabling ATM to operate at high data
rates.the use of fixed-size cells simplifies the processing required at each ATM node,again
supporting the use of ATM at high data rates. The ATM architecture uses a logical model to
describe the functionality that it supports. ATM functionality corresponds to the physical layer
and part of the data link layer of the OSI reference model. . the protocol referencce model shown
makes reference to three separate planes:
user plane provides for user information transfer ,along with associated controls (e.g.,flow
control ,error control).
control plane performs call control and connection control functions.
management plane includes plane management ,which performs management function related to
a system as a whole and provides coordination between all the planes ,and layer management
which performs management functions relating to resource and parameters residing in its
protocol entities .
The ATM reference model is composed of the following ATM layers:

Physical layerAnalogous to the physical layer of the OSI reference model, the ATM

physical layer manages the medium-dependent transmission.

ATM layerCombined with the ATM adaptation layer, the ATM layer is roughly analogous

to the data link layer of the OSI reference model. The ATM layer is responsible for the
simultaneous sharing of virtual circuits over a physical link (cell multiplexing) and passing cells
through the ATM network (cell relay). To do this, it uses the VPI and VCI information in the
header of each ATM cell.

ATM adaptation layer (AAL)Combined with the ATM layer, the AAL is roughly analogous

to the data link layer of the OSI model. The AAL is responsible for isolating higher-layer
protocols from the details of the ATM processes. The adaptation layer prepares user data for
conversion into cells and segments the data into 48-byte cell payloads.
Finally, the higher layers residing above the AAL accept user data, arrange it into packets, and
hand it to the AAL. Figure :illustrates the ATM reference model.

Structure of an ATM cell

An ATM cell consists of a 5 byte header and a 48 byte payload. The payload size of 48 bytes was
a compromise between the needs of voice telephony and packet networks, obtained by a simple
averaging of the US proposal of 64 bytes and European proposal of 32, said by some to be
motivated by a European desire not to need echo-cancellers on national trunks.
ATM defines two different cell formats: NNI (Network-network interface) and UNI (Usernetwork interface). Most ATM links use UNI cell format.
Diagram of the UNI ATM Cell

Diagram of the NNI ATM Cell

4 3

GFC

VPI

VPI

VPI

VCI

VPI

VCI

VCI

4 3
VCI

VCI

PT

CLP

HEC

Payload

VCI

PT

CLP

(48

bytes)

HEC

(48

bytes)

Payload

GFC = Generic Flow Control (4 bits) (default: 4-zero bits)

VPI = Virtual Path Identifier (8 bits UNI) or (12 bits NNI)
VCI = Virtual channel identifier (16 bits)
PT = Payload Type (3 bits)
CLP = Cell Loss Priority (1-bit)
HEC = Header Error Correction (8-bit CRC, polynomial = X8 + X2 + X + 1)
The PT field is used to designate various special kinds of cells for Operation and Management
(OAM) purposes, and to delineate packet boundaries in some AALs.
Several of ATM's link protocols use the HEC field to drive a CRC-Based Framing algorithm,
which allows the position of the ATM cells to be found with no overhead required beyond what
is otherwise needed for header protection. The 8-bit CRC is used to correct single-bit header
errors and detect multi-bit header errors. When multi-bit header errors are detected, the current
and subsequent cells are dropped until a cell with no header errors is found.
In a UNI cell the GFC field is reserved for a local flow control/submultiplexing system between
users. This was intended to allow several terminals to share a single network connection, in the
same way that two ISDN phones can share a single basic rate ISDN connection. All four GFC
bits must be zero by default.The NNI cell format is almost identical to the UNI format, except
that the 4-bit GFC field is re-allocated to the VPI field, extending the VPI to 12 bits. Thus, a
single NNI ATM interconnection is capable of addressing almost 2 12 VPs of up to almost 216 VCs
each (in practice some of the VP and VC numbers are reserved).

A Virtual Channel (VC) denotes the transport of ATM cells which have the same unique
identifier, called the Virtual Channel Identifier (VCI). This identifier is encoded in the cell
header. A virtual channel represents the basic means of communication between two end-points,
and is analogous to an X.25 virtual circuit.
A Virtual Path (VP) denotes the transport of ATM cells belonging to virtual channels which share
a common identifier, called the Virtual Path Identifier (VPI), which is also encoded in the cell
header. A virtual path, in other words, is a grouping of virtual channels which connect the same
end-points. This two layer approach results in improved network performance. Once a virtual
path is set up, the addition/removal of virtual channels is straightforward

ATM Classes of Services

ATM is connection oriented and allows the user to specify the resources required on a perconnection basis (per SVC) dynamically. There are the five classes of service defined for ATM
(as per ATM Forum UNI 4.0 specification). The QoS parameters for these service classes are
summarized in Table 1.
Service Class

Quality of Service Parameter

This class is used for emulating circuit switching. The cell rate is constant
constant bit rate with time. CBR applications are quite sensitive to cell-delay variation.
(CBR)
Examples of applications that can use CBR are telephone traffic (i.e., nx64
kbps), videoconferencing, and television.
This class allows users to send traffic at a rate that varies with time
variable bit rate
depending on the availability of user information. Statistical multiplexing is
non-real
time
provided to make optimum use of network resources. Multimedia e-mail is
(VBRNRT)
an example of VBRNRT.
variable bit rate This class is similar to VBRNRT but is designed for applications that are
real time (VBR sensitive to cell-delay variation. Examples for real-time VBR are voice with
RT)
speech activity detection (SAD) and interactive compressed video.
This class of ATM services provides rate-based flow control and is aimed at
data traffic such as file transfer and e-mail. Although the standard does not
require the cell transfer delay and cell-loss ratio to be guaranteed or
available bit rate
minimized, it is desirable for switches to minimize delay and loss as much
(ABR)
as possible. Depending upon the state of congestion in the network, the
source is required to control its rate. The users are allowed to declare a
minimum cell rate, which is guaranteed to the connection by the network.
unspecified
rate (UBR)

bit

This class is the catch-all, other class and is widely used today for TCP/IP.

Technical
Parameter

Definition

CLR is the percentage of cells not delivered at their destination

cell loss ratio
because they were lost in the network due to congestion and buffer
(CLR)
overflow.
The delay experienced by a cell between network entry and exit
cell
transfer points is called the CTD. It includes propagation delays, queuing
delay (CTD)
delays at various intermediate switches, and service times at queuing
points.
cell
delay CDV is a measure of the variance of the cell transfer delay. High
variation
variation implies larger buffering for delay-sensitive traffic such as
(CDV)
voice and video.
peak cell rate The maximum cell rate at which the user will transmit. PCR is the
(PCR)
inverse of the minimum cell inter-arrival time.
sustained cell This is the average rate, as measured over a long interval, in the
rate (SCR)
order of the connection lifetime.
This parameter determines the maximum burst that can be sent at the
burst tolerance
peak rate. This is the bucket-size parameter for the enforcement
(BT)
algorithm that is used to control the traffic entering the network.

Benefits of ATM
The benefits of ATM are the following:

high performance via hardware switching

dynamic bandwidth for bursty traffic

class-of-service support for multimedia

scalability in speed and network size

common LAN/WAN architecture

opportunities for simplification via VC architecture

international standards compliance

ATM Adaptation Layers (AAL)

The use of Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) technology and services creates the need for an
adaptation layer in order to support information transfer protocols, which are not based on ATM.
This adaptation layer defines how to segment and reassemble higher-layer packets into ATM
cells, and how to handle various transmission aspects in the ATM layer.
Examples of services that need adaptations are Gigabit Ethernet, IP, Frame Relay, SONET/SDH,
UMTS/Wireless, etc.
The main services provided by AAL (ATM Adaptation Layer) are:

Segmentation and reassembly

Handling of transmission errors

Handling of lost and misinserted cell conditions

Timing and flow control

The following ATM Adaptation Layer protocols (AALs) have been defined by the ITU-T. It is
meant that these AALs will meet a variety of needs. The classification is based on whether a
timing relationship must be maintained between source and destination, whether the application
requires a constant bit rate, and whether the transfer is connection oriented or connectionless.

AAL Type 1 supports constant bit rate (CBR), synchronous, connection oriented traffic.
Examples include T1 (DS1), E1, and x64 kbit/s emulation.

AAL Type 2 supports time-dependent Variable Bit Rate (VBR-RT) of connectionoriented, synchronous traffic. Examples include Voice over ATM. AAL2 is also widely
used in wireless applications due to the capability of multiplexing voice packets from
different users on a single ATM connection.

AAL Type 3/4 supports VBR, data traffic, connection-oriented, asynchronous traffic (e.g.
X.25 data) or connectionless packet data (e.g. SMDS traffic) with an additional 4-byte
header in the information payload of the cell. Examples include Frame Relay and X.25.

AAL Type 5 is similar to AAL 3/4 with a simplified information header scheme. This
AAL assumes that the data is sequential from the end user and uses the Payload Type
Indicator (PTI) bit to indicate the last cell in a transmission. Examples of services that use
AAL 5 are classic IP over ATM, Ethernet Over ATM, SMDS, and LAN Emulation
(LANE). AAL 5 is a widely used ATM adaptation layer protocol. This protocol was
intended to provide a streamlined transport facility for higher-layer protocols that are
connection oriented.

AAL 5 was introduced to:

reduce protocol processing overhead.

reduce transmission overhead.

ensure adaptability to existing transport protocols.

T AAL1 PDU
The structure of the AAL1 PDU is given in the following illustration:
SN

SNP

CSI

SC

CRC

EPC SAR PDU Payload

1 bit

3
bits

3 bits

1 bit

47 bytes

AAL1 PDU
SN
Sequence number. Numbers the stream of SAR PDUs of a CPCS PDU (modulo 16). The
sequence number is comprised of the CSI and the SN.
CSI
Convergence sublayer indicator. Used for residual time stamp for clocking.
SC
Sequence count. The sequence number for the entire CS PDU, which is generated by the
Convergence Sublayer.
SNP
Sequence number protection. Comprised of the CRC and the EPC.
CRC
Cyclic redundancy check calculated over the SAR header.
EPC
Even parity check calculated over the CRC.
SAR
47-byte user information field.

PDU

payload

AAL2
AAL2 provides bandwidth-efficient transmission of low-rate, short and variable packets in delay
sensitive applications. It supports VBR and CBR. AAL2 also provides for variable payload

within cells and across cells. AAL type 2 is subdivided into the Common Part Sublayer (CPS )
and the Service Specific Convergence Sublayer (SSCS ).
AAL2 CPS Packet
The CPS packet consists of a 3 octet header followed by a payload. The structure of the AAL2
CPS packet is shown in the following illustration.

CID

LI

UUI

HEC Information payload

8 bits

6 bits

5 bits 5 bits 1-45/64 bytes

AAL2 CPS packet

CID Channelidentification.
LI
Length indicator. This is the length of the packet payload associated with each individual user.
Value is one less than the packet payload and has a default value of 45 bytes (may be set to 64
bytes).
UUI
User-to-user indication. Provides a link between the CPS and an appropriate SSCS that satisfies
the higher layer application
HEC
Header error control.
AAL2
The structure of the AAL2 SAR PDU is given in the following illustration.

Start

OSF

SN

field

CPS-PDU payload

AAL2 PDU payload

PAD

6 bits 1 bit

1 bit

0-47
bytes

AAL2 CPS PDU

OSF
Offset field. Identifies the location of the start of the next CPS packet within the CPS-PDU.
SN
Sequence number. Protects data integrity.
P
Parity. Protects the start field from errors.
SAR
Information field of the SAR PDU.

PDU

payload

PAD
Padding.
AAL2 SSCS Packet
The SSCS conveys narrowband calls consisting of voice, voiceband data or circuit mode data.
SSCS packets are transported as CPS packets over AAL2 connections. The CPS packet contains
a SSCS payload. There are 3 SSCS packet types.
Type 1 Unprotected; this is used by default.
Type 2 Partially protected.
Type 3 Fully protected: the entire payload is protected by a 10-bit CRC which is computed as for
OAM cells. The remaining 2 bits of the 2-octet trailer consist of the message type field.
AAL2 SSCS Type 3 Packets:
The type 3 packets are used for the following:

Dialled digits

Channel associated signalling bits

Facsimile demodulated control data

Alarms

User state control operations.

The following illustration gives the general sturcture of AAL2 SSCS Type 3 PDUs. The format
varies and each message has its own format according to the actual message type.

Redundancy

Time
stamp

Message
dependant
information

Message
type

CRC10

14

16

10 bits

AAL2 SSCS Type 3 PDU

Redundancy
Packets are sent 3 times to ensure error correction. The value in this field signifies the
transmission number.
Time
stamp
Counters packet delay variation and allows a receiver to accurately reproduce the relative timing
of successive events separated by a short interval.
Message
dependant
Packet content that varies, depending on the message type.
Message
The message type code.

information
type

CRC-10
The 10-bit CRC.
AAL3/4
AAL3/4 consists of message and streaming modes. It provides for point-to-point and point-tomultipoint (ATM layer) connections. The Convergence Sublayer (CS) of the ATM Adaptation
Layer (AAL) is divided into two parts: service specific (SSCS ) and common part (CPCS ). This
is illustrated in the following diagram:
AAL3/4 packets are used to carry computer data, mainly SMDS traffic.
AAL3/4 CPCS PDU

The functions of the AAL3/4 CPCS include connectionless network layer (Class D), meaning no
need for an SSCS; and frame relaying telecommunication service in Class C. The CPCS PDU is
composed of the following fields:

Heade
r

Info

Trailer

CPI

Btag Basize CPCS

SDU

Pad

Etag Length

0-65535 0-3

2 bytes

AAL3/4 CPCS PDU

CPI
Message type. Set to zero when the BAsize and Length fields are encoded in bytes.
Btag
Beginning tag. This is an identifier for the packet. It is repeated as the Etag.
BAsize
Buffer allocation size. Size (in bytes) that the receiver has to allocate to capture all the data.
CPCS
Variable information field up to 65535 bytes.
PAD
Padding field which is used to achieve 32-bit alignment of the length of the packet.
0
All-zero.
Etag
End tag. Must be the same as Btag.
Length
Must be the same as BASize.

SDU

AAL3/4 SAR PDU

The structure of the AAL3/4 SAR PDU is illustrated below:

ST SN

MID

Information

LI

CRC

10

352

10 bits

44 bytes

2-byte trailer

2-byte header

48 bytes
AAL3/4 SAR PDU
ST
Segment type. Values may be as follows:
SN
Sequence number. Numbers the stream of SAR PDUs of a CPCS PDU (modulo 16).
MID
Multiplexing identification. This is used for multiplexing several AAL3/4 connections over one
ATM link.
Information
This field has a fixed length of 44 bytes and contains parts of CPCS PDU.
LI
Length indication. Contains the length of the SAR SDU in bytes, as follows:
CRC
Cyclic redundancy check.

Functions of AAL3/4 SAR include identification of SAR SDUs; error indication and handling;
SAR SDU sequence continuity; multiplexing and demultiplexing.
AAL5 The type 5 adaptation layer is a simplified version of AAL3/4. It also consists of message
and streaming modes, with the CS divided into the service specific and common part. AAL5
provides point-to-point and point-to-multipoint (ATM layer) connections.
AAL5 is used to carry computer data such as TCP/IP. It is the most popular AAL and is
sometimes referred to as SEAL (simple and easy adaptation layer).
AAL5 CPCS PDU
The AAL5 CPCS PDU is composed of the following fields:

Info

Trailer

CPCS payload

Pad

UU CPI Length CRC

0-65535

0-47

4 bytes

AAL5 CPCS PDU

CPCS
The actual information that is sent by the user. Note that the information comes before any length
indication (as opposed to AAL3/4 where the amount of memory required is known in advance).
Pad
Padding bytes to make the entire packet (including control and CRC) fit into a 48-byte boundary.
UU
CPCS user-to-user indication to transfer one byte of user information.
CPI
Common part indicator is a filling byte (of value 0). This field is to be used in the future for layer
management message indication.
Length
Length of the user information without the Pad.

CRC
CRC-32. Used to allow identification of corrupted transmission.
AAL5 SAR PDU The structure of the AAL5 CS PDU is as follows:
Information

PAD

UU

CPI

Length CRC-32

1-48

0-47

4 bytes

8-byte trailer
AAL5 SAR PDU
High-Speed LANs
Emergence of High-Speed LANs
2 Significant trends
Computing power of PCs continues to grow rapidly
Network computing
Examples of requirements
Centralized server farms
Power workgroups
High-speed local backbone
Classical Ethernet
Bus topology LAN
10 Mbps
CSMA/CD medium access control protocol
2 problems:
A transmission from any station can be received by all stations
How to regulate transmission
Solution to First Problem
Data transmitted in blocks called frames:
User data
Frame header containing unique address of destination station
CSMA/CD
Carrier Sense Multiple Access/ Carrier Detection
If the medium is idle, transmit.

 If the medium is busy, continue to listen until the channel is idle, then transmit
immediately.
If a collision is detected during transmission, immediately cease transmitting.
After a collision, wait a random amount of time, then attempt to transmit again (repeat
from step 1).

Medium Options at 10Mbps

<data rate> <signaling method> <max length>
10Base5
10 Mbps
50-ohm coaxial cable bus
Maximum segment length 500 meters
10Base-T
Twisted pair, maximum length 100 meters

Star

topology

(hub

or

multipoint

repeater

at

central

point)

Hubs and Switches

Hub
Transmission from a station received by central hub and retransmitted on all outgoing
lines
Only one transmission at a time
Layer 2 Switch
Incoming frame switched to one outgoing line
Many transmissions at same time

Bridge
Frame handling done in software
Analyze and forward one frame at a time
Store-and-forward
Layer 2 Switch
Frame handling done in hardware
Multiple data paths and can handle multiple frames at a time
Can do cut-through
Layer 2 Switches
Flat address space
Broadcast storm
Only one path between any 2 devices
Solution 1: subnetworks connected by routers

 Solution 2: layer 3 switching, packet-forwarding logic in hardware

Benefits of 10 Gbps Ethernet over ATM

No expensive, bandwidth consuming conversion between Ethernet packets and ATM
cells
Network is Ethernet, end to end
IP plus Ethernet offers QoS and traffic policing capabilities approach that of ATM
Wide variety of standard optical interfaces for 10 Gbps Ethernet
Fibre Channel
2 methods of communication with processor:
I/O channel
Network communications
Fibre channel combines both
Simplicity and speed of channel communications
Flexibility and interconnectivity of network communications

I/O channel
Hardware based, high-speed, short distance
Direct point-to-point or multipoint communications link

 Data type qualifiers for routing payload

Link-level constructs for individual I/O operations
Protocol specific specifications to support e.g. SCSI
Fibre Channel Network-Oriented Facilities
Full multiplexing between multiple destinations
Peer-to-peer connectivity between any pair of ports
Internetworking with other connection technologies
Fibre Channel Requirements
Full duplex links with 2 fibres/link
100 Mbps 800 Mbps
Distances up to 10 km
Small connectors
high-capacity
Greater connectivity than existing multidrop channels
Broad availability
Support for multiple cost/performance levels
Support for multiple existing interface command sets
Fibre Channel Protocol Architecture
FC-0 Physical Media
FC-1 Transmission Protocol
FC-2 Framing Protocol
FC-3 Common Services
FC-4 Mapping
Wireless LAN Requirements
Throughput
Number of nodes
Connection to backbone
Service area
Battery power consumption
Transmission robustness and security
Collocated network operation
License-free operation
Handoff/roaming
Dynamic configuration
IEEE 802.11 Services
Association
Reassociation
Disassociation
Authentication
Privacy