Melvin Rader was a

professor at the
University of
Washington in Seattle.
Rader never was a
Communist but was
labeled a communist
since he joined several
organizations supported
by Communists.

Robert
Oppenheimer
was looked at as
a Communist
and did not get a
job from
University of
Washington

Ride the Freedom Train keep

away from Communists

Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition

An advertisement for the Freedom Train

Copyright 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

The Truman Presidency

The Postwar Strike Wave
The Republican Resurgence

Freedom House USA

Freedom House

Formation

October 31, 1941

Type

Research institute
Think tank

Headquarters

Washington, D.C.
United States

Key people

William H. Taft IV
Chair, Board of Trustees
David J. Kramer
Executive Director
(October 4, 2010present)

Staff

approx. 150[1]

Website

www.freedomhouse.org

Global
Insecurities
at Wars End

The Cold War and the Idea of

Freedom
The Cultural Cold War
Freedom and Totalitarianism

Luces wife was

Chinese and his
affairs and history
was from China. Luce
wanted to stop the
Red Movement

By 1945 June the capital assets of manufacturing

had increased 65% over prewar levels to equal in
value approximately half the entire worlds goods
and services.

Bretton
Woods

The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund were

expected to help rebuild war-torn Europe and Asia. By
stabilizing exchange rates to permit the expansion of
international trade, the IMF would deter currency conflicts and
trade wars, two problem of the 1930s that were blamed for the
political instability and national rivalries leading to WW II. The
United States was the principle supplier of funds for the IMF and
the World Bank (more than $7 billion each) and thud
determining the allocation of loans.

http://www.youtube.com/watc
h?v=bnWdbJS1D58

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a2DSYaJNpso
The Story of Keynes and White at Bretton Woods

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DtoH7ir8z58
Benn Steil: author of The Battle of Bretton Woods (2:45

Fred Vinson, the U.S. Secretary of the Treasury, said at the time of the formal signing
of the Bretton Woods Agreements: History is being written today as we execute
these documents and breathe the breath of life into the International Monetary Fund
and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. We can be thankful
that the history we are now writing is not another chapter in the almost endless
chronicle of war and strife. Ours is a mission of peace not just lip service to the
ideals of peace but action, concrete action, designed to establish the economic
foundations of peace on the bed rock of genuine international cooperation.

NATO= Brussels, Belgium

The
Division of
Europe

Stalin not only regained

but also extended his
territory annexing eastern
Poland with Western
approval and the little
Baltic nations without it.
Soviet influence quickly
became paramount in all
East European counties
that Red Army had
occupied. The question
remained: Did Stalin aim
to bring all of Europe into
the Communist domain?

The United Nations

and Hopes for
Collective Security

In 1944 Dumbarton Oaks Conference in Washing and again in

April 1945 at San Francisco the Allies worked to shape the
United Nations as a world organization that would arbitrate
disputes among member nations and stop aggressors. The
United Nations Charter voted in the General Assembly only five
( the United States, Great Britain, the Soviet Union, France and
China)

The Western Nations

allied with the United
States held the balance
of power and controlled
the admission of new
members. In the Western
Powers blocked the
Peoples Republic from
Claiming Chinas UN
seat.

Russia walks
out of UN

In 1947 the
NAACP did file a
petition with the
United Nations
asking it to
investigate
racism in the
United States

The United States deprived

Robeson of his pass port
and indicted Dubois for
failing to register as an
agent of the Soviet Union
few prominent Americans
white or black protested.
The charge against Dubois
was so absurd that even at
the height of McCarthyism
the judge dismissed this

NAACP wants the UN to investigate human rights

infractions against blacks in the United States

http://www.dw.de/image/
0,,15443800_4,00.jpg

In 1948 the UN General

Assembly approved a
revolutionary document for
Human Rights, The
Universal Declaration of
Human Rights. Great
economic and political rights

Eleanor Roosevelt may have hurt the image of her

hubris approach of the United Nations Human Rights
Commission. Look at the students they seem board.

The Policy
Containment

Iron Curtain
Winston Churchill
declared that an iron
curtain had descended
across Europe,
partitioning the free West
from the communist East

The Truman
Presidency

Origins of the Cold War

The Iron Curtain
The Truman Doctrine

Origins of the Cold War

The Two Powers
The Roots of Containment

The Marshall Plan

Origins of the Cold War

The Marshall Plan
The Reconstruction of Japan

The Berlin
Crisis

The Berlin blockade

created both a crisis
and an opportunity
for the Truman
administration. With
Help from the Royal
Air Force, the United
States began an
unprecedented
around the clock
airlift. Operation
Vittles delivered
nearly 2 million tons
of supplies

Origins of the Cold War

The Berlin Blockade and the North
Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
The Growing Communist Challenge

The most positive gesture that the United States

made toward Latin opinion was designating Puerto
Rico a self governing common wealth in 1952.

A rising Puerto Rican independence movement extremist

members of which attempted to assassinate Truman in
1950, prompted this move to make United State sovereignty
over the island look less colonist

Congress in 1949
approved $1.3 Billion in
military aid to anti
communist allies in
Europe and Asia, which
involved building United
States bases and
deploying American
troops abroad, Critics
such as isolationist
Senator Robert A. Taft

Atomic
Diplomacy

The arms race that scientist had feared since 1945 now
was under way. Both the United States and the Society
Union were testing Hydrogen bombs a thousand times
more powerful than the weapons dropped on Hiroshima.

Edward Fuchs University of Chicago Nobel Prize winner

stated There is one thing worse than one nation having
the atom-bomb that is two nations having the bomb

Bikini
Island
Testing
Of
America
on the
Hydrogen
Bomb

While the two-piece swimsuit as a design existed in classical antiquity,[5] the modern
design first attracted public notice in Paris on July 5, 1946.[6] French mechanical
engineer Louis Rard introduced a design he named the "bikini," taking the name from
the Bikini Atoll in the Pacific Ocean,[7][8] where, four days earlier, the United States
had initiated its first peace-time nuclear weapons test as part of Operation Crossroads.
[9] Rard hoped his swimsuit's revealing style would create an "explosive commercial
and cultural reaction" similar to the explosion at Bikini Atoll.[10][11][12][13][14] His
name for the garment stuck with the media and the public.[12]
Through analogy with words, like bilingual and bilateral, containing the Latin prefix "bi-"
(meaning "two" in Latin), the word bikini was first back-derived as consisting of two
parts, [bi + kini] by Rudi Gernreich, who introduced the monokini in 1964.[15][16][17]
Later swimsuit designs like the tankini and trikini further cemented this false
assumption.[18] Over time the "kini family" (as dubbed by author William Safire[19]),
including the "ini sisters" (as dubbed by designer Anne Cole[20]), expanded into a
variety of swimwear, often with an innovative lexicon,[21] including the monokini (also
numokini or unikini), seekini, tankini, camikini, hikini (also hipkini), minikini, and
microkini

Decolonization
1945

Atom Bomb explosion is witnessed by everyday

people; 1950s was the nuclear age

Cold War
Liberalism

To Err is
Truman

Congress defeated most of Trumans proposals to revive the

New Deal. One week after Japans surrender the president
introduced a twenty-one point program that included greater
unemployment compensation , higher minimum wages and
housing assistance. National health insurance was added later.
Congress vetoed most of these bills but passed the
Employment Act of 1946

Taft-Hartley Bill was vetoed by Truman was overridden by

Congress. Bill 1) outlawed closed shop, 2)the secondary boycott
and use of union dues for political activities,3) mandated an
eighty day cooling off period in the case of strikes affecting
national safety or health;4) all union leaders were to swear they
were not communists. 5) Anti union bill, when there were over 15
million union leaders 40$ of work force.

Steel Strike
750,000 workers

Demonstrations and violence over the Bill

Election
of 1948

Give em hell Harry vigorous campaign slowly revived the New

Deal coalition Fear of the Republicans who has passed the Taft
Hartley won back the bulk of organized labor. Recognizing Israel
kept many liberal Jews loyal to Democratic party. The success of
the Berlin airlift improved the presidents popularity.

Dewey ran such a cautious, vague campaign

came from his experience as a presidential
candidate in 1944. In that election Dewey felt
that he had allowed Roosevelt to draw him
into a partisan, verbal "mudslinging" match,
and he believed that this had cost him votes.
As such, Dewey was convinced in 1948 to
appear as non-partisan as possible, and to
emphasize the positive aspects of his
campaign while ignoring his opponent. This
strategy proved to be a major mistake, as it
allowed Truman to repeatedly criticize and
ridicule Dewey, while Dewey never answered
any of Truman's criticisms.[23] Near the end of
the campaign, Dewey considered

The Truman Presidency

The Dixiecrat and Wallace Revolts
The 1948 Campaign

Progressive Party
1948: Left-wing
advocated an
expansion of
social welfare
programs at
home and
denounced racial
segregation

The Truman Presidency

The Dixiecrat and Wallace Revolts
The 1948 Campaign

Fair Deal

Congress raised
the minimum
wage fro 40
cents an hour to
75 cents an hour.
He brought in 10
million into Social
Security
coverage.

The Truman Presidency

The Fair Deal

The need to produce goods which

the consumer can buy which is not
military warranted.

Truman was able to defeat the Taft-Hartley Bill and tried

to allow the common man to prosper.

Cold War
at Home

The
National
Security Act
of 1947

The National Security Act of 1947

The National Security Act

passed by Congress in July
1947 established the
Department of Defense and the
National Security Council (NSC)
to administer and coordinate
defense policies and advise the
president. The Department of
Defense combined the old War
and Navy Departments bring the
Army the Navy and the New Air
Force under a single cabinet
level secretary. Ties between
the armed forces and the State
Department grew closer

The National security state

required a hug working
force. Before WW II
approximately 900,000
civilians worked for the
federal government about
10% of them security work
by the beginning of the Cold
War, nearly 4 million people
were on the governments
payroll 75% of them in
national security agencies.

CIA Building in Washington DC.

CIA and the FBI were natural rivals with a

checks and balance with their responsibilities.

FBI used
anticommunism
to expand their
power. Under J.
Edgar Hoover,
the FBI
developed files
on thousands of
American citizen
who had no
connection with
communism

NSC-68 helped spur a

dramatic American
Military Spending. Also
secured patriotism

CIO expelled
numerous left
wing officials and
eleven
communist led
unions
representing
nearly 1 million
workers

People did not regard communism as the biggest problem;

White Supremacist used communist against blacks. Business
used communists against union leaders

Bill Mauldin an
American artist

Deported anyone
know to be
communists

The Anticommunist
Crusade
Loyalty and Disloyalty

In 1951 in Dennis vs. The

Supreme Court: Dennis
was jailed for being a
Communist and other
Leaders of the
Communist Party; The
First Amendment was
suspended for fear of a
Communist uprising

FBI
As a "threat-based and intelligence-driven national security organization", the FBI's mission is "to protect and
defend the United States against terrorist and foreign intelligence threats, to uphold and enforce the criminal
laws of the United States, and to provide leadership and criminal justice services to federal, state, municipal,
and international agencies and partners."[3]
The FBI is primarily a law enforcement agency, collecting intelligence related to domestic security as well as
investigating federal crimes such as kidnapping, tax evasion, securities fraud. They're basically the "national
police department". The role of FBI is largely reactive in nature whereas CIA spies may work in foreign
countries to prevent national security threats from materializing. However, counter-terrorism, counterintelligence, cyber-warfare, public corruption, the duties of protecting civil rights, dealing with racketeering,
frauds, drugs and other serious crimes also come under FBI's umbrella of responsibilities.
CIA
The CIAs primary mission is to "collect, evaluate, and disseminate foreign intelligence to assist the president
and senior US government policymakers in making decisions relating to the national security. The CIA does
not make policy; it is an independent source of foreign intelligence information for those who do. The CIA
may also engage in covert action at the president's direction in accordance with applicable law".[4]
The CIA is an international intelligence agency. It gathers national security information related to foreign
governments, non-state actors, corporations, and individuals, and provides this information to the US
government. The CIA also provides intelligence to inform combat operations of the US armed forces in
countries like Iraq and Afghanistan. The agency is also notorious for allegations of engineering coups in
countries where rulers (usually dictators) are unfriendly toward the U.S. and even for assassinations of such
leaders. For example, Fidel Castro of Cuba

The LoyaltySecurity
Program

Truman order
the Executive
Order 9835 on
March 21,1947
established a
civilian loyalty
program for all
federal
employees

Attorney General tom C.

Clark aide this effort by
publishing a list of
hundreds of potentially
subversive organizations
selected by criteria also
vague that any views
hostile or inimical to
American form of
government.

Only a handful
of
organizations
had the
finances to
challenge the
legally being
on the list.

In1950 Congress overrode

the presidents veto to pass
a bill that Truman called the
greatest danger to freedom
of speech and assembly
since the Sedition Act of
1798. The Internal Security
or McCarran Act required
Communist organization to
register with the Subversive
activities Control Board. If
they did not registrar they
were prosecuted . Also
authorized arrested during
time of emergencies.

Second
Red
Scare

Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition

Movie stars

Copyright 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

Hollywood 10
HUAC
attacked
actors and
actresses

Note Ring
Lardner as a
Director in the
Original
M.A.S.H.

The 1945 the

House Committee
on Un-American
Activities (HUAC)
had the power to
subpoena
witnesses and to
compel them to
answer all question
or face contempt of
Congress charges.
The HUAC attacked
Hollywood with the
pro-Soviet film.
Tender Comrade.

Jo Jones (Ginger Rogers) works in an

airplane factory and longs for the day
when she will see her husband
(Robert Ryan) again. With their
husbands off fighting in World War II,
Jo and her co-workers struggle to pay
living expenses. Unable to meet their
rent, they decide to move in together
and share expenses. The different
women's personalities clash,
especially when tensions rise over
their German immigrant housekeeper
Manya. Jo discovers she is pregnant
and ends up having a son who she
names Chris after his father. The
women are overjoyed when Doris'
husband comes home, but the same
day Jo receives a telegram informing
her that her husband has been killed.
She hides her grief and joins in the
homecoming celebration. This had an
effect of pro communism with a
realistic slant.

Martin Died Democratic Congressman of Texan

chaired a congressional committee on un
American Activites

Share and share alike, thats democracy. HUAC encouraged

such testimony by friendly witnesses. Ronald Reagan and
Gary Cooper testified for free speech. Yet most were fearful
of their jobs.

Ring Lardner who was an unfriendly witness before the HUAC

adapted MASH as a television screen write about the Vietnam
War

The Anticommunist
Crusade
The Cold War and Organized Labor
Cold War Civil Rights

The Anticommunist
Crusade
The Uses of
Anticommunism

Teachers in New York

were fired for
teaching supposedly
pro communist ideas.
Books such as
readings on Marx,
Communism were
outlawed. Even if
teachers only
presented the facts
any ideas on
Communism was
prohibited.

Red Channels
persuaded
advertisers to
cancel their
accounts with
many programs
considered friendly
to the Soviet
Union, the UN, or
liberal cause.

Red Channels: The Report of

Communist Influence in Radio and
Television was an anti-Communist tract
published in the United States at the
height of the Red Scare. Issued by the
right-wing journal Counterattack on
June 22, 1950, the pamphlet-style book
names 151 actors, writers, musicians,
broadcast journalists, and others in the
context of purported Communist
manipulation of the entertainment
industry. Some of the 151 were already
being denied employment because of
their political beliefs, history, or mere
association with suspected
"subversives". Red Channels effectively
placed the rest on the industry blacklist.

Arthur Miller and Marilyn Monroe. Miller wrote the

Crucible an attack against blacklisting

The food, Tobacco,

Agricultural and Allied
Workers-Congress of
Industrial Organization (FTACIO) organized a postwar
campaign against
discrimination practices
within southern industry and
allied with local civil rights
activist to spearhead a major
organization drive. IN 1947
the RJ Reynold tobacco
Company stuck back by
characterizing union
organizers as Communist
from Moscow.

Spy
Cases

Whittaker Chambers appeared

before HUAC to name Alger
Hiss as a fellow Communist I
Washington underground
during the 1930s Hiss then
president of the prestigious
Carnegie Endowment for
International Peace and a
former member of FDRs State
Department denied the charges
and sued his accuser for
slander. Chambers then
reveled his trump card , films of
secret documents that had
been hidden in a hollowed out
pumpkin in his Maryland Farm

Whittaker Chambers Pumpkin where he kept Hiss spy notes.

Julius (a former government engineer)and Ethel Rosenberg were found guilty

of the giving military information to the Russian. Both were executed. After
their death investigations revealed the Julius was a spy and Ethel knew
nothing.

These were the two sons of Julius

and Ethel Rosenberg

The Anticommunist
Crusade
The Spy Trials

McCarthyism

On February 9, 1950 Republican senator Joseph R. McCarthy

of Wisconsin announced that the United States had been sold
out by the Traitorous actions of men holding important positions
in the federal government. These acted as part of a conspiracy
he charged that there were 205 card carrying Communists in
the State Department.

Television legend Edward

Murrow took great course by
interviewing Senator Joseph
McCarthy on television. Murrow
gave strong questions which
incriminated Murrow. McCarthy's
credibility was nonexistent after
interview.

This is no time for men who oppose Senator McCarthy's methods to keep silent, or for those
who approve. We can deny our heritage and our history, but we cannot escape responsibility
for the result. There is no way for a citizen of a republic to abdicate his responsibilities. As a
nation we have come into our full inheritance at a tender age. We proclaim ourselves, as
indeed we are, the defenders of freedom, wherever it continues to exist in the world, but we
cannot defend freedom abroad by deserting it at home.

McCarthy replied to Murrow on "See It Now" three weeks later; his response was not judged
too highly.
Murrow's ultimate role in McCarthy's downfall is hard to parse. There are people who will say
that the senator's popularity was already on the wane when Murrow went after him, or that
other journalists laid out more damning cases against him, or that people like Joseph Welch
the lawyer who memorably asked McCarthy during a televised hearing whether he had "no
sense of decency"were more important in breaking McCarthy's power than Murrow was.

Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition

Senator Joseph R.Mc Carthy at the ArmyMcCarthy hearings of 1954.
Copyright 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

Cold War
Culture

The United States

has only 3% of the
Worlds population
but 50% of its
wealth. Yet Kennan
stated how can we
create an excellent
economy in times of
peace.

Best years of our Lives (1946) a very

popular Hollywood movie showed
three fictional veterans trying to
readjust to civilian life. The former
soldiers found that dreams of
reunion with family and loved ones
which sustained them through years
of fighting now seemed hollow. In
some cases their wives and children
had become so self reliant that the
men had not clear function in the
household. One veteran lost both
arms and was shunned by almost
everyone. There was profound
loneliness in a selfish society

Joe Stefanos (Paul Valentine) arrives at small, out-of-the-way Bridgeport, California, in search of Jeff Bailey
(Mitchum). Stefanos informs Jeff that Whit Sterling (Kirk Douglas) wants to see him. Jeff has a past with Whit
which Ann Miller (Virginia Huston), the local girl Jeff is dating, is unaware of. Ann trusts Jeff, but her parents are
wary, as is Jim (Richard Webb), a local police officer who is a long-time admirer of Ann.
Jeff reluctantly agrees to go to see Whit. That night, Jeff picks Ann up, and the two drive together to Whit's home
on Lake Tahoe. On the way, Jeff tells Ann of how he came to know Whit. A flashback ensues. Jeff's real name is
Jeff Markham. He and partner Jack Fisher (Steve Brodie) were private investigators in New York. Jeff had been
hired by Whit to find his girlfriend, Kathie Moffat (Jane Greer). Whit claimed she shot him and stole $40,000. He
assured Jeff he just wants her back, and will not harm her.
Robert Mitchum as Jeff Bailey and Jane Greer as Kathie Moffat
Guessing that Kathie is heading for Acapulco, Jeff gets there first. When Kathie arrives, he strikes up an
acquaintance with her. A love affair soon develops, and Jeff ultimately tells her that he has been sent by Whit to
find her. Kathie denies taking Whits money and pleads with Jeff to run away with her.
Robert Mitchum as Jeff Bailey and Jane Greer as Kathie Moffat
Preparing to leave with her the next morning, Jeff is surprised by the arrival of Whit and Stefanos, who are
checking up on his lack of progress. He asks Whit to take him off the case, but Whit refuses. Jeff then tells Whit
that Kathie slipped past him and is on a steamer going south. Whit instructs Jeff to track her down. Instead Jeff
takes Kathie north to San Francisco.
They live as inconspicuously as possible. Over time, they relax, but an outing to the race track goes bad when
they are spotted by Jeffs old partner. Jeff and Kathie split up, with Jeff trying to throw Fisher off their trail. Jeff
rejoins Kathie at a rural cabin, only to find Fisher already there. Fisher demands money to keep quiet. The two
men start fighting. Then Kathie shoots Fisher, then drives away. Jeff finds Kathies bankbook; its shows a deposit
of $40,000.

Returning to the present, Ann drops Jeff off at Whit's estate. Surprisingly, Whit seems genuinely
glad to see him. Kathie is there as well. She had gone back to Whit. Whit tells Jeff he wants to
hire him for a new job. He says it is the only way to make things right between them. Leonard
Eels (Ken Niles), Whit's lawyer, has been blackmailing him. Whit wants to recover incriminating
income tax records. Jeff tries to turn down the job, but Whit insists he take it. Sensing a trap,
Jeff tries to warn Eels when he first meets him, but when he returns later, he finds Eels dead.
He hides the body.
He returns to Bridgeport. Unbeknownst to either Whit or Jeff, Kathie has ordered Stefanos to
trail the Kid (Dickie Moore), Jeff's deaf young assistant, so he can kill Jeff. The Kid drives to a
fishing spot near Jeff's hideout and prepares to cast his line. Above him, Stefanos takes aim at
Jeff. The Kid sees it and hooks Stefanos with his fishing line, causing Stefanos to lose his
balance and fall to his death.
Jeff goes back to Lake Tahoe and reveals to Whit Kathie's double cross. Whit is convinced he
must turn Kathie over to the police for Fishers murder. However, when Jeff returns to Tahoe, he
discovers that Kathie has killed Whit. She gives Jeff the choice of running away with her or
taking the blame for all three murders. He agrees to go with her, but secretly makes a phone
call. The police are waiting for them at a roadblock. Realizing Jeff has betrayed her, Kathie
shoots him. The police begin firing. The car careens off the road and crashes. Inside the wreck,
the police find the bodies of Kathie and Jeff.
After Jeff's funeral, Ann asks the Kid if Jeff had been planning to run away with Kathie. The Kid
nods his head. As Ann drives off with Jim, the Kid looks up at the gas station sign with Jeff's
name on it, smiles and nods.

Their protagonist were

loners running from a
bad past, falsely
accused of
transgressions, out
trapped into committed
crimes. The high
Contrast lighting of these
black and whit fill
accentuated the difficulty
of distinguishing friend
from foe.

Willie Loman a New York salesman lives a life of emptiness,

adultery and despair through his ideals of popularity over virtue.
Prestige over truth.

Holden begins his story at Pencey Prep, an exclusive private school (fictional) in Agerstown, Pennsylvania, on
the Saturday afternoon of the traditional football game with rival school Saxon Hall. Unfortunately, Holden
ends up missing the game. As manager of the fencing team, he loses their equipment on a New York City
subway train that morning, resulting in the cancellation of a match. He goes to the home of his History
teacher named Mr. Spencer. Holden has been expelled and isn't to return after Christmas break, which
begins the following Wednesday. Spencer is a well-meaning but long-winded middle-aged man. To Holden's
annoyance, Spencer reads aloud Holden's History paper, in which Holden wrote a note to Spencer so his
teacher wouldn't feel bad about failing him in the subject.
Holden returns to his dorm, which is quiet because most of the students are still at the football game.
Wearing the new red hunting cap he bought while in New York City, he begins re-reading a book (Out of
Africa), but his reverie is temporary. First, his dorm neighbor Ackley disturbs him, then later, he argues with
his roommate Stradlater, who fails to appreciate a composition that Holden wrote for him about Holden's late
brother Allie's baseball glove. A womanizer, Stradlater has just returned from a date with Holden's old friend
Jane Gallagher. Holden is distressed that Stradlater might have taken advantage of Jane. Stradlater doesn't
appreciate Jane in the manner in which Holden does; he even refers to Jane as "Jean." The two roommates
fight; Stradlater wins easily. Holden decides he has had enough of Pencey Prep and catches a train to New
York City, where he plans to stay in a hotel until Wednesday, when his parents expect him to return home for
New Years vacation.
He checks into the dilapidated Edmont Hotel. After observing the behavior of the "perverts" in the hotel room
facing his, he struggles with his own sexuality. He states that although he has had opportunities to lose his
virginity, the timing never felt right and he was always respectful when a girl declined. He spends an evening
dancing with three tourist women in their 30s from Seattle in the hotel lounge and enjoys dancing with one,
but ends up with only the check. He is disappointed that the women seem unable to carry a conversation.
Following an unpromising visit to Ernie's Nightclub in Greenwich Village, Holden agrees to have a prostitute
named Sunny visit his room. His attitude toward the girl changes the minute she enters the room; she seems
about the same age as Holden and he begins to view her as a person. Holden becomes uncomfortable with
the situation, and when he tells her that all he wants to do is talk, she becomes annoyed and leaves. Even
though he still pays her for her time, she returns with her pimp Maurice and demands more money. Despite

After a short sleep, Holden telephones Sally Hayes, a familiar date, and they agree to meet that afternoon to attend a play.
Holden leaves the hotel, checks his luggage at Grand Central Station and has a late breakfast. He meets two nuns, one an
English teacher, with whom he discusses Romeo and Juliet. Holden shops for a special record, "Little Shirley Beans," for his 10year-old sister Phoebe. He spots a small boy singing "If a body catch a body coming through the rye", which somehow makes
him feel less depressed. The play he sees with Sally features Broadway stars Alfred Lunt and Lynn Fontanne. Afterward Holden
and Sally go skating at Rockefeller Center. While drinking Coke, Holden impulsively invites Sally to run away with him to the
wilderness. She declines and her response deflates Holden's mood, prompting him to remark: "You give me a royal pain in the
ass, if you want to know the truth." He regrets it immediately, and Sally storms off as Holden follows, pleading with her to accept
his apology. Finally, Holden gives up and leaves her there, sees the Christmas show at Radio City Music Hall, endures a movie,
and gets very drunk. Throughout the novel, Holden has been worried about the ducks in the lagoon at Central Park. He tries to
find them but only manages to break Phoebe's record in the process. Exhausted physically, mentally, and financially, Holden
heads home to see his sister.
Holden recalls the Museum of Natural History, which he often visited as a child. He contrasts his evolving life with the statues of
Eskimos in a diorama: whereas the statues have remained unchanged through the years, he and the world have not. These
reflections may be prompted by the death of his brother, Allie. Eventually, he sneaks into his parents' apartment while they are
out, to visit his younger sisterand close friendPhoebe, the only person with whom he seems to be able to communicate.
Holden shares a fantasy he has been thinking about (based on a mishearing of Robert Burns' Comin' Through the Rye): he
pictures himself as the sole guardian of thousands of children playing an unspecified 'game' in a huge rye field on the edge of a
cliff. His job is to catch the children if, in their abandon, they come close to falling off the brink; to be, in effect, the "catcher in the
rye". Because of this misinterpretation, Holden believes that to be the "catcher in the rye" means to save children from losing
their innocence.
When his parents come home, Holden slips out and visits his former and much-admired English teacher, Mr. Antolini, who offers
advice on life along with a place to sleep for the night. Mr. Antolini, quoting a psychologist named Wilhelm Stegel, advises
Holden that wishing to die for a noble cause is the mark of the immature man, whilst it is the mark of the mature man to aspire
to live humbly for one. This is at odds with Holden's ideas of becoming a "catcher in the rye", symbolically saving children from
the evils of adulthood. During the speech on life, Mr. Antolini has a number of cocktails served in highball glasses. Holden is
upset when he wakes up in the night to find Mr. Antolini patting his head in a way that he regards as "flitty" (homosexual).
Confused and uncertain, he leaves and spends his last afternoon wandering the city. He questions whether his interpretation of
Mr. Antolini's actions was actually correct, and seems to wonder how much it matters anyway.
Holden makes the decision that he will head out west and live as a deaf-mute. When he mentions these plans to his little sister
on Monday morning, she wants to go with him. Holden declines her offer, which upsets Phoebe, so Holden decides not to leave
after all. He tries to cheer her up by taking her to the Central Park Zoo, and as he watches her ride the zoo's carousel, he is
filled with happiness and joy at the sight of Phoebe riding in the rain. At the conclusion of the novel, Holden decides not to

Ed Hoppers art is explaining the alienation and alone feeling of

the contemporary man of the 1950 and 1960s

The film begins in a New York City bar, where the brooding, mysterious forecaster Mr. Ohman (Dan
O'Herlihy) is sitting and drinking from a very large brandy glass. He gets into discussions with a
cross-section of affluent Americans at the bar, including local television newscaster Vince Potter
(Gerald Mohr), beautiful young New York society woman Carla Sanford (Peggie Castle), a
Californian industrialist, a rancher from Arizona, and a Congressman. International news is bad, but
these Americans do not want to hear it. While they all dislike Communism and appreciate the
material wealth they enjoy, they also want lower taxes and don't see the need for industrial support of
government. As he swishes the brandy around his snifter, Ohman tells the others that many
Americans want safety and security, but do not want to make any sacrifices for it.
Suddenly the news becomes worse. The Enemy is staging air attacks over Seal Point, Alaska and
then Nome. Paratroops have landed on Alaskan airfields and an American female communications
operator is gunned down in mid-sentence. Soon The Enemy's plan of attack becomes clear: civilian
airfields are captured as staging areas while military airfields are A-bombed. The United States fights
back and attacks The Enemy's homeland with B-36 missions, but The Enemy steadily moves into
Washington and Oregon. Shipyards in Puget Sound are A-bombed with large casualties.
Meanwhile, the Americans at the bar scramble to return to their lives to do what they can against The
Enemy, now that it is too late. Potter and Sanford fall for each other ("War or no war, people have to
eat and drink ... and make love!"). He continues to broadcast, while she volunteers to help run a
blood drive. The industrialist and the rancher both return home to find themselves on the front lines:
the former caught in the battle for San Francisco, the latter in the destruction of Boulder Dam by a
nuclear missile. The President makes ineffectual broadcasts with inflated claims of counter-attacks to
rally the morale of the people. But things are only going to get worse, much worse. And each
American talks about how if they could only do everything over again...

The Cold War and the Idea of

Freedom
The Rise of Human Rights
Ambiguities of Human Rights

The Cold War led to widespread fears

Jason Pollack abstract art

Norman Rockwell realism were
sponsored by CIA for the
values of Freedom

George
Galanchine
New York
Lead Dancing
With Freedom
and American
Patriotism

McCarran
Act

Truman Address the Virtues of America and

Patriotism

The Family
as Bulwark

Young couples were marrying younger and producing more

children than at any time in the past. The Census Bureau
predicted that the baby boom would be temporary.

The Year of 1946 trumpeted Life magazine finds the United

States on the threshold of marvels ranging from run less
stockings and shine less serge suits to jet-propelled airplanes
that will flash.

Ferdinand Lunberg and

Marynia Farnham in their best
selling book Modern Woman:
The Lost Sex (1947) attributed
the super jittery age in which
we live to women abandoning
their homes for their careers.
To counter this danger they
proposed federally funded
psychotherapy to readjust
women to their housewife roles
and cash subsidies to
encourage them to bear more
children.

When the Vietnam War broke out, Dr. Spock was vocally
against it. His opposition put him in the camp of legions of
young people who protested the war young people who
were often perceived as living dangerously free-and-easy
lives. Conservative minister and author Norman Vincent
Peale decided that Dr. Spock's advice hug your children,
feed them when they are hungry, put them to sleep when
their tired was the root of that problem. He alleged that
"the U.S. was paying the price of two generations that
followed the Dr. Spock baby plan of instant gratification of
needs." Dr. Spock countered this with a defense of his
methodology there was, he said, no instant gratification
advocated in his books. He had called for parents to
express their love for their children while providing "clear,
firm discipline," not instead of providing it. And he
suspected that he was being punished for his liberal
politics more than his childrearing philosophy. But to an
extent, the damage had been done. He now had a
reputation as the overly-permissive childrearing expert.
Many parents were no longer interested in following any of
his advice, seeing him as the corruptor of a generation.
Dr. Spock bounced back somewhat in the decades that
followed the war, although his advice continued to
generate controversy just months before his death, he
surprised parents and experts by advocating a vegan diet
for children after age two. It's an idea that may catch on
some day, but for the moment, the majority still sees it as
one of his more radical ideas.

MilitaryIndustrial
Communities in
the American
West

Military Bases in California

Between 1950 and 1953 approximately twenty western

bases were reopened. California became at least a
temporary home to more military personnel than any other
stat and Texas was not far behind

The
American
Way

The local Mosinee Times printed a special edition which placed

stock under its new Red Star masthead. Citizens discovered
that all private property had been confiscated and all
constitutional rights annulled. This role playing showed the
beauty of the United States.

In Mosinee,
Wisconsin
reenacted the
horrors of a
totalitarian state
through role
playing a
Communist rule.
This always
happed on May
Day or May
First.

The United States Government launched a Educational Program

called Zeal for Democracy. It taught the benefits of a free
system.

The American
Legion and
sponsored
freedom rallies
and freedom
fashion show to
remind America
of their nations
democratic
values and
commitment to
free enterprise.

Stalemate
for the
Democrats

Democratizing
Japan and
Losing China

China could not be handled as easily as Germany and West

Germany for realignment post WW 2. After years of Civil War the
Pro Western Nationalist Government of Chiang Kai-shek
collapsed. Since WW II the United States had been aiding
Chiang Kai-sheks corrupt regime, while warning him that without
major reforms and a coalition with his political opponents the
Nationalist would be defeated. Chiang Kia-shek was over taken
by Communist Mao Zedong. Communism would be followed by
85% of his people.

Mao on left
Chiang Kaishek on right

When Chiang
Kai-shek fled
the Chinese
Nationalist
went to Taiwan
to life. That is
why Taiwan
has a more
freer market
than that of
China.

Korean
War

After WW II there was a division of North (Communist) Korea

and South (Free) Korea. While the United States backed the
unpopular southern government of Syngman Rhe (the Republic
of Korea) the Soviets Union sponsored a rival government in
North Korea under Kim II Sung.

Macarthur speaks to congress

The Price of
National
Security

By 1948 Congress was ready to pass with bipartisan support the

Smith Mundt Act designed to promote the better understand of
the United States among the peoples of the World to Strengthen
cooperative international relations. Also Voice of America was
financed with Campaign of Truth explaining Americas position

Truman accepted the policies outlined in NSC-68 and agreed

to a rapid permanent military build up. By the time the Korean
conflict subsided the defense budget had quadrupled from
$13.5 billion to more than $52 billion. The United States Army
had grown to 3.6 million six times its size a the beginning of
Police Action

United States relations with Soviet Union

I Like Ike

Eisenhower modeled himself as modern republican.

He wisely avoided the negative impression made in
1948 Dewey election who seemed as aggressive as
Truman

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v1FJXK4qy-k
Dwight D. Eisenhower - Mini Biography

AFL and CIO merged to form a single organization representing 35% of all non
agricultural workers. In leading industries, labor and management hammered out
what has been called a new social contract Unions grated wage increases and fringe
benefits such as private pension plans, health insurance and automatic adjustments to
pay with the cost of living

Checkers Speech by Nixon. Nixon

was accused of taking political
favors. Which he did. He used the
television to play on the emotions of
the people. He said he did take a gift
a dog named Checkers. He said he
would give it back.

Origins of the Cold War

Cold War Critics
Imperialism and Decolonization

Under God is place in Pledge of Allegiance 1954

The Black
Movement

Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition

Copyright 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

Jackie Robinson sliding into third base, 1949

The African Americans were the Achilles Heal of the

United States. It was a land of opportunities but not
for minorities.

Blacks, led by A. Philip Randolph (left), picketing

at the 1948 Election. Again what to do with
minority rights

Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition

A scene from Brotherhood of Man

Copyright 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

The Truman Presidency

Postwar Civil Rights
To Secure These Rights

Truman integrates the

arm forces

Integration: The
Brotherhood of
Man was a
diverse Union
for UAW-CIO

Totalitarianism
versus Free
Market

Compare the
United States
where we are
giving $8.31 per
person per
month in aid.
The Soviets are
Siphoning
money from
Eastern Europe
People

America more productive with exports (cotton in

France

Visitors to the Museum of Modern Art in New York

City contemplate

A photograph of a street battle in Seoul

Cartoonist Bill Mauldin

Youth Ex-GIs use the GI Bill: The Cold War wanted to

show where in the world could ex- soldiers get this kind
of opportunity. Cold War win United States over Russia

Compare East and West Berlin were valid

arguments of Anti-Communists

Origins of the Cold War

The Korean War