| C5 |

Appendix

Estimation of HSP from Correlations

A. ESTIMATION OF HSP VIA
CORRELATIONS
Normally, those involved in cleaning operations have no
need to calculate HSP values of solvents. They have been
determined by those experienced in the science and art of this
work, and can be obtained from Appendices A1 and C11 in
this book, and from the references noted in Chapter 2,
Endnotes S and U (Hansen) and Endnote N (Barton).
HSP values for soil components can be estimated/evaluated from these references if their component identities
(and structures) are known1. For at least 1200 compounds
(chiey solvents but many polymers), there are reasonably
(or better) reliable published estimates of HSP valuesA.
For soil materials for which little is generally known of
their composition or structure, one can obtain the value of
HSP from optimization2 of solubility test results.
In the event3 that one does have (or want) to compute
the three HSP values for a chemical (solvent, soil, or
polymer), the approach below is most commonly used. Its
1
But since the soil recipe is almost never known, one doesn't directly
calculate the HSP for the soil blend using the volumetric blend rule of
Equation A3-9.
2
One can estimate the HSP for a soil blend via measurements of
solubility in various solvents and using an optimization routine to
produce HSP values which best represent the measurements. This is
explained with examples in Appendix C9.
3
An example of the need for this work is where an uncommon or
unconventional combination of solvent and process is necessary to solve
a unique cleaning problem. The generalized approach to selection of
solvent and process is covered in the following article: Gani, R.,
Jimnez-Gonzalez, C., ten Kate, A., Crafts, P., Jones, M., Powell, L., and
Atherton, J.H., A Modern Approach to Solvent Selection, Chemical
Engineering Magazine, March, 2006, pages 30 to 43. The core of this
approach is that the process must be matched to the solvent, and
vice-versa. In other words, the solvent and the process have the same
symbiotic relationship as do the remora sh and the manta ray. The
outcome may be a solvent not previously synthesized, hence the need
for the HSP estimation techniques described in this appendix and
Appendices C6 (the Pythagorean Theorem), C7 (use of equations of
state), and C8 (group contribution methods).

limitation can be that it is unfamiliar to many. But this

approach is that developed by Dr. Charles Hansen prior to
the advent of spreadsheets and internet-based programs, is
available for the purchase price of this book.

B. ESTIMATION OF THE DISPERSE

SOLUBILITY PARAMETER
Disperse intermolecular forces are those which permanently exist throughout and around entire single solvent
molecules (Chapter 2.3.2). Their name refers to the fact
that these forces do not emanate from one site in a molecule, as do polar and hydrogen bonding forces. Rather they
are dispersed throughout the entire molecules volume.
The effect of those intermolecular (between molecules)
forces upon adjacent molecules is quantied by the
disperse Hansen Solubility Parameter (ddisperse).
Whats unique is that one can estimate these forces by
scaling the values found in smaller molecules to larger
molecules, or the reverse, or among similar structures. This
means one can estimate the disperse HSP value from
knowledge only of the type of structure and molecular size.
There are just three types of structures found in most
cleaning solvents: aliphatic, cyclic, and aromatic4. For
molecules with six carbon atoms, examples of the three
types are shown in the following three gures.

Chapter 2, Footnotes 26 and 29 have broader denitions and

examples.

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