ANNAMALAI UNIVERSITY

M.E. (POWER SYSTEMS) DEGREE PROGRAMME

(PART-TIME)
(Choice Based Choice System)
REGULATIONS AND SYLLABUS
REGULATIONS
R1. CONDITIONS FOR ADMISSION

Candidates for admission to the 4 Semester M.E.

Degree programme in Power System Engineering and shall
be required to have passed the B.E/B.Tech. Electrical and
Electronics Engineering or Graduates of any other
authority accepted by the syndicate of this University as
equivalent thereto. They shall satisfy the conditions
regarding qualifying marks, age and physical fitness as
may be prescribed form time to time by the syndicate of
the Annamalai University. The candidates who underwent
the degree course under a Part-Time scheme, should
possess two years of professional experience after passing
the B.E/B.Tech. degree examination. Admission to
M.E.Part time programmes are restricted to those working
with in a redial of 75 km of the from Annamalainagar.
R2. CREDITS

ME full-time programme will have a duration of four

semesters. ME part-time programme will have a duration
of six semesters.
The number of credits for each semester for the fulltime programme shall be as follows:
First and Second Semesters: 20 credits per semester
Third Semester
:
12 credits
Fourth Semester :
13 credits
The number of credits for each semester of the parttime programme shall be as follows:
First to Fourth semesters : an average of 10 credits
per semester
Fifth Semester
:
12 credits
Sixth semester
:
13 credits

The total credits for both the programmes will be 65

each. For the award of the degree, a student has to earn a
minimum of 65 credits.
R3. DURATION OF THE PROGRAMME

A student is normally expected to complete the fulltime programme in four semesters but in any case not
more than four years from the time of admission.
A student is normally expected to complete the parttime programme in six semesters but in any case not more
than six years from the time of admission.
R4. REGISTRATION FOR COURSES

A student newly admitted will automatically be

registered for all the courses prescribed for the first
semester, without any option.
Every other student shall submit a completed
registration form indicating the list of courses intended to
be credited during the next semester. This registration will
be done a week before the last working day of the current
semester. Late registration with the approval of the Dean
on the recommendation of the Head of the Department
along with a late fee will be done up to the last working
day. Registration for the thesis phase - I and phase - II
shall be done at the appropriate semesters.
R5. ASSESSMENT

The break-up of assessment and examination marks

for theory and practical subjects is as follows.
First Assessment (I Mid Term Test)
:
15
Second Assessment (II Mid Term Test) :
15
Third Assessment
:
10
Examination
:
60
The thesis phase-I will be assessed for 40 marks by a
committee consisting of the Head of the Department, the
guide and a minimum of two members nominated by the
Head of the Department. The Head of the Department will
be the chairman. 60 marks are allotted for the thesis work
and viva voce examination at the end of the prefinal

semester. The same procedure will be adopted in the final

semester also.
R6. COUNSELLOR

To help the students in planning their course of

study and for general advice on the academic programme,
the Head of the Department will attach a certain number
of students to a member of the faculty who shall function
as counsellor throughout their period of study. Such
counsellors shall advise the students, give preliminary
approval for the courses to be taken by the students
during each semester and obtain the final approval of the
Head of the Department.
R7. CLASS COMMITTEE

For each semester, separate class committees will be

constituted by the respective Heads of the Departments.
The composition of the class committee for each
semester except the final semester shall be as follows:
TEACHERS OF THE INDIVIDUAL COURSES

A project co-ordinator (in the prefinal and final

semester committee only) who shall be appointed by the
head of the department from among the project
supervisors.
One Professor or Reader, preferably not teaching the
concerned class, appointed as chairman by the Head of
the department. The Head of the department may opt to
be a member or the chairman.
All counsellors of the class, and the Head of the
Department (if not already a member) and any staff
member nominated by the Head of the Department may
serve as special invitees.
The class committee shall meet four times during the
semester.
The first meeting will be held within two weeks from
the date of commencement of the class to decide the type
of assessment like test, assignment etc. for the third
assessment and the dates of completion of the
assessments.

The second and third meetings will be held within a

week after the completion of the first and second
assessments respectively to review the performance and
for follow-up action.
The fourth meeting will be held after on completion of
all the assessments except the semester examination and
at least one week before the commencement of the end
semester examinations.
During this meeting the assessment on a maximum
of 40 marks will be finalised for every student and
tabulated and submitted to the Head of the Department
for approval and transmission to the Controller of
Examinations.
R8. WITHDRAWAL FROM A COURSE

A student can withdraw from a course at any time

before a date fixed by the Head of the Department prior to
the second assessment, with the approval of the Dean of
the faculty on the recommendation of the Head of the
Department.
R9. TEMPORARY BREAK OF STUDY

A student can take a one-time temporary break of

study covering the current semester and/or the next
semester with the approval of the Dean on the
recommendation of the Head of the Department, not later
than seven days after the completion of the second
assessment test. However, the student must complete the
entire programme within the maximum period of four
years for full-time and six years for part- time.
R10. MOVEMENT TO THE PRE FINAL SEMESTER

A minimum of 24 credits must be earned by the

student to move to the prefinal semester. The results of
the final semester will be withheld until the student
passes all the previous semester examinations.
R11. SUBSTITUTE ASSESSMENTS

A student who has missed one or more of the

assessments of a course other than the end of semester
examination, for genuine reasons accepted by the Head of
the Department, may take a substitute assessment for any

one of the missed assessments. The substitute assesment

must be completed before the date of the fourth meeting of
the respective committees.
A student who wishes to have a substitute
assessment must apply to the Head of the Department
within a week from the date of the missed assessment.
R12. ATTENDANCE REQUIREMENTS

To be eligible to appear for the examination in a

particular course, a student must put in a minimum of
80% of attendance in that course. However, if the
attendance is 75% or above but less than 80% in any
course, the authorities can permit the student to appear
for the examination in that course on payment of the
prescribed condonation fee.
A student who withdraws from or does not meet the
minimum attendance requirement in a course must reregister for and repeat the course.
R13. PASSING AND DECLARATION OF EXAMINATION
RESULTS

All assessments of all the courses on an absolute

marks basis will be considered and passed by the
respective results passing board in accordance with the
rules of the University. The marks for each course shall be
converted to the corresponding letter grade as follows.
Threafter, computation of the Grade Point Average(GPA)
and Cumulative Grade Point
Average (CGPA) shall be done.
90 to 100 marks : Grade 'S'
80 to 89 marks : Grade 'A'
70 to 79 marks : Grade 'B'
60 to 69 marks : Grade 'C'
55 to 59 marks : Grade 'D'
50 to 54 marks : Grade 'E'
Less than 50 marks : Grade 'F'
Insufficient attendance : Grade 'I'
Withdrawn from the course : Grade 'W'

In order to pass a course the student has to score

24 marks out of 60 (end semester examination) and 50
marks out of 100 (total marks).
A student who earns a grade of S,A,B,C,D or E for a
course is declared to have successfully completed that
course and earned the credits for that course. Such a
course cannot be repeated by the student.
A student who obtains letter grades I or W in a
course must re-register for and repeat the course.
A student who obtains letter grade F in a course has
to reappear for the examination in that course.
A student who obtains letter grade I or W or F in
thesis phase - I must reregister in the next semester.
Registration for thesis phase - II for such students can be
done in the subsequent semesters.
The following grade points are associated with each
letter grade for calculating the GPA and CGPA.
S - 10; A - 9; B - 8; C - 7; D - 6; E - 5; F - 0
Courses with grades I and W are not considered for
calculation of grade point average or cumulative grade
point average. F grade will be considered for computing
GPA and CGPA.
A student can apply for retotalling of one or more of
his/ her examination answer papers within a week from
the date of issue of grade sheet to the student on payment
of the prescribed fee per paper. The application must be
made to the Controller of Examinations with the
recommendation of the Head of the Department.
After results are declared, grade cards will be issued
to the students. The grade card will contain the list of
courses registered during the semester, the grades scored
and the grade point average for the semester.
GPA is the sum of the products of the number of
credits of a course with the grade point scored in that
course, taken over all the courses for the semester, divided
by the sum of the number of credits for all courses taken

in that semester. CGPA is similarly calculated considering

all the courses taken from the time of admission.
The results of the final semester will be withheld
until the student obtains passing grades in all the courses
of all the earlier semesters.
After successful completion of the programme, the
degree will be awarded with the following classification
based on CGPA.
For First Class with Distinction the student must
earn a minimum of 65 credits within four semesters for
full-time and six semesters for part-time from the time of
admission, pass all the courses in the first attempt and
obtain a CGPA of 8.25 or above.
For First Class, the student must earn a minimum of
65 credits within two years and six months for full-time
and three years and six months for part-time from the
time of admission and obtain a CGPA of 6.75 or above.
For Second Class the student must earn a minimum
of 65 credits within four years for full-time and six years
for part-time from the time of admission.
R14. RANKING OF CANDIDATES

The candidates who are eligible to get the

M.E. degree in First Class with distinction will be ranked
together on the basis of CGPA for all the courses of study
from I to IV Semester for M.E. Full time and from I to VI
Semester for M.E. Part-Time.
The candidates passing with First class and with out
failing in any subjects from the time of admission will be
ranked next to those with distinction on the basis of CGPA
for all the courses of study form I to IV semester for
M.E. Full time and from I to VI Semester for M.E. Part-Time.
R15. ELECTIVES

Apart from the various elective courses offered in the

curriculum of the branch of specialisation, a student can
choose a maximum of two electives from any specilisation
under the faculty during the entire period of study, with
the approval of the Head of the Department and the Head
of the Department offering the course.

8
R16. TRANSITORY REGULATIONS

If a candidate studying under the old regulations

could not attend any of the courses in his/her
programme, shall be permitted to attend equal number of
courses, under the new regulation and will be examined in
those courses. The choice of courses will be decided by the
concerned Head of the Department. However he/she will
be permitted to submit the thesis as per the old
regulations. The result of such candidates will be passed
as per the old regulations.
The University shall have the power to revise or
change or amend the regulations, the scheme of
examinations, the courses of study and the syllabi from
time to time.

SCHEME OF EXAMINATIONS
FIRST SEMESTER
Code

Courses

PSEC101 Applied Mathematics

Periods /
Credits
Week
4L

PSEC102 Digital Simulation of Power Systems

4L

PSEE103 Elective I

4L

12L

Total Periods : 12
SECOND SEMESTER
Code

Courses

Periods
Credits
/ Week

PSEC201 Power System Economics Control

4L

PSEC202 Power System Dynamics

4L

PSEE203 Elective II

4L

12L

Total Periods : 12
# L Lecture

# Marks for each Subject: 100 (40 for Continuous Assessment,

60 for examination)
# Duration of examination: 3 hours for each Subject

9
THIRD SEMESTER
Code

Periods /
Credits
Week

Courses

PSEC301 State Estimation and Security Control

of Power Systems

4L

PSEE302 Elective III

4L

PSEE303 Elective IV

4L

PSEP304 Software Design and Computations

LaboratoryI

3P

12L+3P

11

Total Periods : 15
FOURTH SEMESTER
Code

Courses

Periods
Credits
/ Week

PSEC401 Static Relaying and Protection in

Power Systems

4L

PSEE402 Elective V

4L

PSEE403 Elective VI

4L

PSEP404 Software Design and Computations

LaboratoryII

3P

12L+3P

11

Total Periods : 15
FIFTH SEMESTER
Code

Periods /
Credits
Week

Courses

PSEE501 Elective VII

4L

PSEE502 Elective VIII

4L

PSET503 Thesis Work and Seminar (Phase I)

Total: 15
# L Lecture

P Practical

6
8L

12

S Seminar

# Marks for each Subject: 100 (40 for Continuous Assessment,

60 for examination)
# Duration of examination: 3 hours for each Subject
# Examination for Subject 503: in the form of viva voce and/or
Demonstration

10
SIXTH SEMESTER
Code

Courses

Periods /
Credits
Week

PSET601 Thesis Work and Seminar (Phase II)

Total
# L Lecture

13

13

S Seminar

# Marks for each Subject: 100 (40 for Continuous Assessment,

60 for examination)
# Duration of examination: 3 hours for each Subject
# Examination for Subject 601: in the form of viva voce and/or
Demonstration

LIST OF ELECTIVES
GROUPA
1) REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION IN
TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
2) POWER SYSTEM RELIABILITY
3) POWER SYSTEM PLANNING
4) EHV AC AND DC TRANSMISSION
5) APPLICATION OF POWER ELECTRONICS IN POWER
SYSTEMS
6) HIGH VOLTAGE TESTING TECHNIQUES
7) WIND ENERGY SYSTEMS
8) POWER SYSTEM VOLTAGE STABILITY STUDIES
9) POWER SYSTEM INSTRUMENTATION
10) INSULATION TECHNOLOGY AND HIGH VOLTAGE
ENGINEERING
11) FLEXIBLE AC TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS

11

GROUP B
1) OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUIES
2) SOLID STATE CONTROLLED ELECTRIC DRIVES
3) ADAPTIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS
4) EXPERT SYSTEMS and THEIR APPLICATION TO
POWER SYSTEM PROBLEMS
5) NEURAL NETWORKS AND FUZZY LOGIC
6) PATTERN RECOGNITION

SYLLABUS
PSEC 101 : APPLIED MATHEMATICS
AIM

To strengthen the mathematical background of the

students and expose him to the latest areas required in
the field of study of power systems.
OBJECTIVES

The course is offered to enable the student to build

up his mathematical ability and acquire the knowledge to
understand the concepts with a sense of applicability.
A review of matrix methods to solving problems is
expected. An emphasis is to be laid on the study of
operations research with specified reference to quadratic
programming. The importance of statistical analysis is to
brought out. A course on time series analysis is envisaged.
Techniques used to solve higher order equation with more
than one variable are to be explained.
The student will be able to exploit the use of
mathematical skill for design analysis and simulation of
power systems.
Matrices

Computation of the greatest and the lst eigen values

of a matrix by power method - Modal matrix and spectral
matrix - Hermitian form - Canonical form.

12
Operations Research

Linear programming - Graphical method - Simplex

method - Nonlinear programming with special reference to
quadratic programming - Kuhn Tucker conditions Wolfe's method - Dynamic programming - Bellman's
principle of optimality.
Statistics

Probability - Baye's theorem for conditional

probability - Random variables -Distribution function Density function - Variance and covariance - Stochastic
process - Auto correlation and auto covariance - Cross
correlation and cross covariance - Stationary process Auto correlation and cross correlation functions - Power
spectrum.
Time Series Analysis

Methods of forecasting - Significance of time series

analysis - Components of time series - Secular trends Linear trend - Graphical method - Semi average method Method of least squares - Nonlinear trends - Moving
average method - Method of least squares - Seasonal
variations - Seasonal index - Method of simple averages Ratio to trend method - Ratio to moving average method Cyclical variations - Smoothing with moving averages Irregular variations .
Boundary Value Problems

a) Special functions and multiple Fourier series:

Orthogonal functions, Bessel functions and Legendre
polynomials - Generalised Fourier series expansions of an
arbitrary function in terms of orthogonal functions, Bessel
functions of order zero and Legendre polynomials - Fourier
series expansions of functions of two and three variables.
b) Partial Differential Equations: Solution of wave
equation, diffusion equation, Poisson equation and
Laplace equation by the method of separation of variables
- Transverse vibration of rectangular and circular
membranes - Potentials due to charged circular rings,
circular plates and spheres.

13
Reference Books

1) Shanti Narayan, A Text Book of Matrices, S. Chand

and Co.
2) Swarup, K., Gupta, P.K. and Man Mohan, Operations
Research, Sultan Chand and Sons.
3) Papoulis, A. Probability, Random
Stochastic Processes, McGraw Hill.

Variables

and

4) Gupta, S.P. and Gupta, M.P., Business Statistics,

Sultan Chand and Sons.
5) Raymond E. Willis, A Guide to Forecasting for Planners
and Managers, Prentice Hall.
6) Venkataraman, M.K., Higher Mathematics for
Engineering and Science, The National Publishing Co.
7) Erwin Kreyszig, Advanced Engineering Mathematics,
Wiley Eastern.
8) Louis A. Pipes and Hartill, Applied Mathematics for
Engineers and Physicists, McGraw Hill.
PSEC 102 : DIGITAL SIMULATION OF POWER SYSTEMS
AIM

To explain to the student the basic concept related to

analysis of power systems and enable him to understand
the newer algorithms.
OBJECTIVES

A review of the basic studies in the area of power

systems is expected. Improvements that enable the
effective use of computers for large power networks is to
be highlighted. An emphasis of how the power system
models are built for different types of studies is to be laid.
The course will pave the way for a student to
incorporate the use of intelligent techniques in the area of
power system analysis.
Introduction

Importance of basic power system studies (power

flow, short circuit and stability) in the planning and
operation of power system - distinction between steady

14

state, quasi steady state and transient modelling of power

system.
Sparsity Oriented Network Solution

Solution of network equation - Exploiting sparsity of

bus admittance matrix - compact storage, optimal
ordering, triangular factorization and solution using the
factors - Solution using Gaussian elimination.
Power Flow Studies

Power flow model using bus admittance matrix - Fast

decoupled power flow method (FDPF) - with voltage
controlled buses using sparsity technique - Multiarea
power flow analysis with tie-line control - AC/DC power
flow analysis using sequential FDPF method, contingency
analysis, sensitivity analysis - Load flow based on sparsity
oriented solution of I = YV. Special purpose power flow
studies - harmonic power flow - three phase load flow distribution power flow - interactive load flows.
(Qualitative treatment only)
Short Circuit Studies

Short circuit analysis of a multi-node power system

using bus impedance matrix ZBUS - Building algorithm
for ZBUS - Algorithm for symmetrical fault analysis using
ZBUS - Development of voltage and current equations
under
unsymmetrical
faults
using
symmetrical
components and algorithm for unsymmetrical fault
analysis using ZBUS - Use of sparse factors of YBUS for
obtaining the columns of ZBUS.
Stability Studies

Mathematical model for stability analysis of a

multimachines system with exciters and governors solution of state equation by modified Euler method/4th
order R.K. method.
Reference Books

1) Elgerd, O.I., Electric Energy Systems Theory - An

Introduction, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi, 1983.
2) Stagg, G.W. and El-Abiad, A.H., Computer Methods in
Power System Analysis, McGraw Hill Book Co, 1985.

15

3) Pai, M.A., Computer Techniques in Power System

Analysis, Tata McGrawHill, 1986.
4) Murthy, P.S.R., Power System Operation and Control,
Tata McGraw Hill.
5) Allen J. Wood and Bruce F. Wollenberg, Power
Generation, Operation and Control, John Wiley and
Sons, Inc., 1984
6) Brown, H.E., Solution of Large Networks by Matrix
Methods, John Wiley and Sons.
7) Arrillaga, J. and Arnold, C.P., Computer Modelling of
Electrical Power Systems, John Wiley and Sons, 2001.
8) Kusic, G.L., Computer Aided Power System Analysis,
PHI, 1989.
9) Heydt, T., Computer Techniques in Power System
Analysis,1986.
PSEC 201 : POWER SYSTEM ECONOMICS AND CONTROL
AIM

To bring out the need for operating the power system

in a viable and affordable manner.
OBJECTIVES

A review of the dispatch studies in power system

networks is expected. An emphasis on the development of
algorithms suitable for efficient operation is to be laid.
Techniques used to solve mathematical formulations is to
be explained. The basic idea of unit commitment schedule
and its significance is to be pointed out. The problems
associated with interconnected networks, the need for
maintaining co-coordinated actions and the use of
controllers in augmenting these actions is to addressed.
The student will derive the benefit of having
understood the credentials of smooth and satisfactory
operation of power systems.
Optimum economic dispatch - Review of the
lossless case - Optimum dispatch considering losses Analysis of two bus and n bus systems - Incremental

16

transmission loss - I.T.L's for two bus and n bus cases computational procedure.
Optimum dispatch problem as an optimisation
problem - cost function, equality constraints, Kuhn
Tucker conditions, inequality constraints on control and
dependent variables, penalty function for constraint
violations - Introduction to gradient search and dynamic
programming methods.
Optimal scheduling of hydrothermal systems Mathematical formulation, solution technique and
algorithm.
Unit commitment - various constraints - priority list
solution methods - dynamic programming solution.
Load frequency control - Flat frequency control
power balance interconnected operation flat frequency
control of interconnected stations flat tie line and flat
frequency control tie line bias control supplementary
control transfer function of single area system
interconnected areas PID controllers steady state
errors in two area system implementation of LFC state
variable models for three, two and single area systems
optimal load frequency control of single area system
digital load frequency controllers decentralised control.
Reference Books

1) Elgerd, O.I., Electric Energy Systems Theory - An

Introduction, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi, 1983.
2) Nagrath and Kothari, Modern
Analysis, Tata McGraw Hill.

Power

Systems

3) Murty, P.S.R., Power System Operation and Control,

Tata McGraw Hill.
4) Wood and Wollenberg, Power Generation, Operation
and Control, John Wiley and Sons,1984.
5) Kirchmeyer, Economic Operation of Power Systems.
6) Kirchmeyer,
Systems.

Economic

Control

of

Interconnected

17

7) Mahalanabis, Kothari and Ahson, Computer Aided

Power System Analysis and Control, Tata McGraw
Hill, 1991.
8) Kusic, G.L., Computer Aided Power System Analysis,
PHI, 1989.
PSEC 202 : POWER SYSTEM DYNAMICS
AIM

To create an awareness of the need for stability of the

system when it is subjected to disturbances and study its
performance under such exigencies.
OBJECTIVES

A review of the mathematical background that

enables the operator to build the system model during
various operating states is expected. State space
algorithms that extract the system behavior are to be
discussed. An emphasis on the need of mechanisms for
connecting the system state through the use of closed loop
operation is to be laid.
The influence of the use of regulators and excitors
and methods to study the overall system performance are
to be probed.
Approach that facilitates extension of the existing
techniques to multi machine systems are to be explained.
The students will realize the significance of stability
analysis and be capable of including its effects in the
design of newer systems, besides being to able to suggest
preventive measures in the event of occurrence of a
disturbance.
Introduction

Distinction between transient and dynamic stability complexity of stability problem in large system - need for
reduced models - stability of interconnected systems.
Synchronous Machines

Park's transformation - flux linkage equations current space model - per unit conversion - normalizing
the equations - equivalent circuit - flux linkage state space

18

model - subtransient and transient inductances and time

constants - simplified models (two axes, one axis, and
constant flux linkage) - steady state equations and phasor
diagrams - calculation of machine parameters from
manufacturer's data.
Machine Controllers

Exciter and voltage regulator - function of excitation

systems - typical excitation system configuration - block
diagram and state space representation of IEEE type 1
excitation system - saturation function - stabilising
circuit. Function of speed governing systems - Block
diagram and state space representation of IEEE
mechanical hydraulic governor for hydro turbines and
electrical hydraulic governors for steam turbines.
Dynamic Stability

System response to small disturbances - linear model

of the unregulated synchronous machine and its modes of
oscillation - regulated synchronous machine - distribution
of power impact - linearization of the load equation for the
one machine problem - simplified linear model - effect of
excitation on dynamic stability - approximate system
representation - supplementary stabilizing signals - linear
analysis of stabilized generator - linearized model for the
network - dynamic stability analysis of multimachine
system using linearized model of generator regulators and
network.
Reference Books

1) Anderson, P.N. and Fouad, A.A., Power System

Control and Stability, Galgotia Publication, New Delhi,
1984.
2) Yao-nan Yu, Electric Power System Dynamics,
Academic Press.
3) Pai, M.A. and Sawer, Power System Stability, North
Holland Publishing Co., Amsterdam.
4) Stagg, G.W. and El-abiad, A.H. Computer Methods in
Power System Analysis, McGraw Hill, New York,
1985.
5) Kimbark, E.W., Power System Stability, Vol.I and III.
John Wiley, 1948.

19

6) Crary, S.B., Power System Stability, Vol.I and II. John

Wiley, Newyork, 1945.
7) Concordia, C., Synchronous Machines, Wiley, 1955.
PSEC 301 : STATE ESTIMATION AND SECURITY CONTROL
OF POWER SYSTEMS
AIM

To impart to the students the need for power system

monitoring and highlight the significance of estimation
and enhancement with the use of SCADA systems.
OBJECTIVES

A review of SCADA, measurement techniques,

concept of data transmission and telemetry is expected.
Algorithms for state estimation and methods of
computing the states of the system is to instilled in the
needs of the students.
The requirement of the system to be secure even
during contingent conditions is to be explained. Measures
that the operator will have to initiate are to be highlighted.
The student will be able to incorporate security
procedures not only in the design of power systems but
also when he attempts to build newer techniques.
Introduction

Concept of power system security - factors affecting

security - functions of security control - system
monitoring, state estimation, security assessment and
security enhancement.
System Monitoring

Power system control centres: equipment and

interfaces - dual computer configuration, organisation and
functions - SCADA system.
Data Transmission and Telemetry

Amplitude modulation - frequency modulation frequency shift keying - modems - PLCC equipment.
Data Acquisition

Block diagram of a typical microprocessor based data

acquisition system for power systems - analog and digital

20

signal acquisition modules - interface -microprocessor

system - software - display devices.
Power System State Estimation

Static state estimation : Maximum likelihood

weighted least squares estimation algorithm - active and
reactive power bus measurements - active and reactive
power
line
flow
measurements
line
current
measurements - bus voltage measurements -measurement
redundancy - accuracy and variance of measurements variance of measurement residuals - detection,
identification and suppression of bad measurements.
Computational aspects - approximations to reduce
computations - external system equivalencing -fast
decoupled state estimation - state estimation using d.c.
model of power system. Weighted least absolute value
state estimation - comparison with WLSE. Network
observability
psuedo
measurements
virtual
measurements. Stability and robustness of estimation
algorithms. tracking state estimation: algorithm computational aspects.
Security Assessment

Classification of security states: Normal, alert,

contingency, emergency and restorative modes. Network
equivalent for external system. Contingency analysis: a.c.,
linearised a.c. and linearised d.c. models of power systems
for security assessment - line outage distribution factors
and generation shift factors for d.c. and linearised a.c.
models - single contingency analysis using these factors double line outage analysis techniques using bus
impedance matrix and factors of bus admittance matrix.
Fast contingency algorithms for nonlinear a.c. models.
Contingency ranking, security indices.
Security Enhancement

Correcting the generator dispatch for security

enhancement using linearised d.c. models - methods
using sensitivity factors - compensated factors optimisation methods. Emergency and restorative control
procedures.

21
Reference Books

1) Mahalanabis, Kothari and Ahson, Computer Aided

Power System Analysis and Control, Tata McGraw
Hill, 1991.
2) Kusic, G.L., Computer Aided Power System Analysis,
Prentice Hall of India, 1989.
3) Wood and Wollenberg, Power Generation, Operation
and Control, John Wiley and Sons, 1984.
4) Murty, P.S.R., Power System Operation and Control,
Tata McGraw Hill.
PSEP 304 : SOFTWARE DESIGN AND COMPUTATIONS
LABORATORY I
AIM

To develop programming skills and expose to the

usage of software packages necessary for simulation and
analyses of Power System, required for its planning,
operation and control.
OBJECTIVE

At the end of the course, the student will become

proficient in the development of C++ programs and in the
usage of software packages for solving problems in Power
System planning, operation and control.
PSEC 401 : STATIC RELAYING AND PROTECTION IN
POWER SYSTEMS
AIM

To instill in the minds of the students the need and

significance of protection for a safe operation of the power
systems.
OBJECTIVES

A review of the operating principles of conventional

relays is expected. The construction, characteristics
features and use of current and potential transformers are
to be discussed role of electronic circuits for effective
realization of the protective schemes is to be brought out.

22

Different types of relay schemes and their use under

different circumstances are to be explained.
The use of digital techniques and their merits in
implementing protective schemes are to be highlighted.
The student will be able to understand the growing
need for protective strategies and be able to innovate
better schemes in future designs.
Current Transformers

Review of electromagnetic relays and protective

schemes - effects of power swing.
Composite error and accuracy limit factor short
time rating transient primary fault current transient
secondary current flux swing in the core adverse
effects and their avoidance modern trends in design.
Voltage Transformers

Transient in primary voltage flux swing under

transient modern trends in design capacitor type
voltage transformer, equivalent circuit, ratio and phase
angle errors, burden, effect of frequency variation on
performance. static relaying:advantages Review of
components and circuits for static relays. Two - input
comparators and associated elements transfer
impedance mixing transformers or circuits phase and
amplitude comparators rectifier bridge comparators,
circulating current type, opposed voltage type and direct
comparators

coincident
circuit
type
phase
comparators,direct or block spike phase comparator,
phase splitting technique, integrating type phase
comparator with transistor AND gate, rectifier phase
comparator and its use as an integrating comparator, time
bias type comparator Hall effect type and magneto
resistivity type vector product devices zener diode phase
comparators design principles of transistor relays,
advantages of block average comparison.
Directional Relays

Phase comparator units amplitude comparator

units inputs for maximum output polyphase
directional relays, applications.

23
Overcurrent Relays

Instantaneous relay time- current relays

applications of different time-current characteristics
basic principles and practical circuits for time overcurrent
relays an example of a static overcurrent relay with
IDMT characteristic an example of a static directional
overcurrent relay with IDMT characteristic.
Differential Relays

Operating and restraining characteristics unbiased

and percentage biased types equations for static type
static relay schemes, principles of harmonic restraint and
harmonic blocking differential relays for transformer
protection.
Distance Relays

Review of the various characteristic types and

applications static distance relay schemes rectifier
phase comparator as distance relay, switched distance
schemes, static fault detectors in switched distance
schemes. Pilot wire schemes review of directional
comparison, phase comparison, transferred tripping and
current differential schemes characteristics problems
with telephone pilots pilot supervision starting relays.
Carrier Current Schemes

Review coupling of carrier signal to power line,

bandwidth, attenuation, safety requirements. Solid state
phase comparison carrier protection principle, spurious
phase shifts, relaying signals, solid state phase
comparison carrier protection.
Introduction to multi input comparators and their
use in distance protection. Under frequency relays, under
and over frequency relays. Reliability, testing and
maintenance. Digital protection techniques introduction,
advantages, digital protection processes, basic protection
schemes, algorithms, microprocessor applications to
protective relays.

24
Reference Books

1) Madhava Rao, Power System Protection Static Relays,

Tata McGraw Hill.
2) Patra,
Basu,
Choudhuri,
Power
System
Protection,Oxford and IBH Publishing Company.
3) Ram, B., Microcomputers and Microprocessors.
4) Kimbark, Power
Eastern, 1950.

System

Stability,

Vol.II.

Wiley

5) Mason, C.R., The Art and Science of Protective

Relaying, Wiley Eastern
6) Protective Relaying, Theory and Practice, Vol. I and II:
Van Warrington: Chapman and Hall.
PSEP 404 : SOFTWARE DESIGN AND COMPUTATIONS
LABORATORY I
AIM

To develop programming skills and expose to the

usage of software packages necessary for simulation and
analyses of Power System, required for its planning,
operation and control.
OBJECTIVE

At the end of the course, the student will become

proficient in the development of C++ programs and in the
usage of software packages for solving problems in Power
System planning, operation and control.

25

ELECTIVES
GROUP A
1. REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION IN
TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
AIM

To bring out the need for compensation in

transmission systems and highlight the performance of
compensators.
OBJECTIVES

A review of the characteristics of compensators and

their role in improving the voltage profile in transmission
systems is envisaged. The performance of the
transmission systems with different compensation
schemes are to be discussed. The relative merits of static
compensators
and
effectives
of
reactive
power
management are to be brought out.
The course would enable the students to realize the
significance of the role of reactive power for a satisfactory
operation of powersystems.
The Theory of Load Compensation

Introduction - Objectives in load compensation Ideal

compensator
Practical
considerations
Fundamental theory of compensation - Approximate
reactive power characteristics - Load compensator as a
voltage regulator - phase balancing and power factor
correction of unsymmetrical loads.
The Theory of Steady State Reactive Power
Compensation in electric Transmission Systems

Introduction - uncompensated transmission lines compensated transmission lines - passive shunt

compensation - series compensation - dynamic shunt
compensation.
Reactive Power Compensation and the Dynamic
Performance of Transmission Systems

Introduction - dynamic performance of systems with

different types of compensation - Passive shunt

26

compensation - static compensators - synchronous

condensers - series capacitor compensation.
Principles of Static Compensators

Compensator applications - the thyristor controlled

reactor (TCR) and related types of compensator - thyristor
controlled high impedance transformer - the thyristor
switched capacitor - saturated reactor compensators - an
example of a modern static compensator.
Harmonics

Introduction - harmonic sources - effect of harmonics

on electrical equipment - resonance, shunt capacitors and
filters - filter systems - telephone interference.
Reactive Power Coordination

Introduction
conclusions.

reactive

power

management

Reference Books

1) Miller, T.J.E., Reactive Power Control in Electric

Systems, John Wiley and Sons, New York.
2) Arrillaga, J., Bradley, D.A. and Bodger, P.S., Power
System Harmonics, John Wiley and Sons, New York.
3) Dubey, G.K., Thyristorized Power Controllers, et al:
Wiley Eastern Limited.
4) Static VAR compensators - state of art: Central Board
of Irrigation and Power (Technical Report No.41),
Maleha Marg, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi.
5) Static Compensation for AC Power Systems, IEE
Proceedings Vol.128, pp. 362 - 406, Nov.1981.
6) Gyngyi, L., Otto, R.A. and Putman, T.H., Principles
and Application of Static Thyristor Controlled Shunt
Compensators, Trans. IEEE . Power Apparatus and
Systems, pp. 1935 - 1945, September/October, 1978.

27

2. POWER SYSTEM RELIABILITY

AIM

To highlight the significance of reliable operation of

power systems.
OBJECTIVES

A review of the statistical application approaches to

the mathematical modeling of power systems is expected.
The performance criteria and issues related to assess the
system behavior are to explained. Methods used to
evaluate the system under different states are to be
discussed.
The course would be useful in the sense it would
enable the student to incorporate the features of reliability
in the designs of power systems.
Basic Reliability Concepts

General reliability function - the exponential

distribution meantime to failure - series and parallel
systems - markov processes - continuous markov
processes - recursive techniques.
Transmission System Reliability

Average interruption rate method - frequency and

duration method - stormy and normal weather effects markov process approach -system studies.
Bulk Power System Reliability

Service quality criterion - conditional probability

approach - single system application - two plant, single
load system - two plant, two load system - networked
system approach.
Interconnected System Generating Capacity Reliability

Probability array for two systems - loss of load

approach - load forecast uncertainty - interconnection
benefits.
Distribution System Reliability

Markov model
performance.

distribution

system

reliability

28
Reference Books

1) Roy Billington, Power System Reliability Evaluation,

Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, New York,
1970.
2) Sandlwer, G.H. System Reliability
Prentice Hall Space Technology Series.

Engineering,

3) Roy Billington and Ronald N. Allan, Reliability

Evaluation of Engineering Systems, Concepts and
Techniques, Pitman Advanced Publishing Program,
1984.
4) Endrenyi, J., Reliability Modelling in Electric Power
Systems, John Wiley.
5) Balbi S. Dhillon, Power System Reliability, Safety and
Management, Ann Arbor Science, 1984.
6) Turan Gonen, Electric Power Distribution System
Engineering, McGraw Hill.
3. POWER SYSTEM PLANNING
AIM

To bring out the need for planning and highlight the

usefulness of the available strategies.
OBJECTIVES

A review of the forecasting principles and measures

involved in the development of model is expected . The
algorithms used to examine the best fit between
generation and demand are to be discussed scheduling
methods and their relative issues are to be explained.
At the end of the course the student will be able to
identify the need for planning and be able to innovate
newer strategies in this area.
Introduction

Objective of system planning - long term and short

term planning - stages in planning - policy studies,
planning standardisation studies, system and network
reinforcement studies.

29
Load Forecasting

Power load demand and characteristics - preliminary

survey of area load - load forecasting - definitions of basic
concepts - regression analysis - correlation theory analysis of time series - factors in power system loading technological forecasting - sources of error - regulating the
model.
Generation System Cost Analysis

Introduction - types of production cost analysis probability methods and uses in generation planning probabilistic production cost computations - simulating
economic scheduling - scheduling procedures - scheduling
algorithms for probabilistic production cost computations
- aspects of practical implementation - effect of off-peak
energy sales on production cost. Pollution - types of
pollution - need to assess pollution effects in simulating
scheduling.
Transmission System Expansion Planning

Tellegen's theorem - network sensitivities - network

design - formulation of the planning problem - solution
using DC method.
Reference Books

1) Sullivan, Power System Planning, McGraw Hill, 1977.

2) Pabla, Electric Power Distribution Systems, TMH,
1981.
3) Murty, P.S.R., Power System Operation and Control,
TMH.
4) Wood and Wollenberg, Power Generation, Operation
and Control, John Wiley, 1984.
5) Knight,
U.G., Power System
Athematics, Pergamon Press.
6) Billington, Power System
Gordon and Breach.

Engineering

Reliability

and

Evaluation,

30

4. EHV AC AND DC TRANSMISSION (ELECTIVE)

AIM

To explain to the student the limitations of AC Power

transmission and highlighted need for EHVAC and HVDC
transmission systems.
OBJECTIVES

A detailed study of EHVAC transmission system is to

be made. Problems associated with it, and their remedial
solutions are to be discussed. Characteristics of EHV
insulators and design aspects of cable insulation are to be
discussed. A review of conversion and inversion operations
and their role in HVDC transmission systems is to be
carried out. Standard wave shapes used for EHV testing
are to be analyzed. Protective features of HVAC and DC
systems are to be discussed. Design of EHV lines is to be
made.
The student will acquire sufficient knowledge on the
salient features of HVAC and DC transmission systems
and be able to offer suggestions for a qualitative
improvement in the method of transfer of power to the
utility.
Introduction

Introduction to EHV AC and DC transmission comparison between HVAC and HVDC overhead and
underground transmission schemes - Factors concerning
choice of HVAC and HVDC transmission - Block diagram
of HVAC and HVDC transmission schemes.
EHV AC Transmission

EHV AC Transmission - Properties of bundled

conductors - Surface voltage gradient on single and multi
conductor bundles - Corona effects - Power loss - Charge
voltage diagram with Corona - Attenuation of travelling
waves due to corona loss - Noise generation and their
characteristics - Corona pulses, their generation and
properties (qualitative study only) - Problems of EHV AC
transmission at power frequency - Voltage control using
compensators - Cascade connection of components - High
phase order transmission - Comparison of power handling

31

capacity - EHV insulators - their characteristics and

pollution performance. EHV Cable Transmission Electrical characteristics of EHV cables - Properties of
cable insulation materials - Design basis of cable
insulation.
HVDC Transmission

HVDC Transmission - Review of rectification and

inversion process - Constant current and constant
extinction angle modes of operation - Analysis of DC
transmission systems - Harmonics on AC and DC sides
and filters for their suppression - Multiterminal D.C.
transmission systems; application, types, control and
protection - Parallel operation of A.C. and D.C.
transmission - Voltage stability in AC/DC systems Modern developments in HVDC transmission - HVDC
systems simulation.
EHV Testing

EHV Testing - Standard specifications and standard

wave shapes for testing - Generation of switching surges
for transformer testing - Impulse voltage generators Generation of impulse currents - General layout of EHV
laboratory. Overvoltages in EHV systems - Origin and
types - Switching surges - Lightning surges. Protection of
HVAC and HVDC systems - Lightning arresters for DC
systems.
Design of EHV Lines

Design of EHV Lines - Design factors under steady

state - Steady state limits - Line insulation coordination
based upon transient over voltages - Design examples.
Reference Books

1) Begamudre, R.D., EHVAC Transmission Engg., Wiley

Eastern Ltd., 2nd edition, 1991.
2) Adamson, C. and Hingorani, N.G., HVDC Power
Transmission, Garroway Limited, England.
3) Padiyar, K.R., HVDC Power Transmission Systems Technology and System Interaction, Wiley Eastern
Limited. New Age International (P) Ltd., 1990.

32

4) Kuffel and Zaengl, High Voltage Engineering

Fundamentals, Pergamon Press, Oxford, New York,
1984.
5) Kimbark, E.W., Direct Current Transmission VolumeI,
Wiley Interscience, 1971.
5. APPLICATION OF POWER ELECTRONICS IN POWER
SYSTEMS (ELECTIVE)
AIM

To explain the need for a better operation of the evergrowing interconnected Power System and bring out the
role of Power Electronic Circuits in realising a more
satisfactory transfer of power.
OBJECTIVES

Problems
associated
with
the
existing
ac
transmission systems are to be discussed. The need for a
flat voltage profile for effective utilization of real power and
the crisis posed by the inadequate supply of reactive
power is to be explained. Function of compensating
devices and the role of power electronic devices in their
control is to be highlighted. Models and control algorithms
for analysing the operation of VAR devices are to be
studied.
The course will expose the student the superior
performance of the transmission systems. It enables the
student to develop the mathematical algorithms for
predicting the performance of such systems.
Harmonics

HVAC and DC links - Layout - Types - Generation of

harmonics - characteristic and non-characteristic
harmonics - Troubles caused by harmonics - Harmonic
filters.Influence of harmonics on the operation of drives Performance evaluation.
Protection of HVAC / HVDC Systems

Voltage control - Static tap changers using thyristors

- Different control schemes - comparison. Static circuit
breakers using thyristors - CBs for HVAC / HVDC systems

33

- Breaking by resonant conditions - characteristics of HRC

and semi conductor fuses.
VAR Compensation

VAR compensation - Basic concepts - Voltage

regulation and power factor correction - Phase balancing
and power factor correction of unbalanced loads Properties of static compensator - TCR, TSR, TSC, SR Control strategies - Modelling and control of thyristor
controlled series compensators.
Unified Power Flow Controllers

Unified Power Flow Control - Implementation of

power flow control using thyristors - Implementation of
unified power flow controller schemes.
Static excitation control - Solid state excitation of
synchronous generators - Different schemes - Generex
excitation - Control strategies.
FACTS Controllers

FACTS controller STATCOM special purpose

FACTS controller multifunctional FACTS controller Approximate multimodel decomposition - Variable
structure FACTS controller : Nonlinear control - series
capacitor control - resistor control.
Reference Books

1) Begamudre, R.D, EHVAC Transmission Engg., Wiley

Eastern Ltd., 2nd edition, 1991.
2) Padiyar, K.R., HVDC Power Transmission Systems Technology and System Teraction, Wiley Eastern
Limited. New Age International (P) Ltd., 1990.
3) Miller, T.J.E., Reactive Power Control in Electric
Systems, Wiley Inter Science, Newyork, 1982.
4) Gyugyi, L., Unified Power Flow Control Concept for
Flexible AC Transmission, IEE Proc-C, Vol39, 204,
July, 1992.
5) Narain G. Hingorani, Laszio Gyugyl, Understanding
FACTS Concepts and Technology of Flexible AC
Transmission
Systems,
Standard
Publishers
Distributors, New Delhi, 2001.

34

6. HIGH VOLTAGE TESTING TECHNIQUES (ELECTIVE)

AIM

To create an awareness of the need for high voltage

testing of electrical equipment and drive home the
significance of the analysis.
OBJECTIVES

The need for high voltage testing, classification of

testing methods and the different Standards and
specifications are to be reviewed. Use of Power transformer
for this purpose and its usefulness are to be brought out.
Methods of generation of impulse and its role in testing is
to be studied. A study of nondestructive testing methods
is to be made. The salient features in the design of high
voltage lab are to be emphasised. Fault diagnostic
procedures are to be explained.
The course will help the student to acquire the
fundamental principles governing the high voltage testing
techniques. It will enable in anticipating possible faults
and help in simulating models., from which test results
could be predicted.
Introduction

Necessity for high voltage testing - Classification of

testing methods - self - restoration and non-selfrestoration systems - Standards and specifications,
measurement techniques.
Testing Techniques for Electrical Equipment

Testing of power transformers-Voltage transformers Current transformers - Bushings - Insulators - Surgediverters - Cables - Circuit breakers and isolators - Testing
methodology - Recording of oscillograms - Interpretation of
test results.
Generation of Impulse Voltages

Impulse voltage generator circuit - Analysis of

various impulse voltage generator circuits - Multistage
impulse generator circuits, Marx generator - Switching
impulse generator circuit - Impulse current generator
circuits.

35
Non-Destructive Testing

Measurement of tan delta and capacitance of solid

and
liquid
dielectrics
Insulation
resistance
measurement. Partial discharges - Location and
measurement of discharges in electrical equipment - RIV
measurements on line hardware, methodology and
interpretation.
Design of High Voltage Laboratory

General layout of high voltage laboratory - Design

aspects from civil and electrical engineering points of view
- Choice of equipment - Earthing and shielding - Power
supply and safety circuits.- Fault diagnostic techniques Statistical interpretation of test data-50 percent disruptive
discharge voltage-up and down method - Transfer function
approach - Pattern recognition approach - Neural
networks approach.
Reference Books

1) Dieter Kind, High Voltage Experimental Technique,

Wiley Eastern Ltd, New Delhi, 1978.
2) Naidu, M.S. and Kamaraju, V., High Voltage
Engineering, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company
Ltd., New Delhi, 1983.
3) Kuffel, E. and Zaengl, W.S., High Voltage Engineering
Fundamentals, Pergamon Press, Oxford, New York,
1984.
4) Gallagher, T.J. and Pearmain, A., High Voltage
Measurement, Testing and Design, John Wiley and
Sons, New York, 1983.
7. WIND ENERGY SYSTEMS (ELECTIVE)
AIM

To enlighten the students on the depleting reserves

and emphasise on the need for alternative sources of
energy.
OBJECTIVES

The basics of Wind energy; Wind resources, Wind

energy storage , Wind characteristics, and its potential for

36

Power Generation are to be reviewed. Evolution of Wind

mill, types of Wind mills, and factors governing the choice
are to be discussed. Construction, Characteristics, and
design of Induction Generators are to be studied.
Concepts of simulation and its usefulness is to be
highlighted. Management of Wind farms, Grid related
problems, and interfacing arrangements are to be
discussed.
The course will enable the student to realise the
potential of wind as a source of energy and force him to
contemplate on its use as an alternative source to relieve
the present energy crisis scenario.
Introduction

Perspectives on renewable energy sources - Revival of

interest in wind power - Future possibilities - Earliest form
of wind mills - European, English and Danish wind mills Other modern developments. Wind resources - Nature and
occurrence of wind - Wind characteristics - Variations of
mean speed with time - Potential for electric power
generation.
Types of Wind Mills

Selection of site - Factors affecting the choice of site Average wind speed - Effect of wind direction Measurement of wind velocity - Recorders used with cup
anemometers - Measurement of wind direction. Design of
wind energy conversion systems - Wind machine design Problems related to plant design - Choice of plant type Types of wind mills - Horizontal and vertical axis - Blade
design - Pitch solidity - Inclination of axis - Influence of
duty on design - Number of blades - Shape of the tips of
the blades - Lift and drag - Ratios of blade tip speed to
wind speed - Effective flow direction - Gear box - Control
of speed and output.
Induction Generators

Wind energy - Environmental factors - Electrical

design factors - Characteristics of induction generators Grid connected and stand alone systems- General
arrangement of an off shore power station - Operation of

37

dual speed grid connected wind driven induction

generators - Voltage controller for wind driven self excited
induction generator - Capacitor excited induction
generator for isolated power supplies.
Wind Energy Storage Systems

Stand alone systems for rural electrification simulation of wind energy conversion system - Storage
systems - Wind energy storage - Recon version -Wind
farms and grid connection - Grid related problems on
absorption of wind electric generation - Grid parameters.
Wind Power Management

Performance and experience of wind farms in Tamil

Nadu - Establishing wind farm substations - Earthing
system - Grid interfacing arrangement - Utilization of wind
generated electrical energy -Operational, control and
technical issues. Wind power management - Cost of
generation by large and medium scale induction
generators - Economic considerations - Prospects for cost
reduction.
Reference Books

1) Johnson, G.L., Wind Energy Systems, P.H. Inc., 1985.

2) Say, M.G, Performance and Design of A.C. Machines,
ELBS and SirIsaac Pitman and Sons Ltd., 1962.
3) Rashid, M.H., PSPICE for Power ELectronics and
Electric Power, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 1994.
4) Rashid, M.H., PSPICE for Circuit and Electronics,
Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliff N.J. 1990.
5) Ramakumar, R., Renewable Energy Sources and
Developing Countries, IEEE Transations on Power
Apparatus and Systems; PP.502-510; Feb 1983.
6) Anand, I.S., Strategy for Rural Electrification of Remote
area Villages, Proceedings of the National Solar
Energy Convention; New Delhi; PP 620- 639; Dec
1987.

38

8. POWER SYSTEM VOLTAGE STABILITY STUDIES

AIM

To impart to the student the need and significance of

voltage stability.
OBJECTIVES

A review of the basic concepts of voltage stability is

expected. The modeling and characteristics of loads and
their requirements under different operations states are to
be explained. The techniques used to assess the
performance of the system with load disturbances and the
restrictions imposed by the generating equipments are to
be discussed.
The course will go long way in creating an awareness
of the task of the designer to meet the voltage
requirements of the loads.
Introduction

Definition of voltage stability, voltage collapse and

voltage security. Active and reactive power transmission
using elementary models - difficulties with reactive power
transmission. Types of voltage stability analysis - steady
state, small disturbance and large disturbance stability
analysis.
Power System Loads

Static and dynamic characteristics of loads. LTC

transformers and distribution voltage regulators.
Generator Characteristics

Generator reactive power capability. Generator

control and protection. System response to power impacts.
AGC and AVR.
Steady State Stability Analysis

P-V and Q-V curves. Analysis using simple two bus

system.
Multibus
system
analysis.
Load
space
representation. Quantification of steady state stability steady state stability indices - minimum singular value eigenvalue analysis - condition number. Determination of
weakest bus and week bus ordering vector.

39
Dynamic Stability Analysis

Small disturbance signal analysis - ev method.

Explanation with P-V curves. Large disturbance stability
analysis - explanation with two-bus system and P-V
curves. Voltage stability of large systems - simulation
techniques.
Reactive power compensation to improve voltage
stability.
References Books

1) Pal, M.K., Voltage Stability Conditions Considering

Load Characteristics, IEEE Trans Power Systems, Vol.
7, No1 pp-243-249.
2) Gao, Morison and Kundur, Voltage Stability
Evaluation using Modal Analysis, IEEE Trans Power
Systems, Vol. 7. No 4 PP1529-1542.
3) Lof, Anderson and Hill, Voltage Stability Indices for
Stressed Power Systems, IEEE Trans Power Systems,
Vol. 8. No 1 pp 326-334.
4) Carson W. Taylor, Power System Voltage Stability,
McGraw Hill Inc, 1992.
9. POWER SYSTEM INSTRUMENTATION
AIM

To highlight the importance of the need for system

monitoring.
OBJECTIVES

A review of the characteristics of the C Ts and P Ts

and their role in system monitoring is envisaged. The use
of processors in the process and their relative merits are
to be brought out . Algorithms used in the investigation
procedure and error analysis are to be explained.
The course will offer an opportunity to innovate
newer procedures and better methods for effective design
of instrumentation systems for power networks.

40
Introduction

Measurement and error analysis. Object and

philosophy of power system instrumentation to measure
large currents and high voltages.
Current and Voltage Transformer

Design equations and operation characteristics.

Error compensator schemes. Over load and transient
performance. Standard specifications.
Power and Energy Measurements

Torque equation of induction type energy meters,

parasitic torque and their minimization. IS specifications.
Analog and digital energy power measurement.
Substation Instrumentation

A/D and D/A conversion - GPIB programmable test

instruments, microprocessor base GPIB controllers
Computer in Power Systems

Microprocessor based Torque, angle and speed

measurements - Data acquisition systems for Power
System applications - Data Tramsmission and Telemetry PLC equipment - computer control of power system security monitoring and state estimation - Economic
dispatch and Load frequency control - Data acquistion
systems and man Machine interface - power plant control
algorithms - generator excitation control.
References Books

1) Cooper,
W.D.,
Eletronic
Instrumentation
Measurement Techniques, Prentice Hall, 1979.

and

2) Sonde, B.S. and Chakaravarthy, G.V., Introduction to

Telemetry, IISC Pulication, 1985.
3) Mahalana Bis, A.K., Kothari, D.P. and Ahson, S.I.,
Computer Aided Power System Analysis and Control,
Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi, 1988.

41

10. INSULATION TECHNOLOGY AND HIGH VOLTAGE

ENGINEERING
AIM

To impart to the students the essential knowledge in

the area of insulation and high voltage equipment design
and testing with reference to power system engineering.
OBJECTIVES

A student specializing in power system engineering

should have a sound knowledge of insulation design of
H.V equipment such as transformer, transmission line,
cable, circuit breaker, etc. The students should also know
the standard testing which must be carried out on the
equipment. So, this subject greatly helps the students in
acquiring this much needed knowledge in high voltage
engineering.
This will enable the students to appreciate the
intricacies involved in insulation design and testing
anociated with modern power system components like
EHV transformers, cables and transmission lines.
Fundamentals of high voltage engineering - voltage
stresses - Testing voltages - Testing with power frequency
voltages - Testing with lightning impulse voltages - Testing
with switching impulse voltages - Testing with d.c.
voltages - Over voltages - simulated lightning surges for
testing - Switching surge test voltage characteristic.
Electrostatic fields and field stress control - electrical
field distribution and break down strength of insulating
materials - simple configurations of fields - stress control
by floating screens - experimental field analysis
techniques - finite element numerical method - charge
simulation method.
High voltage testing of electrical equipment - testing
of overhead line insulators, cables, bushings, power
capacitors - power transformers, circuit breakers - various
kinds of test voltages
SF6 gas insulated power apparatus - SF6 Circuit
breakers - SF6 metal enclosed substations - General

42

design considerations - maintenance of SF6 metal

enclosed substations - SF6 insulated current transformers
- design considerations - SF6 gas insulated bushings SF6 gas insulated cables - Testing procedure for testing
SF6 insulated power apparatus.
High Voltage transients in power system - Traveling
waves on transmission lines - Capacitance switching lightning phenomenon - line design based on lightning over voltage protection - Graved wires - surge protection of
power apparatus.
Reference Books

1) Anderson,
London.

J.C.

Dielectrics,

Chapman

and

Hall,

2) Alston, L.L. High Voltage Technology,Oxford University

Press.
3) Dekker, J. Electrical Engineering Materials, Prentice
Hall of India, New Delhi.
4) Kuffel, E. and Zaengl, W.S., High Voltage Engineering
Fundamentals, Units I and II Pergamon Press, Oxford
1984 Publisher : Robert Maxwell, MC
5) Kuffel, E. and Abdullah, H., High Voltage Engineering.
6) Gallagher, T.J. and Peermain, A., High Voltage
Measurement, Testing and Design.
7) Dieter Kind, An Introduction to High Voltage
Experimental Techniques,Wiley Eastern Ltd., New
Delhi.
8) Wadhwa, C.L. High Voltage Engineering, New Age
International Pvt Ltd., Publishers, New Delhi, 1994.
9) Naidu, M.S. SF6 and Vacuum Insulation for High
Voltage Applications, V.N. Maller Khanna Publishers,
New Delhi-6.

43

11. FLEXIBLE AC TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS (ELECTIVE)

AIM

To explain to the student the need for voltage control

due to inadequate reactive power support and introduce
the latest technologies in that direction.
OBJECTIVES

The need for controllers and basic varieties of

compensators are to be discussed. Characteristics,
modeling and operating schemes of different types of
shunt and series switched reactive power generating
devices are to be studied. Emergence of FACTS controller
and its superior performance is to be brought out.
Techniques for co-ordination of the different FACTS
controllers and algorithm for their effective operation,
design and stability are to be covered.
The course will help to build an enhanced knowledge
of how to realise control strategies to ensure a smooth
transfer of power with improved performance indices.
Introduction

Reactive Power Control in AC Transmission lines

Uncompensated transmission line Need for Controllers
Basic types of Controllers - shunt compensated controller
series compensated controller Thyristor controlled
voltage regulator comparison of HVDC and FACTS
technologies.
Static VAR Compensators (SVC)

Objectives of shunt compensation - Methods of

controllable Var Generation - Merits of Hybrid
compensators - General control scheme of static Var
compensator VI and VQ Characteristics of SVC Voltage
control by SVC Influence of SVC on system voltage
Design of SVC voltage regulator.
Static Series Compensators (SSC)

Objectives of Series Compensation Variable

impedance type Series Compensators Modeling and
operating control schemes of GCSC, TSSC,TCSC Sub
Synchronous characteristics Variable reactance model

44

Modeling for Stability studies Switching Converter type

Series Compensators Model and Operating Control
scheme of SSSC Capability to provide real power
Compensation.
Emerging Facts Controlllers

Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM)

Transfer function model Dynamic performance
Capability to exchange real power Operation in
unbalanced ac systems Comparison between STATCOM
and SVC Special purpose FACTS Controller NGH-SSR
Damping Scheme Thyristor Controlled Braking resistor
Generalized and multifunctional FACTS Controllers.
Co-Ordination of Facts Conrollers

Controller interactions SVC SVC interaction - Coordination of multiple Controllers using linear Control
techniques - Unified Power Flow Controller(UPFC)
Independent real and reactor Power flow Control Control
Schemes for P and Q Control Interline Power flow
Controller(IPFC) Control Structure - Design of FACTS
Controllers Variable Structure FACTS Controllers for
Power System transient Stability Non linear Variable
Structure model.
Reference Books

1) Narain G. Hingorani, Laszio. Gyugy, Understanding

FACTS Concepts and Technology of Flexible AC
Transmission
Systems,
Standard
Publishers
Distributors, NewDelhi, 2001.
2) Narain G. Hingorani, High power Electronics and
Flexible AC Transmission Systems, IEEE High Power
Engineering Review, 1998.
3) Mohan Mathur, R, Rajiv K. Varma, Thyristor Based
FACTS Controller for Electrical transmission Systems,
IEEE Press, John Wiley and Sons, 2002.
4) John, A.T., Flexible AC Transmission System, IEEE,
1999.
5) Singh, S.N., Electric Power Generation Transmission
and Distribution, PHI, New Delhi, 2003.

45

GROUP B
1. OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUES
AIM

The subject enables the students to gain indepth

knowledge of the various optimization techniques applied
in the engineering fields.
OBJECTIVES

The students must acquire a sound knowledge of

obtaining optimal solution to the power system problems
with the help of different mathematical techniques. This
will be make the students well versed in the mathematical
modeling of the problem and solving the power system
problems efficiently. Several methods like linear, nonlinear, geometric, quadratic, integer and stochastic and
dynamic programming are introduced in the subject to
train the student to use these techniques in power system
optimization.
Introduction to Optimization

Engineering
Applications
Classification
of
optimization problems - Classical optimization techniques
- Single and multivariable optimization - multivariable
optimization with and without constraints - Saddle point Solution by the method of lagrange multipliers - Kuhn tucker conditions.
Linear Programming

Applications - Standard form of LPP - definitions and

Theorem - Solution of a system of Linear simultaneous
equations - Pivoted reduction - Simplex algorithm Identifying an optimal point - Revised simplex methods Gauss Jordan Elimination process - Duality in linear
programming - Decomposition principle - Transportation
problem - Northwest corner rule - Least cost method
Non Linear Programming

Nonlinear
programming
one
dimensional
minimization methods - unrestricted search - Exhaustive
search - Interpolation methods - Quadratic interpolation
method - Cubic method - unconstrained optimization
techniques -Direct search methods - simplex method -

46

Descent methods - Gradient of a function - Steepest

Descent method - Constrained optimization techniques Transformation techniques - penalty function methods or
sequential unconstrained minimization techniques (SUMT)
- Interior and exterior penalty function method Extrapolation technique.
Geometric Programming and Integer Programming

Geometric
programming
Polynomial
Unconstrained minimization problem - Constrained
minimization problem - Primal and Dual programmes
Geometric programming with mixed in equality
constraints Complementary geometric programming .
Integer linear programming Mixed integer
programming Integer non linear programming
Sequential linear discrete programming.
Dynamic Programming

Dynamic
programming:
Multistage
decision
processes Concept of sub optimization Principle of
optimality Conversion of a final value problem into an
initial value problem Linear programming as a case of
dynamic
programming

Continuous
dynamic
programming Applications.
Reference Books

1) Rao, S.S., Optimization Theory and Applications, Wiley

Eastern Ltd., Second Edition, 1992.
2) Bevridge, G.S.G., and Schechter, R.S., Optimization
Theory and Practice, McGraw Hill, 1969.
3) Hadley, G., Nonlinear and Dynamic Programming,
Addison - Wesley, 1964.
4) Dorfman, R., Samuelson, P. and Solow, R., Linear
Programming and Economic Analysis, McGraw Hill,
1958
5) Fax, R.L., Optimization Methods for Engineering
Design, Addison - Wesley, 1971.
6) Rao, S.S., Engineering Optimization Theory and
Practice - Third Edition, New Age International, 1998.
7) Srinath, L.S., Linear Programming Principles and
Application, Affiliated East West Press, 1982.

47

2. SOLID STATE CONTROLLED ELECTRIC DRIVES

AIM

To enlighten the students on the emerging

techniques in the control of DC and AC electric motors
and enable him to develop never application.
OBJECTIVES

The detailed analysis of DC separately excited and

series motors when fed from different types of AC-DC
converters, and DC-DC converters is to be covered
The inherent characteristics of the two motors and
how they can be reshaped through the use of such circuits
and controllers is to be brought out.
Basic equations and conventional means of control of
Ac motors are to be revived. A detailed analysis of the
characteristics of both induction and synchronous motors
when fed from different types of AC-AC, DC-AC converter
circuits is to be covered. Different control measures and
as to how they will shape the industrial needs is to be
brought out.
The course will enable a student to acquire a detailed
knowledge of the different aspects of modeling, design and
performance of AC motors and be able to come up with
newer applications for them.
DC Drives

Introduction - fundamentals of electric drives comparison between conventional and solid state drives open loop and closed loop speed control - motor transfer
function - speed and current loops - load torque
disturbance - linearised model of motor drives - design
procedures - different methods of voltage control as
applied to field and armature circuits of d.c. motor.
Phase Controlled Drives

Motor and input supply performance parameters

separately excited d.c. motor and continuous series motor
drive, waveforms, equations, performance characteristics,
power factor improvement. Operation of semi and full
converters - series connected converters - dual converters

48

- non circulating and circulating modes - reversible drives

- armature and field current reversal - various methods
and characteristics. Control circuits of phase controlled
drives - dynamical regenerative braking of phase
controlled drives.
Chopper Controlled Drives

Principles
of
chopper
operation
chopper
configuration - chopper fed d.c. motors, analysis and
performance characteristics - multiphase choppers problems of d.c.motor on pulsed supplies. Control circuits
of chopper controlled drives. Dynamic and regenerative
braking of chopper controlled drives - regenerative
reversals - transit systems.
A.C. Drives

Effect of nonsinusoidal supply on a.c. motor

operation (introductory treatment only) - Analysis of
inverter fed motors - state space analysis of VSI and CSI
fed motors. Stator voltage control of induction motor practical circuits - performance improvement with
adjustable voltage.
Constant voltage / frequency operation, torque
characteristics, stator current locus - controlled slip
operation - simplified motor equations. Rotor resistance
control - types of rotor choppers - typical rotor chopper
circuits - combination of stator voltage and rotor
resistance control.
Synchronous motor drive - adjustable frequency
operation - controlled current operation - voltage source
inverter drive with open loop control - cyclo converter fed
synchronous motor drive - PWM inverter fed synchronous
motor drive - torque angle control of the self controlled
synchronous motor drive.
Text Books

1) Sen, P.C., Thyristor D.C. Drives, John Wiley and Sons.

2) Murphy, J.M.D. and Turnbull, F.G., Power Electronic
Control of A.C. Motors, Pergamon Press.

49
Reference Books

1) Dewan, S.B., Slemon, G.R. and Straughen, A., Power

Semiconductor Drives, John Wiley and Sons.
2) Ramamoorthy, M., An Introduction to Thyristors and
their Applications, Eastwest Press.
3) Subrahmanyan, V., Thyristor Control of Electric Drives,
TMH.
4) Bose, B.K., Power Electronics and A.C. Drives, PHI.
3. ADAPTIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS
AIM

To explain to the student the need for a corrective

approach to meet desired performances through the use of
control strategies.
OBJECTIVES

The course is offered to enable the student to build

up his ability to develop transfer function based
mathematical models, acquire the approach to illustrate
the performance of a circuit through state space
equations, analyze its stability and robustness, and
develop an art to simulate them through the use of
MATLAB.
Design of controllers suitable for drive applications,
need for compensators and their applicability, besides a
focus on the optimality with special reference to discrete
systems is to be covered.
Adaptive approaches and use of sliding mode control
is to be explained.
The student will be able to incorporate the control
techniques in Drives driven by Power Electronic Circuits.
He will be able to tune the performance of the industrial
drives.
Introduction

Definitions - essential aspects - classifications of

adaptive control systems.

50
Model Reference Adaptive Systems

Different configuration and classifications of MRAC Mathematical description - Direct and indirect Model
Reference Adaptive Control - MIT rule for continuous time
MRAC systems, - Lyapunov approach and Hyper stability
Approach for continuous time and discrete time MRAC
systems - Multivariable systems - stability and
convergence studies.
Self Tuning Regulators

Different Approaches to self - recursive parameter

estimation - implicit and, Explicit STR-LQG self tuning convergence Analysis. Minimum variance and pole
Assignment approaches to multivariable self tuning
regulators.
Recent Trends and Applications of Adaptive Control

Recent trends in self-tuning -Robustness studies Multivariable systems - Model updating - General purpose
Adaptive Regulator - Applications to power systems
Electric drives - Process control.
Reference Books

1) Chalam, V.V. and Marcel Dekker, Adaptive Control

Systems, Technique and Applications, Inc. NY and
Basel, 1987.
2) Eveleigh, V.W. Adaptive Control and Optimization
Techniques, McGraw Hill, 1967.
3) Narendara and Annasamy, Stable Adaptive Control
Systems, Prentice Hall, 1989.
4) Sastry, S. and Bodson, M., Adaptive Control, Prentice
Hall, 1989.
4. EXPERT SYSTEMS and THEIR APPLICATION TO POWER
SYSTEM PROBLEMS
AIM

To impart a sound knowledge to the students in the

field of expert systems and their application to solving
power system problems.

51
OBJECTIVES

The basic ideas of expert system is to be received.

The features of OOP language. Lisp and Prolog are to be
explained. The use of expert systems in an attempt to
approach on line solutions for power networks is to be
discussed. At the end of the course, the students must
have a fairly good knowledge of the various AI based
techniques , and their application for use in analysis in
uncertain situations.
Definition of AI, the AI problems, an AI technique.
Defining a problem as a state space search. Production
systems, problem characteristics, production system
characteristics.
Heuristic search techniques - depth first search
(DFS), breadth first search (BFS), hill climbing and best
first search technique.
Knowledge representations - representation and
mappings, approaches to representation and their
comparison - representing facts in logic, representing
instance and 'isa' relationships. Resolution - basics resolution in propositional logic and unification algorithm
- resolution in predicate logic.
Symbolic
reasoning
under
uncertainty
nonmonotonic reasoning - logic of monotonic reasoning statistical reasoning - probability and Baye's theorem certainty factor and rule base systems.
Expert systems: Introduction - components of an
expert system - features of an ES - ES categories developing and using an ES - model based ES.
AI languages - an introduction to LISP and PROLOG.
Application to power system problems - diagnostic
and control applications in power system operations application to load forecasting, contingency analysis alarm processing, var control and load restoration.
References Books

1) Rich and Knight, Artificial Intelligence, Tata McGraw

Hill.

52

2) Dan W. Patterson, Introduction to AI and Expert

Systems, PHI, 1992.
3) Rolston D.W., Principles of AI and ES Development,
McGraw Hill, 1988.
5. NEURAL NETWORKS AND FUZZY LOGIC (ELECTIVE)
AIM

To enable the student to acquire a thorough

knowledge about the fuzzy logic and artificial neural
networks, which are now being, treated as the emerging
technology.
OBJECTIVES

The syllabus provides a strong knowledge in the

following aspects.
A complete knowledge about fuzzy logic and various
operations on fuzzy sets, relations and rules. Fuzzification,
Defuzzification, rule base mechanism and applications is
to be explained.
The student will acquire basic knowledge about
artificial neural network and its architecture. Complete
knowledge about the back propagation and Hopfield
methods. Further Kohonen self organizing maps , Adaptive
resonance theory and finally the applications to power
systems are to be discussed.
The course will pave the way for a designer to build
state of the art on line power system models.
Artificial Neural Networks

Introduction to Artificial Neural Networks Fundamental concepts, weights, Biases and thresholds Artificial models - Linear capability - Common activation
functions - Learning rules and Learning methods of ANN.
Single Layer, Multilayer Feed forward network - Recurrent
Network.
Neural Network Architectures and Algorithms

Muculloch pitts neuron - Hebbnet - Perceptron Adaline - Hopfield net -Maxnet - Mexican Hat - Hamming

53

net - Kohonen self organising Map-Adaptive resonance

theory - Back propogation neural net.
Neural Computing

Terminology -Adaptive co-efficient connection Learning law - Processing element - Scheduling function Transfer function - Transformations - Weights Application of neural computing for pattern classification
and recognition.
Fuzzy Theory

Fuzzy set theory -Fuzzy relations -Linguistic

Variables - Membership functions - Fuzzy to Crisp
Conversions -Fuzzy rule base -Choice of Variables Derivation of rules -Defuzzification methods. Fuzzy Logic
Control - Structure of FLC -Mamdani and Sugeno type
Fuzzy Systems.
Neuro Fuzzy Control

Cognitron and Neocognitron Architecture - Training

algorithm and application -Fuzzy associative Memories Fuzzy and Neural function estimators - FAM System
Architecture - Comparison of Fuzzy and Neural systems.Adaptive Neuro, Adaptive Fuzzy, Adaptive Neuro - Fuzzy
interface Systems. Neuro Controller, Fuzzy logic Controller
for a temperature process and aircraft landing problem.
Reference Books

1) Lawrene Faussett, Fundamentale of Neural Networks,

Prentice Hall, 1994.
2) Driankov, D., H. Hellendoorn Arow M. Reinfrank. An
Introduction to Fuzzy Control, Narosa Publishing Co.,
New Delhi, 1996.
3) Ross, T.J., Fuzzy Logic with Engineering Applications,
McGraw Hill, Newyork, 1996.
4) Klir, G.J. and Folger, T.A., Fuzzy Sets, Uncertainty
and Information, Prentice Hall, 1994.
5) Zurada, J.M., Introduction to Artificial Neural Systems,
Jaico Publishing House, Delhi, 1994.

54

6) Kartalopoulos, S.V., Understanding Neural Networks

and FuzzyLogic - Basic concepts and Applications,
IEEE Press, Newyork, 1996.
7) Simon Haykin, Neural Networks, Macmillan College
Publishing Co., New York, 1994.
8) Targ, JSR., Sur, CT. and Mezutori, E., Neuro Fuzzy
and Soft Computing, PHI, 2002.
9) Jun Hong NIE and Derek Linkers - Fuzzy - Neural
Control, PHI, New Delhi, 1998.
6. PATTERN RECOGNITION
AIM

To enable the students to acquire a sound knowledge

of the problems related engineering applications of pattern
recognition.
OBJECTIVES

This subject imparts valuable information to the

students in the area of the basic concepts and
fundamental problems in pattern recognition with strong
mathematical basis. This enables the student to acquire a
sound knowledge of Baye's rule, stochastic approximation
methods, syntactic pattern recognition, applications of
pattern recognition to power system security evaluation,
preventive and emergency control of power systems and
fuzzy, AI based approaches to pattern recognition.
The course will help the student to develop newer
algorithms in the area of power systems.
Basic concepts of pattern recognition - Fundamental
problems in pattern recognition system design - Design
concepts and methodologies.
Linear decision functions - Generalised decision
functions - Pattern classification by distance function Cluster seeking - Unsupervised pattern recognition.
Pattern classification using statistical approach Bayes rule - Bayes classifier for normal pattern Stochastic approximation methods - Derivation of pattern
classification algorithms.

55

Pattern classification using deterministic approach The Perceptron approach - Derivation of pattern
classification algorithms - Multicategory classification Learning and generalisation.
Pattern preprocessing and feature selection Distance measures - Feature selection through entropy
minimisation - Feature selection through F- function.
Introduction to syntactic pattern recognition.
Applications of pattern recognition to power systems
- Steady state security evaluation - Transient security
evaluation - Preventive control and emergency control of
power systems.
Fuzzy mathematical approach to pattern recognition
- AI approach to pattern recognition problems - Other
engineering applications of pattern recognition.
Text Books

1) Tou, J.T. and Gonzalez, R.C., Pattern Recognition

Principles, Addison Wesley Publishing Co, London;
1974.
2) Modern Techniques of Pattern Recognition and their
Engineering Applications; Lecture notes for ISTE Winter
School (Dec 19, 1994 to Dec 31, 1994); Dept of
Electrical Engineering, MBM Engineering College;
N.V. University, Jodhpur.
3) Sankar K. Pal and Dutta Majumder, D.K., Fuzzy
Mathematical Approach to Pattern Recognition, Wiley
Eastern Ltd., New Delhi, 1987.
Reference Books

1) Young, T.Y. and Fu., K.S. (eds). Hand Book of Pattern

Recognition and Image Processing ,Academic Press,
1986.
2) Pang, C.K., Koiro, A.J. and El-Abiad, A.H.,
Applications of Pattern Recognition to Steady State
Security Evaluation in a Power System, IEEE Trans.on
Systems, Man and Cybernetics, Vol-SMC-3, Nov
1973, pp 622-631.
3) Pang, C.K., Prabakara, F.S., El-Abiad, A.H. and Koiro,
A.J., Security Evaluation in Power Systems Using

56

Pattern Recognition, IEEE Transactions on Power

Apparatus and Systems, Vol PAS-93, May/June
1974, pp 969-976.
4) Yamashiro, S., On-line Secure-economy Preventive
Control of Power Systems by Pattern Recognition, IEEE
Trans. on Power Systems, Vol - PWRS-1, no.3, Aug
1986, pp 214 219.
5) Arora, C.M. and Surana, S.L., Transient Security
Evaluation by Pattern Recognition Method using Steady
State Variables, IE(I) Journal; Vol- 73, June 1992, pp
123-128.
6) Sinha, A.K. and Nagrath, I.J., Pattern Recognition
Method for Power System Steady State Security
Assessment, IE(I) Journal-EL-Vol 164, April 1984, pp
269-273.