CEVB 211 SURVEYING PRACTICAL TRAINING

LABORATORY EXPERIMENT NO. 4

INTRODUCTION TO DIGITAL THEODOLITE

SECTION: 03

NAME
MUHAMMAD FIKRIL AZIM BIN ABDUL SANI

ID
CE094946

DATE OF LABORATORY SESSION

: 16 NOVEMBER 2015

DATE OF REPORT SUBMISSION

: 3 NOVEMBER 2015

LAB INSTRUCTOR
AHMED

: DR. AL MAHFOODH ALI NAJAH

TABLE OF CONTENT
CONTENT

PAGE

Table of Content

Summary/Abstract

Introduction & Objective

3-4

Materials or Equipments

Procedure

Results & Calculations

5-8

Discussion

Conclusion

10

References

10

PROBLEM STATEMENT
As a civil engineer, I am required to apply the knowledge of levelling to
establish a contour map for a new project site using Grid Method.

ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

The contour is the relative position of points in a plan that is represented

by a map.
Contouring is defined as a contour line joining points of equal heights or
altitude. The vertical distance between successive contours is known as
the vertical interval.
Contour lines are continuous lines and cannot meet or cross any other
contour line, nor can any one line split or join any other line, except in
the case of a cliff.
The height between the successive contours is called the vertical
interval or contour interval and is always constant over a map or plan.

INTRODUCTION

For the method of Contouring, the Grid Method is one of the preferable
methods for contouring of plains or gently sloping grounds such as hills. A
contour plan gives an idea of the altitudes of the surface features as well
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as their relative positions in plan serves the purpose of both, a plan and a
section.

In this method the points located and surveyed are not necessarily on the
contour lines but the spot levels are taken along the series of lines
laid out over the area. The spot levels of the several representative
points representing hills, depressions, ridge and valley lines and the
changes in the slope all over the area to be contoured are also
observed. Their positions are then plotted on the plan and the contours
are drawn by interpolation. This method of contouring is also known as
contouring by spot levels where the Grid Method is classified as one of the
Indirect Method of Contouring.

OBJECTIVE

To produce contour plan using application Surfer8 using Grid

Method.

Apparatus
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Automatic Level (1 unit)

Tripod (1 unit)
Levelling Staff (2 units)
Staff Bubble (2 units)
Hammer, nails and spray

Procedure
1. Grid lines are produced at 10 m interval. The points are marked at
the grid intersection by using pegs or arrows.
2. Observation from a known reference point, nearest Bench Mark (BM)
or Temporary Bench Mark (TBM) is begun. A reference point is
selected to be BM and the RL to be assumed as 100.000 m.
3. Notes: The observations are normally taken as Intermediate Sight
(IS).
4. All observations shall be booked in the provided levelling form. Only
booking by pen is accepted.

Results
Backsig
ht

Intermedi
ate
sight

Foresig
ht

1.420

1.460
1.272

0.188

1.015

0.257

0.978

0.037

1.420

1.102

0.124

1.499

0.079

1.234

0.245

1.150

0.084

1.351

0.201

1.589

0.238
0.050

1.818

Rise

Fall

0.040

1.868

1.418

0.450

1.192

0.226

1.170

0.022

2.042

1.775

1.620

0.422

1.089

0.531

0.605

Reduce
Level

Correcti
on

100.00
0
99.960
100.14
8
100.40
5
100.44
2
100.31
8
100.23
9
100.50
4
100.58
8
100.38
7
100.14
9
100.09
9
100.54
9
100.77
5
100.79
7
100.19
2
100.61
4
101.14

0.0100
0.0100
0.0100
0.0100
0.0100
0.0200
0.0200
0.0200
0.0200
0.0200
0.0310
0.0310
0.0310
0.0310
0.0310
0.0410
0.0410

Reduce
Level
Adjuste
d
100.00
0
99.970
100.15
8
100.41
5
100.45
2
100.32
8
100.25
9
100.52
4
100.60
8
100.40
7
100.16
9
100.13
0
100.58
0
100.80
6
100.82
8
100.22
3
100.65
5
101.18
5

Distan
ce

1/6
1/6
1/6
1/6
1/6
2/6
2/6
2/6
2/6
2/6
3/6
3/6
3/6
3/6
3/6
4/6
4/6

1.075

1.685

0.610

1.850

0.165

1.918

0.014

1.646

0.272

1.196

0.450

0.840

0.356

0.515

0.325

0.170

0.420

0.095

2.113

=
8.788

=
8.849

1.943

5
101.15
9
100.54
9
100.38
4
100.65
6
101.10
6
101.46
2
101.78
7
101.88
2
99.939
=
2716.2
35

0.0410
0.0410
0.0410
0.0510
0.0510
0.0510
0.0510
0.0510
0.0610

6
101.20
0
100.59
0
100.42
5
100.70
7
101.15
7
101.51
3
101.83
8
101.93
3
100.00
0
=
2704.3
6

Table 2: Levelling Form

Sample Calculations:

Error=Calculated valueTrue value

99.939100.000
0.061

4/6
4/6
4/6
5/6
5/6
5/6
5/6
5/6
6/6

Error correction=Error

0.061

Distance travelled
Total distance

1
6

0.010

Corrected RL=RL( Error correction )

99.960+0.010
99.970

99.9
7

100.16
9

100.40
7

100.60
8

100.5
24

100.25
9

100.13
0

100.5
80

100.80
6

100.8
28

100.22
3

100.42
5

100.5
90

101.20
0

101.1
86

100.65
5

100.70
2

100.15101.1
57
8

100.42101.8
33
5

100.32
8

100.14 101.15
3
5

Figure 1: Grid Method for finding Northing and Easting

101.93
3

Figure 2: Contour map on 40m x 40m

Discussion
There are differences between plan data, profile data and cross-sectional
data used in the construction surveys for routes. The plan data is a view
from above. It shows a view of the route if you were in a plane looking
down onto route itself. For the profile data, it is a view you will see from
the side. It gives us the existing ground elevation and its relationship to
the proposed ground elevation. A cross sectional data is a data you will
see the end areas and surface dimensions for the calculation of the route.

There are 27 readings including the BM (Benchmark). Each reading have

been given a remark. Every remark has its own coordinate based on the
north axis and east axis. The value of misclosure is 0.061. The reduce
levels were corrected before the data being copied into Surfer8. Based on
the contour map, the highest peak is in coordinate (30, 30). It is noted
that the closer the contour line with each other, the steeper the actual
area.

Parallax occurs when the focusing screw and the eyepiece is done
incorrectly. This condition can be detected by moving the eye to different
parts of the eyepiece when reading the staff. If different readings are
obtained then parallax is present.

To remove parallax, hold a sheet of paper in front of the object and adjust
the eyepiece so that the cross hairs are in focus. Then remove the sheet
of paper and bring the staff into focus using the focusing screw. Once
again check for parallax by moving your eye around the eyepiece. If
parallax is still occurring repeat the adjustment procedure.

Commonly, the error involves the level rod not vertical enough, leveling
rod not fully extended or incorrect length. Besides that, level instrument
may not be leveled properly for all readings and the instrument may be
out of adjustment. The environment conditions also may affect the
readings including wind and heat.

So, to reduce the error, tripods leg is anchored firmly. The bubble level
also needed to be checked before and after each reading. Take the least
time as possible between BS and FS. Also, we need to keep the distance to
the BS and the FS to be equal. There must be a rod person with a level for
the rod.

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Conclusion
Basically, the Grid Method is the most precise and preferable
method in constructing the contour graphically. Based on the data, there
might be some error committed during the experiment based on the
discussion that might be slightly affect the view of the contour map from
the Surfer8 applications.

References

https://www.surveymonkey.com/mp/developing-data-analysis-plan/

https://srmo.sagepub.com/view/encyclopedia-of-survey-researchmethods/n120.xml

http://www.census.gov/acs/www/data/data-tables-and-tools/data-profiles/

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