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g lossary
Amateur or handheld GPS devices are not corrected by a ground-based station and range in
accuracy between 5 and 15 meters.
Ground-penetrating radar. Ground-penetrating
radar (GPR) is a nondestructive technique that uses
electromagnetic waves to investigate the underground or internal structures of natural and
human-made objects. It has been used successfully
in investigating the characteristics of and damage
to walls and masonry structures, such as voids,
detachment, cracks, leaks, and deteriorated mortar
joints. GPR has a good level of accuracy and is easy
to handle and transport. The GPR basic system
consists of a data acquisition unit and two transmitting and receiving antennae. The transmitting
antenna sends pulses of high-frequency radio
waves. When a wave hits the boundary of an object
that has different electrical properties, the receiving antenna records these variations, known as
anomalies, which are reflected in the return signal.
Infrared reflectography. Infrared reflectography
(IRR) is a nondestructive digital or photographic
imaging technique that uses a specialized digital
detector or heat-sensitive film to capture absorption and emission characteristics of reflected
infrared radiation between 750 and 2000 nanometers. IRR is simple, quick, and effective in investigating surface conditions by detecting original
faded or hidden drawings, and in penetrating
through upper layers of overpainted surfaces.
Laser scanning. Laser scanning uses various
scanning technologies to provide a 3-D record of a
surface. In general, these technologies are based on
one of three methods: (1) time of flight, in which a
laser pulse is emitted and the time of light travel is
measured; (2) phase comparison, in which the
instrument emits a known frequency of light and
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145
compares the returning phases; and (3) triangulation, in which an emitter and receiver are separated by a known distance and the angle of the
reflected laser is used to determine distance. With
these technologies, XYZ coordinates are recorded
as millions of individual points. Close together,
these individual points form a point cloud from
which a mesh can be generated to create a 3-D
model.
Manual recording techniques. Manual recording techniques use tools such as plumb bobs,
measuring tapes, and paper and pencil to record
buildings or sites. Although often labor intensive,
these techniques are readily available and allow
the study of buildings or sites in great detail.
Usually this method of recording provides sufficient information and accuracy with which to
begin conservation.
Photogrammetry. Photogrammetry is a survey
technique in which a 2-D or 3-D object may be
measured from photographs taken from slightly
different positions. These stereographs provide two
different views of the same object that mimic the
perspective of human binocular vision. Measurements are extracted from the stereographs, and 3-D
information is reconstructed using computer
software and hardware.
Rectified photography. Rectified photography is
based on the concept of bringing the surface of an
object, say a building facade, and the plane of the
image (photograph) into parallel. Rectification
removes perspective, angle, and camera lens
distortion, and creates a measurable image that is
on the same plane as the building. It is inexpensive
and quick to carry out, requires minimal training,
and does not require high-tech equipment. Image
rectification can be carried out with or without
measurement control points on the object. Control
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B ib l i o g r a p h y
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About th e E ditor s
Rand Eppich is a licensed architect and senior project manager at the Getty Conservation Institute (GCI).
As manager of the institutes Digital Recording Lab, he has been involved in numerous GCI projects in Los
Angeles, China, and Europe. He has lectured on a variety of documentation tools, including photography,
photogrammetry, GIS, and GPS, at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, and ICCROM. He holds advanced degrees in architecture and management from UCLA.
Amel Chabbi received a master of science in historic preservation from the University of Pennsylvania
and also holds degrees in both chemistry and archaeology. At the GCI, she assisted in the Conservation
of Mosaics In Situ Initiative in Tunisia. She is currently a conservator at Superstructures Engineers +
Architects, as well as a Kress Architectural Conservation Fellow working on the Texaco Road Map project
for the New York State Pavilion with the Architectural Conservation Laboratory at the University of
Pennsylvania.
about th e e ditors
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Recording, Documentation,
and Information Management for
the Conservation of Heritage Places
illustrated examples
Base Recording
Condition Assessment
Data Management
www.getty.edu/conservation