J. Math. Anal. Appl.

427 (2015) 365376

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications

www.elsevier.com/locate/jmaa

The existence of global attractors for a class of reactiondiusion

equations with distribution derivatives terms in Rn
Jin Zhang, Chengkui Zhong
Department of Mathematics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, PR China

a r t i c l e

i n f o

a b s t r a c t

Article history:
Received 29 July 2014
Available online 11 February 2015
Submitted by Y. Yamada

We consider the existence of global attractors for a class of semilinear reaction

diusion equations


Keywords:
Reactiondiusion equation
Global attractor
Measures of non-compactness
Distribution derivatives terms

u
t

u + u V (x)g(u) + f (u) = Di hi + h

in Rn R+ ,
in Rn ,

u(x, 0) = u0 (x)

in the whole space, with weighted terms and some distribution derivatives in
inhomogeneous terms. Using the measure of non-compactness method, we prove
the existence of global attractors in proper spaces.
2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
We are mainly concerned with the long-time behavior of solutions for the following reactiondiusion
equations in unbounded domains


u
t

u + u V (x)g(u) + f (u) = Di hi + h,

in Rn R+ ,
in Rn ,

u(x, 0) = u0 (x),

(1.1)

where hi , h L2 (Rn ) and V (x) is a function in Rn such that


V (x)dx <

and 0 < V (x) C0

Rn

* Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: zhangjin299@gmail.com (J. Zhang), ckzhong@nju.edu.cn (C.K. Zhong).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmaa.2015.02.024
0022-247X/ 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

(1.2)

J. Zhang, C.K. Zhong / J. Math. Anal. Appl. 427 (2015) 365376

366

(e.g. V (x) =

1
(1+|x|2 )q

with any q >

n
2 ).

The nonlinear terms f , g satisfy the following conditions:

f (0) = 0 and 1 |s|p |s|2 f (s)s 2 |s|p + k1 |s|2

(1.3)

with p > 2 and 0 < 1,

g(0) = 0 and 3 |s|r k2 g(s)s 4 |s|r + k2

(1.4)

with 2 < r < p, and

f  (s) g  (s) l ,

[0, C0 ],

(1.5)

where i , i = 1, 2, 3, 4, and k1 , k2 are positive numbers.

As we know, when considering the long-time behavior of the solutions to the reactiondiusion equation,
the existence of global attractor for the semigroup is one basic problem. For the kind of equation
du
+ Au + f (u) = h
dt
in bounded domain, this problem has been studied extensively by many authors and has been rather well
understood, see e.g. [5,7,15,19]. However, since the Sobolev embeddings are no longer compact, it is dierent
in the situation of unbounded domain. In the pioneering work [4], instead of the usual spaces, the authors
used weighted spaces to prove the existence of the global attractor in unbounded domain, further details can
be found in [1,3,10,12,13]. In [2,9,17], the authors developed some new ideas and methods to deal with more
general cases in unbounded domain, including locally uniform Sobolev spaces, locally compact attractor
and the so-called entropy theory, and have obtained the existence of the locally compact global attractor
for the semigroups associated with the equation. In addition, under some structural assumptions on the
nonlinearity f (u) (i.e., f (u)u 0 or f (u)u |u|p + (x)), the authors in [6,16] proved the existence of
the global attractor for the equation in unbounded domain in usual space L2 (Rn ).
For the reactiondiusion equation (1.1), similar to [6,16], we will consider the existence of global attractor
in L2 (Rn ). But in our case, some distribution derivatives are contained in inhomogeneous terms, the usual
energy estimate obtained by taking ut or u as a test function does not work, thus we cannot prove the
existence of a bounded absorbing set of the semigroup in the space with higher regularity. On the other
hand, by the concept of -limit compact, which was introduced in [11], the authors used the measure of
noncompactness, provided a new method to obtain the existence of global attractor in bounded domain.
In [18], the authors proved that the equation
u
u + f (u) = Di hi + h
t
owns a global attractor when the domain is bounded.
Motivated by these previous works, in this paper, we are interested in the existence of global attractor
for Eq. (1.1) in unbounded domain. Our main result can be stated as follows:
Theorem 1.1. Assume that hi , h L2 (Rn ) and the conditions (1.2)(1.5) hold. Then the reactiondiusion
equation (1.1) has a global attractor A , which attracts any bounded set in L2 (Rn ) uniformly.
2. Some preliminaries
Initially, we recall the concept of measure of noncompactness and recapitulate its basic properties, see [8]
for more details.

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367

Denition 2.1. Let M be a metric space and A be a bounded subset of M . The measure of noncompactness (A) is dened by
(A) = inf{ > 0 | A admits a nite cover by sets of diameter }.
The properties of the measure of noncompactness (A) are provided in the following lemmas:
Lemma 2.1. Let M be a complete metric space and be the measure of noncompactness.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)

(B) = 0, if and only if B is compact;

if M is a Banach space, then (B1 + B2 ) (B1 ) + (B2 );
(B1 ) (B2 ) whenever B1 B2 ;
(B1 B2 ) = max{(B1 ), (B2 )};
(B) = (B).

Lemma 2.2. Let M be an innite dimensional Banach space and B() be a ball of radius , then (B()) = 2.
Lemma 2.3. Let X be an innite dimensional Banach space with the following decomposition:
X = X1 X2 ,

dim X1 < .

Let P : X X1 , Q : X X2 be the canonical projectors, and A be a bounded subset of X. If the diameter

of QA is less than , then (A) < .
Next, we recall the concept of -limit compactness of a semigroup, one important necessary and sucient
condition for the existence of the global attractor is provided as well, see [11].
Denition 2.2. Let {S(t)}t0 be a C0 semigroup in a complete metric space M . A subset B0 of M is called
an absorbing set in M , if for any bounded subset B, there exists some t0 0 such that S(t)B B0 for all
t t0 .
Denition 2.3. A C0 semigroup {S(t)}t0 in a complete metric space M is called -limit compact, if for any
bounded subset B and any > 0, there exists some t1 0 such that


S(t)B) .

tt1

Lemma 2.4. Let {S(t)}t0 be a C0 semigroup in a complete metric space M . Then S(t) has a global attractor A in M if and only if
(1) there is a bounded absorbing set B M , and,
(2) {S(t)}t0 is -limit compact.
The following lemma shows the existence of a unique weak solution of Eq. (1.1).
Lemma 2.5. Assume that (1.2)(1.5) hold and hi , h L2 (Rn ). Then for any u0 L2 (Rn ) and T > 0, there
exists a unique weak solution u(x, t) of Eq. (1.1) satisfying
u C([0, T ], L2 (Rn )) L2 (0, T, H 1 (Rn )) Lp (0, T, Lp (Rn )).
Furthermore, u0  u(t) is continuous on L2 (Rn ).

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368

Proof. We only prove the uniqueness and continuous dependence, while the existence of solution can be
obtained by similar arguments as in [14].
Let u(t) and v(t) be both solutions to Eq. (1.1) with the initial values u0 , v0 L2 (Rn ). Thus, w(t) =
u(t) v(t) satises


w
t

w + w V (x)(g(u) g(v)) + (f (u) f (v)) = 0 ,

w(0) = u0 v0 .
Multiplying by w and integrating on Rn , application of the condition (1.5) yields
1 d
|w|2 + |w|22 + |w|22 =
2 dt 2


[V (x) (g(u) g(v)) (f (u) f (v))] (u v) dx
Rn


=
Rn

u

(V (x)g  (s) f  (s)) ds (u v) dx

l|u v|22 = l|w|22 ,

it follows that
1 d
|w|2 l|w|22 ,
2 dt 2
and equivalently,
|u(t) v(t)|2 e2lt |u0 v0 |2 .
This proves the uniqueness if u0 = v0 and continuous dependence on initial values as well. 2
Based on the conclusion of above lemma, we can dene a semigroup on space L2 (Rn ) by setting
S(t)u0 = u(t).
Lemma 2.6. (See [14].) Let X H Y be Banach spaces, with X reexive. Suppose that un is a sequence
p
n
uniformly bounded in L2 (0, T, X), and du
dt is uniformly bounded in L (0, T, Y ), for p > 1. Then there is a
2
subsequence that converges strongly in L (0, T, H).
Rn )
3. An absorbing set in L2 (R
In order to prove the existence of a global attractor for Eq. (1.1), it is sucient to verify the conditions
of Lemma 2.4. Firstly, we need to nd an absorbing set in L2 (Rn ).
Lemma 3.1. Eq. (1.1) has an absorbing set in L2 (Rn ), i.e., there exist a constant C1 and a time t1 (|u0 |2 ),
such that, for the solution u(t) = S(t)u0 ,
|u(t)|2 C1

t t1 .

for all

Proof. We multiply Eq. (1.1) by u and integrate on Rn , then this yields

1 d 2
|u| + |u|22 + |u|22 =
2 dt 2


V (x)g(u)udx

Rn


(Di hi + h)udx .

f (u)udx +
Rn

Rn

(3.1)

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369

Based on the conditions (1.3)(1.5), the following three estimates are valid,


f (u)udx |u|22 1 |u|pp ,

(3.2)

Rn

V (x)g(u)udx 4
Rn

V (x)|u|r dx + k2

Rn

pr


[V (x)]
Rn

V (x)dx

Rn

(p r)4
p1

p
pr

dx

pr
|u|p dx + k2

Rn

[V (x)] pr dx +

r1 p
|u|p + k2
p


V (x)dx

Rn

V (x)dx ,

(3.3)

1
1
1
(1 ) 2
|u|22 + |hi |22 +
|h|22 +
|u|2 .
2
2
2(1 )
2

(3.4)

Rn

Rn


(Di hi + h)udx |u|2 |hi |2 + |h|2 |u|2
Rn

Substituting the estimates (3.2)(3.4) into (3.1), it follows that

1 2
r1
1 d 2 1
|u|2 + |u|22 +
|u|2 + (1
)|u|pp
2 dt
2
2
p


p
(p r)4
1
1
|h|2

[V (x)] pr dx + k2 V (x)dx + |hi |22 +

p1
2
2(1 ) 2
Rn

Rn

C(|V |1 , |V | , |h |, |h|) ,
i

which implies
1 d 2 1 2
|u| +
|u|2 C .
2 dt 2
2
Applying Gronwalls lemma, we have
|u(t)|22 |u0 |22 e(1)t +

2C
(1 e(1)t ) .
1

Therefore, there exists a time

t1 (|u0 |2 ) =

(1 )|u0 |2
1
ln
1
2C

such that for all t t1 ,

|u(t)|22

4C
:= C12 .
1

The proof is complete by taking the square root. 2

J. Zhang, C.K. Zhong / J. Math. Anal. Appl. 427 (2015) 365376

370

4. -Limit compactness of {S(t)}

We denote a smooth function : R+ [0, 1] such that

1, s 1,
(s) =
0, s 2
with | (s)| 2. In this way, any u(t) L2 (Rn ) can be decomposed as
u(t) = R u(t) + (1 R )u(t) ,
where R = R (|x|) = (|x|2 /R2 ).
As a consequence of Lemma 2.1, for any bounded set B L2 (Rn ) and t0 , we have

 
 

S(t)u0 =
(R S(t)u0 + (1 R )S(t)u0 )
tt0 u0 B

 

tt0 u0 B

 

tt0 u0 B

R S(t)u0 +

 

(1 R )S(t)u0

tt0 u0 B

R S(t)u0 +

tt0 u0 B

 

(1 R )S(t)u0 .

(4.1)

tt0 u0 B

Therefore, in order to prove S(t) is -limit compact, we need to show both the measure of noncompactness
of the interior and exterior are small enough.
4.1. Estimate on interior
For each xed u0 L2 (Rn ) and R > 0, we set
v(t) = R S(t)u0 = R u(t) ,
so v(t) L2 (2R ), where 2R = {x Rn : |x| < 2R}. Pick {wj }jN as the complete orthonormal basis of
L2 (2R ), such that
wj = j wj ,

j = 1, 2, . . . ;

0 < 1 < 2 j ,

j as j ;

(4.2)

(wj , wk ) = jk .
Let H1m = span{w1 , , wm } and H2m = (H1m ) , then, by the orthogonal projector Pm : L2 (2R ) H1m ,
each v L2 (2R ) can be decomposed as
v = Pm v + (I Pm )v := v1m + v2m ,

v1m H1m , v2m H2m .

The following lemma provides the estimate for v2m .

Lemma 4.1. Assume that the conditions (1.3)(1.5) hold. For arbitrary > 0 and bounded subset B
L2 (Rn ), there exist t2 > 0, M > 0 and R0 > 0, such that if t t2 , m M and R > R0 , we have
|v2m (t)|22 = |(I Pm )R S(t)u0 |22 < ,

for any u0 B.

J. Zhang, C.K. Zhong / J. Math. Anal. Appl. 427 (2015) 365376

371

Proof. The proof will be accomplished in four steps.

Step 1. Since {S(t)}t0 has a bounded absorbing set in L2 (Rn ), for any bounded B L2 (Rn ), there
exist constants t1 (B) > 0 and C1 > 0, such that
|u(t)|22 C1 ,

for any t t1 ,

u0 B ,

|v(t)|22 C1 ,

for any t t1 ,

u0 B .

this implies for any R > 0,

2
Multiplying R
u to Eq. (1.1) and integrating it, we have

1 d
2 dt



2
R
|u|2 dx

Rn

2
R
|u|2 dx

Rn

2
R


2
R
uudx

Rn

[V (x)g(u)u f (u)u] dx +

Rn

2
R
(Di hi + h)udx .

(4.3)

Rn

Note that the second term in the left hand side can be written as a sum of two parts,



4x
2
2
R
uudx = R
|u|2 dx +
R  uudx,
R2
Rn

Rn

since  = 0 only when {R < |x| <

(4.4)

Rn

2R}, thus the second part can be estimated as







 4 2
4x



| ||u||R u|dx
 R2 R uudx R
 n

R
Rn


8 2
8 2

|u|2 |R u|2
|u| |R u|dx
R
R

Rn

4 2
4 2
|u|22 +
|R u|22 .
R
R

(4.5)

As a consequence of Lemma 3.1, since the semigroup {S(t)}t0 has a bounded absorbing set in L2 (Rn ), so
we can choose the constants t1 and R0 large enough, such that

1
4 2
< ,
R
4

4 2
|u|22 < and
R

for any t > t1 , R > R0 .

(4.6)

Putting the estimates (4.5) and (4.6) into (4.4), when t > t1 and R > R0 , we have


2
R
uudx

Rn


2
R
|u|2 dx =
Rn

3
|R u|22 .
4

Similarly,



2
R
uDi hi dx =
Rn

 2 
hi Di R
u dx

Rn

=
Rn


2 i
R
h Di udx
Rn

4xi
R  hi udx ,
R2

(4.7)

J. Zhang, C.K. Zhong / J. Math. Anal. Appl. 427 (2015) 365376

372

and when t and R are large enough (also assume t > t1 , R > R0 ),





 4xi
 4 2 i2 4 2

i


|h |2 +
|R u|22 < ,
h udx

2 R
R
R
 n R

R

thus






2
i
2 i

R uDi h dx <  R h Di udx +
 n



Rn

1
1
|R hi |22 + |R u|22 + .
2
2

(4.8)

Utilizing the similar arguments as in (3.2)(3.4), the following three estimates are also valid,



2
R
f (u)udx |R u|22 1

2
|u|p dx ,
R

Rn

2
R
V (x)g(u)udx
Rn

2
hudx
R

(p r)4
p1

1
2(1 )

(4.9)
p

[V (x)] pr dx +

r1
p

2R


2
R
|u|p dx + k2

Rn

V (x)dx,

2R

(1 )
|R u|22 .
2

|h|2 dx +

(4.11)

2R

Substituting the estimates (4.7)(4.11) into (4.3), when t t1 and R > R0 ,

1 d
2 dt


2
R
|u|2 dx +
Rn

1
4


2
R
|u|2 dx C(|V |1 , |V | , |h|, |hi |) .
Rn

In addition, note that when t t1 , the estimate





 2
2

|(R u)|2 dx |R
| |u|2 dx + R
|u|2 dx + 2 R |R
||u||u|dx
Rn

Rn

Rn

|u|2 dx + 2

Rn

8C12 + 2

Rn

2
R
|u|2 dx

Rn

2
R
|u|2 dx

Rn

implies
1 d
2 dt


2
R
|u|2 dx +
Rn

1
8


|(R u)|2 dx C + C12 ,
Rn

i.e.,
1 d
2 dt

1
|v| dx +
8


|v|2 dx C + C12 .

2R

Therefore, integrating from t to t + r, we have

2R

(4.10)

J. Zhang, C.K. Zhong / J. Math. Anal. Appl. 427 (2015) 365376

1
1
|v(t + r)|22 +
2
8

t+r 

373

1
|v(s)|2 dxds (C + C12 )r + |v(t)|22
2

t 2R

(C + C12 )r +

1 2
C ,
2 1

which implies
t+r 
|v(t +

r)|22

0 r + C
1 .
(vv)dxds 8(C + C12 )r + 4 C12 := C

+
t 2R

Recalling the decomposition v := v1m + v2m , the above procedure gives

|v2m (t

r)|22

+ m

t+r
0 r + C
1 .
|v2m (s)|22 ds C
t


Step 2. Choose constants M0 > 0 and T0 > 0 large enough such that T0 C1 and m
C0
We claim that, if t t1 and u0 B, then there exists constant r0 [0, T0 ], such that
|v2m (t + r0 )|22 <

0
4C

for m M0 .

.
2

Assume, on the contrary, that there exists some t t1 and u

0 B, such that for any r [0, T0 ],

|v2m (t + r)|22 .
2
Referring to step 1, the estimate

|v2m (t +

T0 )|22

0 T0 + C
1 m
C

t
+T0

|v2m (s)|22 ds
t



1
0 m T0 + C
C
2
0
leads to the contradiction.
Step 3. Under the conclusion in step 2, we now claim that, there exists > 0 such that for any r [0, ],
we have
|v2m (t + r0 + r)|22 < .
In fact, choosing small enough, when t + r0 t1 , the claim can be proved by the uniformly continuity
of v(t) (the proof of uniformly continuity can be found in [18]),
|v2m (t + r0 + r)|2 |v2m (t + r0 )|2 + |v2m (t + r0 + r) v2m (t + r0 )|2


+ |v(t + r0 + r) v(t + r0 )|2

2



+
< .

2
32

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374

Step 4. Based on the steps above, choosing M1 M0 such that m

claim that, for t t1 , u0 B and r T0 , we have

0 +
C

1
C
8


, when m M1 , we

|v2m (t + r)|22 .
Assume, on the contrary, if there exists r T0 , u0 B such that |v2m (t + r)|22 > , then the step 2 gives the
existence of the following two constants


,
r := sup r [0, r]| |v2m (t + r)|22 =
2


r := sup r [r , r]| |v2m (t + r)|22 = .
Referring to the proof of step 3, we have
r r ,
this implies
0 (r r ) + C
1 m
= |v2m (t + r )|22 C


0 m
C
2

t+r


|v2m (s)|22 ds
t+r

1
(r r ) + C

1
C
1 0 .
(r r ) + C
8

This is a contradiction. 2
Corollary 4.1. For any bounded set B L2 (Rn ) and constant > 0, there exists a constant t2 > 0, such
that

 

R S(t)u0 < .
tt2 u0 B

Proof. By the above lemma and Lemma 2.3, we can obtain the result immediately. 2
4.2. Estimate on exterior
Lemma 4.2. Assume that the conditions (1.3)(1.5) hold. For arbitrary > 0 and bounded subset B
L2 (Rn ), there exist t3 > 0, R1 > 0, such that if t t3 and R R1 , the solution of Eq. (1.1) u(t) satises

|u(t)|2 dx < , for any u0 B.
|x|R

Proof. Multiplying Eq. (1.1) by (1 R )2 u and integrating it,




1 d
(1 R )2 |u|2 dx (1 R )2 uudx + (1 R )2 |u|2 dx
2 dt


Rn

Rn

(1 R )2 [V (x)g(u)u f (u)u] dx +

=
Rn

Rn

(1 R )2 (Di hi + h)udx .
Rn

(4.12)

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375

Referring to Lemma 3.1, the semigroup {S(t)}t0 has a bounded absorbing set in L2 (Rn ), we can utilize the
similar arguments as in previous Lemma 4.1 to prove the existence of the constants t1 (B) > 0 and R1 > 0,
which guarantee the validity of the following estimates, provided t > t1 and R > R1 ,


3
(1 R ) uudx
4


(1 R )2 |u|2 dx ,

Rn

(1 R )2 uDi hi dx
Rn

Rn

1
2

|x|R

1
|hi |2 dx + |(1 R )u|22 + ,
2


(1 R )2 f (u)udx |(1 R )u|22 1

Rn

(p r)4
p1

(1 R )2 V (x)g(u)udx
Rn

(1 R )2 hudx
Rn

1
2(1 )

(1 R )2 |u|p dx ,

[V (x)] pr dx +
|x|R

|h|2 dx +
|x|R

r1
p


(1 R )2 |u|p dx + k2

Rn

V (x)dx ,

|x|R

(1 )
|(1 R )u|22 .
2

Since V , h and hi are given, we can choose a constant R2 > R1 , such that when R > R2 ,
1
2


|hi |2 dx +
|x|R

(p r)4
p1

[V (x)] pr dx + k2
|x|R

V (x)dx +

|x|R

1
2(1 )


|h|2 dx < .
|x|R

Therefore, the above estimates yield

1 d
2 dt

1
(1 R ) |u| dx +
4
2

Rn

r
+ 1 (1 )
p

1
(1 R ) |u| dx +
2
2

Rn


(1 R )2 |u|2 dx

Rn

(1 R )2 |u|p dx < 3 ,

moreover,
1 d
2 dt


(1 R )2 |u|2 dx +
Rn

1
2


(1 R )2 |u|2 dx < 3 .
Rn

Finally, applying Gronwalls lemma again, we deduce that, there exist t3 > t1 , such that when t > t3 and
R > R2 ,

(1 R )2 |u(t)|2 dx <
Rn

7
,
1

and consequently,

|u(t)|2 dx <
|x|2R

7
.
1

376

J. Zhang, C.K. Zhong / J. Math. Anal. Appl. 427 (2015) 365376

Thanks to Lemma 2.2, we can conclude the following result.

Corollary 4.2. For any bounded set B L2 (Rn ) and constant > 0, there exists t3 > 0, such that

 

(1 R )S(t)u0 < .

tt3 u0 B

After the estimates on both exterior and interior, we complete the proof that S(t) is -limit compact,
combined with the conclusion in Lemma 3.1, the proof of the main result in Theorem 1.1 is accomplished
by Lemma 2.4.
Acknowledgments
We would like to express our sincere thanks to the anonymous referee for his/her valuable comments
and suggestions which led to an important improvement of our original manuscript. This work was partly
supported by NSFC Grant (No. 11031003).
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