Study of BER performance of BPSK passing through a

Rayleigh fading channel with receiver diversity using EGC

and MRC methods

Ashin Antony

B120118EC

Ansil S Shajil

B120205EC

Objective
To study the BER performance of BPSK passing through a Rayleigh fading channel with
receiver diversity having the following combining techniques
1) Maximum Ratio Combining (MRC)
2) Equal Gain Combining (EGC)

Software Tool Used

MATLAB

THEORY
Requirement for diversity
Due to fading and log normal shadowing there will be power losses in the channel. If only a
single path from transmitter and receiver then there is a larger probability that the signal
would face deep fading at some instants. If we are using multiple independent fading paths
from transmitter to receiver then there is a very small probability that they get deeply faded
simultaneously. Then they are combined at receiver by using various combining techniques.
This is the concept of diversity and combining. There are various combining techniques like
Selection combining, Maximum ratio combining, equal gain combining etc. Here we are
simulating the performance of Bpsk through a Rayleigh fading channel with Maximum ratio
combining and Equal Gain Combining.

Maximum Ratio Combining

In this technique the output SNR will be the sum of SNRs from the independent fading
paths.
If = is the fading coefficient from the channel for the i th path ,where ai follows
rayleigh distribution, then at receiver for maximum ratio combining = * is multiplied.
Then the received SNR would be sum of snrs from individual paths. If there are M fading
paths in MRC then

MRC is the most optimum combining technique.

At receiver a gain of ai and cophasing has to be provided. This requires complex circuitary .

Equal Gain Combining

Equal gain combining is of practical interest because it provides performance comparable to the
optimal maximal ratio combining receiver but with greater simplicity. However, performance
evaluation of EGC diversity receiver is known to be a much more difficult task in comparison with
other classical diversity schemes. Here at receiver cophasing is only done. No separate gain for each
branch. Every branch is provided same gain.

If = is the fading coefficient from the channel for the i th path ,where ai follows
rayleigh distribution, then at receiver for equal gain combining = is multiplied with
the received signal in each branch

The Probability of Error equation with 2 receiver antenna for BPSK with equal gain
combining is

This was found in an IEEE paper

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel1/26/12187/00558680.pdf?tp=&arnumber=558680&isnumber
=12187
The receiver circuit is less complex in EGC compared to MRC. EGC is not optimum as MRC.

MATLAB Simulation
1) BER Perfomance of BPSK through a rayleigh fading
channel with MRC
Code
clear
N = 10^6; % number of bits or symbols
% Transmitter
ip = rand(1,N)>0.5; % generating 0,1 with equal probability
s = 2*ip-1; % BPSK modulation 0 -> -1; 1 -> 0
M = [1 2]; %Number of receivers
Eb_N0_dB = [0:35]; % multiple Eb/N0 values
for jj = 1:length(M)
for ii = 1:length(Eb_N0_dB)
n = 1/sqrt(2)*[randn(M(jj),N) + j*randn(M(jj),N)]; % white gaussian
noise, 0dB variance
h = 1/sqrt(2)*[randn(M(jj),N) + j*randn(M(jj),N)]; % Rayleigh
channel
% Channel and noise Noise addition
sD = kron(ones(M(jj),1),s);
y = h.*sD + 10^(-Eb_N0_dB(ii)/20)*n;
% equalization maximal ratio combining
yHat = sum(conj(h).*y,1)./sum(h.*conj(h),1);
% receiver - hard decision decoding
ipHat = real(yHat)>0;
% counting the errors
nErr(jj,ii) = size(find([ip- ipHat]),2);
end
end
simBer = nErr/N; % simulated ber
EbN0Lin = 10.^(Eb_N0_dB/10);
theoryBer_nRx1 = 0.5.*(1-1*(1+1./EbN0Lin).^(-0.5));
p = 1/2 - 1/2*(1+1./EbN0Lin).^(-1/2);
theoryBer_nRx2 = p.^2.*(1+2*(1-p));
close all
figure
semilogy(Eb_N0_dB,theoryBer_nRx1,'bp-','LineWidth',2);
hold on
semilogy(Eb_N0_dB,simBer(1,:),'mo-','LineWidth',2);

semilogy(Eb_N0_dB,theoryBer_nRx2,'rd-','LineWidth',2);
semilogy(Eb_N0_dB,simBer(2,:),'ks-','LineWidth',2);
axis([0 35 10^-5 0.5])
grid on
legend('M=1 (theory)', 'M=1 (sim)', 'M=2 (theory)', 'M=2 (sim)');
xlabel('Eb/No, dB');
ylabel('Bit Error Rate');
title('BER for BPSK modulation with Maximal Ratio Combining in Rayleigh
channel with M fading paths');

Simulation Results

2) BER Perfomance of BPSK through a rayleigh fading

channel with EGC
Code
clear
N = 10^6; % number of bits or symbols
% Transmitter
ip = rand(1,N)>0.5;
s = 2*ip-1;
nRx = [1 2];
Eb_N0_dB = [0:35];
for jj = 1:length(nRx)
for ii = 1:length(Eb_N0_dB)
n = 1/sqrt(2)*[randn(nRx(jj),N) + j*randn(nRx(jj),N)]; % white
gaussian noise, 0dB variance
h = 1/sqrt(2)*[randn(nRx(jj),N) + j*randn(nRx(jj),N)]; % Rayleigh
channel
% Channel and noise Noise addition
sD = kron(ones(nRx(jj),1),s);
y = h.*sD + 10^(-Eb_N0_dB(ii)/20)*n;
% equalization with equal gain combining
yHat = y.*exp(-j*angle(h)); % removing the phase of the channel
yHat = sum(yHat,1); % adding values from all the receive chains
% receiver - hard decision decoding
ipHat = real(yHat)>0;
% counting the errors
nErr(jj,ii) = size(find([ip- ipHat]),2);
end
end
simBer = nErr/N; % simulated ber
EbN0Lin = 10.^(Eb_N0_dB/10);
theoryBer_nRx1 = 0.5.*(1-1*(1+1./EbN0Lin).^(-0.5));
theoryBer_nRx2 = 0.5*(1 - sqrt(EbN0Lin.*(EbN0Lin+2))./(EbN0Lin+1) );
% plot
close all
figure
semilogy(Eb_N0_dB,theoryBer_nRx1,'bp-','LineWidth',2);
hold on
semilogy(Eb_N0_dB,simBer(1,:),'mo-','LineWidth',2);
semilogy(Eb_N0_dB,theoryBer_nRx2,'rd-','LineWidth',2);

semilogy(Eb_N0_dB,simBer(2,:),'ks-','LineWidth',2);
axis([0 35 10^-5 0.5])
grid on
legend('M=1 (theory)', 'M=1 (sim)', 'M=2 (theory)', 'M=2 (sim)');
xlabel('Eb/No, dB');
ylabel('Bit Error Rate');
title('BER for BPSK modulation with Equal Gain Combining in Rayleigh
channel with M fading paths');

Simulation Results

RESULT
The BER performance of BPSK passing through a Rayleigh fading channel with receiver
diversity using EGC and MRC combining methods were studied and simulated