UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA JASIN, MELAKA

ASSIGNMENT AGR 464:

Crop insect management

semester 2
TOPIC:
INSECT COLLECTION AND IDENTIFICATION
PREPARED BY:MUHAMMAD NASRUL BIN HAMDAN
MOHAMMAD AISAMUDDIN BIN FAUZI
AIZAT BIN REDUAN
4818)

(2014 28 0576)
(2014644822)
(2014 82

FACULTY of plantation and agrotechnology...

(At220)
LECTURERS NAME:- MR. FAIRUZ KHALID

TABLE OF CONTENT

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NO

CONTENT

PAGE

BODY OF REPORT
1. BODY STRUCTURE OF INSECT
2. IDENTIFICATION OF ORDER

3-8
9-16

CONCLUSION

17-23

REFERENCES

24

Body structure of insect .

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Wings

head

legs

Wings

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abdomen

mouth

abdomen

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thorax

eyes

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legs

head

abdomen

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mouth

legs

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thorax

wings

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Eyes

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antennae

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head

thorax

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Wings

head

abdomen

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eyes

thorax

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Head

Wings

Legs

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antennae

abdomen

abdomen

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eyes

thorax

thorax

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Wings

antennae

head eyes

Identification insect based on key manual up to a family level

COLEOPTERA
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1.Does the insect have wings?

Yesgo to no 2
2.Does it had one pair of wing?
Nogo to no 3
3.Does the two pairs of wings had differ in structure, with the first is being thick and hard or
fibrous?
Yes.go to no 4
4.Did the first pair of wings stiff, meet in a straight line down the middle of the back?
Yes ..go to no 5
5.Did there a pair of significant claw like cerci (appendages) at the tip of the abdomen?
NoColeoptera

ORTHOPTERA
1.Does the insect have wings?

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Yesgo to no 2
2.Does it had one pair of wing?
Nogo to no 3
3.Does the two pairs of wings had differ in structure, with the first is being thick and hard or
fibrous?
Yes.go to no 4
4.Did the first pair of wings stiff, meet in a straight line down the middle of the back?
Nogo to no 6
5.They had chewing mouthparts, front wings that are fibrous and heavily veined, and hind wings
folded like a fan?
Yes..go to no 25
6.Insect had long, broad hind legs that are designed for jumping?
Yes.Orthoptera

ISOPTERA
1.Does the insect have wings?

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Nogo to no 17
2.Insect antlike, with a narrow waist?
Nogo to 18
3.Insect antlike, with a wide waist?
Yes.Isoptera

ODONATA
1.Does the insect have wings?
Yesgo to no 2
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2.Does it had one pair of wing?

Nogo to no 3
3.

Does the two pairs of wings had differ in structure, with the first is being thick and hard

or fibrous?
Nogo to no 7
4.Did the mouthparts like a twisting tube and the wings covered with scales?
No...go to no 6
5.Sucking mouthparts and front wings that are fibrous at the base, membranous and overlapping
at the tip?
No..go to no 8
6.Wing roof-like, slanting downward and outward from the middle of the back?
No..go to no 9
7.Is the insect slim and moth, with long, slim antennae and wings that are widest past the
middle?
No.go to no10
8.The wings have a small number of or no cross veins?
Nogo to no 12
9.Three two or three long, slim, tail-like appendages on the tip of the abdomen?
No.go to no 13
10.Does the head have an elongated tube like beak with chewing mouthparts at the tip?
No..go to no 14

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11.The insect have antennae that are not easily seen, long narrow wings, and a long slim
abdomen?
Yes.Odonata

LEPIDOPTERA
1.Does the insect have wings?
Yesgo to no 2
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2.Does it had one pair of wing?

Nogo to no 3
3.Does the two pairs of wings had differ in structure, with the first is being thick and hard or
fibrous?
Nogo to no 7
4.Did the mouthparts like a twisting tube and the wings covered with scales?
Yes...Lepidoptera

HYMENOPTERA
1.Does the insect have wings?
Yesgo to no 2

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2.Does it had one pair of wing?

Nogo to no 3
3.Does the two pairs of wings had differ in structure, with the first is being thick and hard or
fibrous?
Yes.go to no 4
4.Did the first pair of wings stiff, meet in a straight line down the middle of the back?
Nogo to no 6
5.They had chewing mouthparts, front wings that are fibrous and heavily veined, and hind wings
folded like a fan?
Nogo to no 7
6.Did the mouthparts like a twisting tube and the wings covered with scales?
Nogo to no 6
7.Sucking mouthparts and front wings that are fibrous at the base, membranous and overlapping
at the tip?
No..go to no 8
8.Wing roof-like, slanting downward and outward from the middle of the back?
No..go to no 9
9.Is the insect slim and moth, with long, slim antennae and wings that are widest past the
middle?
No..go to no 10
10.The wings have a small number of or no cross veins?
Yes.go to no 11

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11.The insect have chewing mouthparts and rear wings somewhat smaller than the front wings?
Yes.Hymenoptera

CONCLUSION
A.Briefly describe the characteristics of the insect orders that you have chosen

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(explain according to insect order).

B. What is the major contributions and importance of these insect orders to the
plantation sector in Malaysia?
C. How these orders of insect create damages or become beneficial to the plantation
sector in Malaysia?

COLEOPTERA
Coleoptera is one of the insect order for the beetles and weevils type, it is the largest order of
insect contribute almost 30% of all animals in the world. According to the fact about 300,000
species had been found in this world. Had many type of variety had been known, length range

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about 0.4 to 80 millimetres. For general characteristics, coleoptera had hardly exoskeleton and
seriously plant feeders for plant, especially for plantation development. General characteristics
that can be seen from the normal vision it had 2 pairs of wings forewing hardened and hind
wings membranous, Mandibulate mouthparts function as biting and chewing, many variety of
antennae and different variety of compound eyes in shapes or sizes. Coleoptera is the only insect
order that had elytra or forewings, function to protect hind wings, the forewings usually is very
hard, the hind wings are membranous that use to fly behind the forewings. Some of the species
doesnt have the hind wings.
This type of order, coleoptera is one of the major problem that bring damage to
plantation sector in Malaysia. Rhinoceros beetle is the common insect from coleoptera order that
can easily found at plantation. We can seen their damage by looking at the fronds or leaves,
usually for Rhinoceros beetle the fronds that had been attacked become V shaped. For young oil
palm, the plant spear become rot and entry hole can be seen in the base of a young palm. Some
of the species bring damages to foliage and attack serious in nurseries. This type of order
seriously bring damage to oil palm plantation and many ways had been applied to overcome this
type of insect.

ODONATA
Odonata or we can classify as dragonflies and damselflies is one of the insect order,
usually had bright in color, can easily recognized, fast in flying and very well known. Had 15 to
120 millimetres in length known as medium large size in insect order. Usually can be seen at lake

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area or swamp area. The characteristics can easily be recognized, this order had long abdomen
and slender, large size in compound eyes, 3 ocelli, very small antennae, mandibulate mouth, two
pairs membranous wings that had same size and shape and complex wings with many cells.
Dragonflies and damselflies had many similarity but it can be differentiate by looking at their
wing, dragonflies had little broader for the forewings and hind wings but damselflies had same
size and shape. They had horizontally wings. This insects are predatory as nymph & adults, they
also known as Bio-indicator.
The larvae or adult Dragonflies and damselflies is consider as beneficial insect, they
usually eat mosquito larvae, midges, and other small insects for the nymph while the adult eat the
mosquitoes, midges and the other type of ordonata that flying around. For the ordonata damages,
this insect bring damages to plant tissues but this order is not the serious problem for the
plantation.

ORTHOPTERA
Orthoptera is one of the insect order, example of it is katydids, locusts, crickets and
grasshopper, this order can also be known as straight wings. Usually this type of insect can be
seen jumping away when being disturbed, with using their hind legs, their sound can easily being
heard at night and medium to large in size. This type of order had 2 pairs of wings, forewings is
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more narrow than the hindwings and hardened at the base, had mandibulate mouth, also had
large compound eyes, the antennae length depends on the species may be short or long and had
large hind legs function to jump farther. Antennae for crickets and katydids may be long and
grasshopper usually had short antennae. The sound that had been produce by these insect order
usually made by male insect to attract female insect, they rubbing their legs to produce the
sound.
Orthoptera is the plant feeder such as grasses or cereals, by using their mandibulate
mouthparts they can eat the thoughest part of plant. It usually can eat plant leaves and also root
because of their powerful bitting-chewing, many of the damages is through the direct
consumption of plant. The most serious pest from this order is locusts where it can develop in
enormous numbers.

ISOPTERA
Isoptera one of the insect order also called termites, it sometimes referred as the White
ants. Live in complex colonies, dead plant plant feeders material and this insect is the serious
pest for wooden structure building. This insect order had pale and elongate body, in sexual form
this insect had 2 pairs of membranous wings that shed after mating, mandibulate mouths type

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and the head had same length with antennae. In their social colonies they had queen, soldier,
reproductive male, female and sterile workers.
Termites usually attack at the base of plant, for the rubber and oil palm they attack at
the root part, they will make their colonies by using wet mud. The trunks is fully covered with
wet mud and the young shoot will become yellow to shown their symptom. It cause browning of
young frond and may cause the death of oil palm.

LEPIDOPTERA
Lepidoptera is a scientific name for the butterflies.At the pupae stage we called it as a
caterpillar.They have a sclerotized head with chewing mandibulate mouthparts,3 pairs of the
thoracic legs and often shorts.The characteristic of the Lepidoptera is has a 2 pairs of
membranous wings in tiny scales.Also has a large compound eyes.Their antennae is clubbed
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antennae.Their mouthparts are formed into a sucking tube that known as a haustellum.They is a
serious pest in a plants that can cause a serious damage.At a adult stage they feed a nectar from
flower. It also has the cycle life before complete the successful formation, which is larvae are
distinguished from beetle larvae by their pseudopods on some of the abdominal segments.
At the adult stage they are active flyer with two pair of scaly wings.The mouthparts of the
adult is usually made to suck a nectar from a flower or the other fluid and not design to chew a
food.At a larvae stage the Lepidoptera occur frequently in a wide range of habitat and are known
for their silk-spinning activities that result in the additional loss of quality product stored.They
will also attack the product both the field and stored.Usually several of the Lepidoptera are pest
of the ripening crop and their larvae also can be found in recently harvested store grain.After that
they will continue their attack for a short time in the store or form an entry point for further
attack by true storage pests.
Lepidoptera is a serious pest in a plantation that can cause a serious damage to our
plant.They are a serious pest after the beetles in a plantation industry.As a pollination agents in a
most plants their adult can be beneficial insect that feed a nectar and can pollinate the beneficial
plant and also caterpillar have chewing mouthparts that are suitable for feeding on various part of
plants.However the development of Lepidoptera from an egg to adult can take several year
during which the larvae burrow the J-shaped gallery of very large diameter that can result a of a
large hole and if the tree is small it can become more susceptible to wind damage. . Usually,
larvae of this order was called cutworms or army worms that seedlings in nurseries by several of
the pests. Besides that, the caterpillars emerge from the soil and feed on their host during the
night. Typically, a young plant is neatly cut off right above the soil. Actually, if a cutworm
problem is severe or persists in a nursery, the seedlings have to be protected by the application of
a suitable insecticide. This order also can be completely and repeatedly defoliated during severe
outbreaks, the tree usually survives the attack.

HYMENOPTERA
They have a two pairs of membranous wings,although some way be wingless.Their forewings are
larger than the hind wings and are held together by small hooks.Their female usually had a hardened

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ovipositor that is may be modified for sawing ,piercing and stinging.Most of the hymenoptera have a
constriction between the first 2 segment of the abdomen that is known as a wasp waist. They live in a
social habitat that maen they live in a large complex colonies. . Chewing mouth parts, although in some
species such as bees the lower lip is modified to form a tongue. The larvae of hymenopterans lack many
of the above external features. They vary in body shape and size depending on the species. Some display
a distinct head, a thorax with 3 pairs of legs and an abdomen, although most are grub-like with no legs.
Hymenoptera is important agent for a plant pollination and for the production in producing
honey.Hymenoptera are needed for the pollination of many cultivated crops, and for maintaining
biodiversity in islands of non-cultivated areas. But, only some plant feeder which is, ant and wasps are
nuisance pests. For the social habitat, they live in large complex colonies. However,

ant occurrences

were highest in logged forest and lowest in old growth forest. Ant was most functional groups showed
more variable associations, with some opportunist and behaviourally dominant groups. The importance of
ants in tropical ecosystems and such differing patterns of assemblage variations. For more information,
suggest that ecosystem functioning may be significantly altered in converted habitats.
In a plantation industry Hymenoptera order also can cause a damage for a tree.They can displace
native pollinators and reduce their diversity. Furthermore, production was positively related to the
diversity of native pollinators, an increasing abundance of this order was correlated with a decrease in
fruit production.

REFERENCES

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