Professional Documents
Culture Documents
DOI 10.1007/s10098-009-0241-4
ORIGINAL PAPER
Received: 2 June 2009 / Accepted: 7 June 2009 / Published online: 7 July 2009
Springer-Verlag 2009
Introduction
To fight against the global warming due to greenhouse
gases emissions, the usage of fossil energy sources that
present high CO2 emissions should be diminished, at least
as stated in Kyoto Protocol. The European Union discusses
about the energy security and policies, concerning the
energy demand and the energy supply of renewable energy
R. Rivera-Tinoco C. Bouallou (&)
Mines ParisTech, Centre Energetique et Procedes,
60 Bd. Saint Michel, 75006 Paris, France
e-mail: chakib.bouallou@ensmp.fr
123
172
R. Rivera-Tinoco, C. Bouallou
Agricultural surface
Woods surface
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173
100 Hb
LHV HHV
100
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MH2
1
H Hb
A:
100
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R. Rivera-Tinoco, C. Bouallou
Table 1 Pine tree wood needed in the incineration for hydrogen production
Biomass pine tree
Moisture (%)
10
20
Biomass
PCI (kWh/t)
3,600
4,676.8
40
623
673
723
773
823
9.56
9.92
10.27
10.62
10.96
1,800
4.78
4.96
5.13
5.30
5.48
360
180
0.96
0.48
0.99
0.49
1.03
0.51
1.06
0.53
1.09
0.55
3,600
11.03
11.43
11.84
12.24
12.64
1,800
4,056.4
5.51
5.72
5.92
6.12
6.32
360
1.10
1.14
1.18
1.22
1.26
180
30
0.55
0.57
0.59
0.61
0.63
13.02
13.50
13.98
14.45
14.92
1,800
6.51
6.75
6.99
7.23
7.46
360
1.30
1.35
1.39
1.45
1.49
180
0.65
0.67
0.69
0.72
0.75
15.88
16.47
17.06
17.64
18.21
1,800
7.94
8.24
8.53
8.82
9.10
360
1.59
1.65
1.71
1.76
1.82
180
0.79
0.82
0.85
0.88
0.91
3,600
3,600
3,436.0
2,815.6
Moisture (%)
Hydrogen
production (kg/h)
Biomass
PCI (kWh/t)
623
673
723
773
823
10
3,600
4,177.5
20
10.71
11.10
11.49
11.89
12.27
1,800
5.35
5.55
5.75
5.94
6.13
360
1.07
1.11
1.15
1.19
1.23
180
0.53
0.55
0.57
0.59
0.61
12.37
12.83
13.29
13.74
14.18
6.18
1.23
6.42
1.28
6.64
1.33
6.87
1.37
7.09
1.42
3,600
3,614.3
1,800
360
180
30
40
0.62
0.64
0.66
0.69
0.71
14.66
15.20
15.74
16.27
16.80
1,800
7.33
7.60
7.87
8.13
8.40
360
1.46
1.52
1.57
1.63
1.68
180
0.73
0.76
0.79
0.81
0.84
17.98
18.64
19.30
19.96
20.61
1,800
8.99
9.32
9.65
9.98
10.30
360
1.80
1.86
1.93
1.99
2.06
180
0.90
0.93
0.97
0.99
1.03
3,600
3,600
3,051.1
2,488.0
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could feed yearly 233,000 vehicles. This could avoid carbon emissions of 0.14 Mt/year for small vehicles emitting
150 g of CO2 per km and running 15,000 km/year. Without
damaging ecosystems, the total thermal energy potential of
nonvalorized biomass in France reaches 6.5 Mtep and it
Conclusion
The proposal of steam production by valorizing the available biomass in France presents a high potential for thermal
energy production up to 6.5 Mtep that could lead to a
hydrogen production enable to feed twice the French
vehicle fleet. The carbon emissions of producing hydrogen
by SMR or biomass incinerationHTE processes are almost
equivalent at a value between 0.3 and 0.4 Mt of carbon per
year. However, under a hydrogen vehicle fleet assumption,
the use of biomass for hydrogen production would avoid
the emissions of 135 Mt of carbon dioxide from fossil fuels
used by cars. A larger Life Cycle Assessment study
including the electricity production should be carried out
in order to improve the accuracy of estimations on the
reduction of carbon dioxide emissions by producing
hydrogen by the biomass incineration and the HTE process.
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