1.

(a) CHARACTERISTICS OF SCR

AIM:
To plot the characteristics of an SCR and also find the forward
resistance, holding current and latching current.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. Characteristics study unit

2. 0- 50V DC Voltmeter
3. 0-500 mA DC Ammeter
4. 0-25mA DC ammeter

THEORY:

SCR stands for silicon controlled rectifier which is a PNPN 4 layer

device. It is a unidirectional element and whose conduction can be
controlled by the gate triggering. The forward characteristics are
plotted between VAK and IA at different gate currents. The breakdown
occurs at a relatively lower voltage as the gate current increases.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:

1. V-I Characteristics:

1. Make the connections as given in the circuit diagram including

meters.
2. Now switch ON the main supply to the unit and initially keep V1
& V2 at minimum. Set load potentiometer R1 in the minimum
position.
3. Adjust IG-IG1 say 10 mA by varying V2 or gate current
potentiometer R2. Slowly vary V1 and note down VAK and 1A
readings for every 5V and enter the readings in the tabular
column.
4. Further vary V1 till SCR conducts. This can be noticed by
sudden drop of VAK and rise of 1A readings note down this
reading and tabulated.
5. Vary V1 further and note down 1A and VAK readings.
6. Draw the graph of VAK V/S 1A.
7. Repeat the same for IG = IG2/IG3 mA and the graph

2. To find VG/IG:

1. Set V2 to zero adjust VAK to V1- 10 Volts.

2. Connect voltmeter between VAK points slowly increase V2 till
SCR conducts.
3. Note down the corresponding IG&VAK values.
4. Repeat the procedure 2-3 times to accurately get the V G and IG
values.
 IG1 (mA)
3. IG2(mA)
To VAK (volts) IA(mA)
VAK(volts) IA(mA)

find latching current:

1. Apply about 20 V between Anode and Cathode by varying V 1.

Keep the load potentiometer R1 at minimum position.
2. The device must be in the OFF state with Gate open.
3. Gradually increase Gate voltage V2 till the device turns ON.
4. This is the minimum Gate current (ig minimum) required to turn
ON the device.
5. Adjust the Gate voltage to a slightly higher. Set the load
potentiometer at the maximum resistance position. The device
should come to OFF state.
6. Otherwise decrease V1 till the device comes to OFF state. The
Gate voltage should be kept constant in this experiment.
7. By varying R1, gradually increase anode current 1A in steps open
and close the Gate voltage V2 switch after each step.
8. If the anode current is greater than the latching current of the
devise the device says ON even after the Gate switch is opened.
9. Otherwise the devise goes in to blocking mode as soon as the
Gate switch is opened. Note the latching current obtain more
accurate value of the latching current by taking small steps of 1A
near the latching current values.
 10. Increase the anode current from the latching current level by
load pot R1 or V1. Open the Gate switch permanently. The
thyristor must be fully ON.
11. Now start reducing the anode current gradually by adjusting R 1.
If the thyristor does not turns OFF even after the R1 at maximum
position.
12. Then reduce V1 observe when the device goes to blocking mode.
The anode current through the devise at this instant is the
holding current of the device.
13. Repeat the steps again to accurately get the Ih normally Ih <IL

EXPECTED GRAPH:
RESULT:

The brake over voltages = Vb1 = ------------------

= Vb2 = ------------------

Latching current = ----------------------

Holding current = -----------------------

Forward resistance Rf = ∆VAK/∆ IA==------------------------

VIVA VOCE:

1) Draw the characteristics of SCR.

2) Define holding current.

3) Define latching current.

4) What is meant by forward resistance?

 1. (b) CHARACTERISTICS OF MOSFET
AIM:
To plot the input and transfer characteristics of MOSFET and to
find ON state resistance and Transconductance.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. Characteristics study unit

2. 0-50 volts DC voltmeter
3. 0-15 volts DC voltmeter
4. 0-50 mA DC Ammeter

THEORY:
A power MOSFET is voltage controlled device and requires only a
small input current. The switching N speed is very high and a switching
time is of order of nanoseconds. They are finding increasing application
in low power high frequency converters. MOSFETS have the problem of
second break down phenomenon as do BJTS. However, MOSFET have
the problems of electrostatic discharge and require special care in
handling MOSFETS are of two types (1) Depletion MOSFETS (2)
Enhancement MOSFETS. Let us discuss n-channel depletion type
MOSFET type MOSFET, which is formed on a P-type silicon subtract,
with two heavily doped n silicon for low resistance connections. The
gate is isolated from the channel by thin oxide layer. If will have they
terminal gate, drain and source. The substrate is normally connected
to source.

The gate to source voltage VGS could be either + ve or – ve. If VGS

is negative, some of the electrons in n- channel area will be repelled
and a depletion region will be created below the oxide layer, resulting
is a narrower effective channel and high resistance from the drain to
source, RDs

If VGS made – Ve high, the channel will be completely depleted,

offering a high value of RDS, and there will be no current flow from the
drain to source, Ids = 0,
The value of VGS is made +ve, the channel is called “pinch – off
“voltage, Vp. On the other hand, VGS is made + ve, the channel
becomes wider and a DS increase due to reduction is Rds this is liner
region. In this region, the MOSFET operates as a switch with drain
current proportional to drain voltage. This is operative for low drain
voltage and high drain current. In pinch – off or saturate region, the
device operate as an amplifier having very high current gain which is
the ratio or drain current to gate current . ID is independent of VD. Tran
conductance, defined as the ratio of drain current to gate voltage ,
signifies the transfer capabilities of the device.
The output characteristic of a MOSFET is plot of drain current as
a function of drain source voltage, gate to source voltage is the
parameter. In the cut – off region, the gate voltage is less then the
threshold voltage. The device is in the non – conducting state.
i) Cut – off region VGS <_VRT
ii) Pinch – off; VDS <_ VGS – VT and pinch – off occurs at VDS = VGS – VT
iii) Linier Region; VDS = VGS – VT; ID varies in & VDS
MOSFETS: are available in voltage ratings in excess of 1000v, but with
small current ratings and with up to 100 A at small voltage ratings
Max. Gate to source voltage is ±20v
They can be easily paralleled as their on – state resistance has a
+ ve temperature co efficient. This causes the device conducting the
higher current to heat up and thus forces it to equitably share its
current with other MOSFETS in parallel. VCE (sat) decreases with
increasing gate emitter voltage. The characteristics show that
saturation voltage can have either +ve or – ve temperature co efficient
depending up on collector current. At low values of IC device behaves
like BJT at high values of Ic device behaves like MOSFET. At a given
value of Ic, saturation voltage (on state drop) is less than that of
MOSFET and equal to and greater then that of BJT. The transfer
characteristic of IGBT is the plot between collector current and gate
voltage.
If the peak current limit is exceeded even for short time, the
device latches on and cannot be controlled by the gate. In this
situation, the device can be turned – off by decreasing the load current
below the loading current (or) by reversing the polarity of VCE with an
external commutation circuit. The switching times during turn – on and
turn – off are little affected by gate voltage. The delays during turn –
off and fall time are the functions of resistance between gate and
emitter, they increase with this resistance.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:

Transfer characteristics:

1. Make the connections as shown in the circuit diagram with

meters initially keep V1 and V2 zero. Set V1 = VDS1 = say 10v.
2. Slowly vary V2 (VGS) and note down ID and VGS readings for every
0.5 volts enter in the tabular column.
3. The minimum Gate voltage VGS that is required for conduction to
start in the MOSFET is called threshold voltage VGS is greater
than VGS (Th).
4. If VGS is greater than VGS (Th) the drain current depends on
magnitude of the Gate voltage VGS varies from 2 to 5 volts.
5. Repeat the same for different values of VDS and draw the graph
of ID/VGS.

TABULAR COLUMN:

VDS1 (volts) 10V VDS2(volts)

VGS (volts) ID (mA) VGS (volts) ID(mA)
DRAIN CHARACTERISTICS:

Initially set V2 to VGS 1 = 3.5 volts. Slowly vary V1 and note down
ID and VDS. For a particular value of VGS1 there is a pinch off voltage
(Vp) between drain and source as shown in figure.
If VDS is lower than VP. The device works in the constant resistance
region and ID is directly proportional to VDS if VDS is more than Vp.
Constant ID flows from the device and this operating region is called
constant current region.
Repeat the above for different values of VGS and note down ID v/s
VDS
Draw the graph of ID v/s VDS for different values of VGS.

TABULAR COLUMN:

VGS1 (volts) 10V VGS1 (volts)

VDS (volts) ID(mA) VDS (volts) ID(mA)

RESULT:

1. Rd=∆ Vds/∆ Id =………….Ω

2. Gm = ∆ ID/∆VDS =…….

VIVA VOCE:

1) Difference between MOSFET and SCR.

2) Draw transfer characteristics of MOSFET.

3) Write the formula for ON resistance and Transconductance.

Expected Graph:
 1. (c) CHARACTERISTICS OF IGBT
AIM:
To plot the static characteristics of IGBT

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. Characteristics study unit

2. 0-50 volts DC voltmeter
3. 0-15 volts DC voltmeter
4. 0-50 mA DC Ammeter
THEORY:
IGBT combines the advantages of BJT and MOSFETS. If has a
high input impedance like MOSFETS and low on – state conduction
losses, like BJTS. But there is no second break down problem, like BJTS
The device has three terminals gate, collector an emitter instead
of gate , drain source for MOSFETS the output characteristics of IGBT is
the plot between the collector current Ic and collector to emitter
voltage – VCE for various values of gate - emitter voltage V CE. The Ic
starts flowing beyond a particular gate voltage is called voltage.
Device Power capability Switching speed
BJT Medium Medium
MOSFET Low Fast
GTO High Slow
IGBT Medium Medium
MCT Medium Medium

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:

Transfer characteristics:

1. Make the connections as shown in the circuit diagram with

meters initially keep V1 and V2 zero. Set V1 = VCE1 = say 10v.
2. Slowly vary V2 (VGE) and note down IC and VGE readings for every
0.5 volts and enter in the tabular column.
3. The minimum Gate voltage VGE which is required for conduction
to start in the IGBT is called Threshold voltage VGE is less than
VGE (Th).
4. If VGE is less than VGE (Th) only very small leakage current flows
from collector to Emitter.
5. If VGE is greater than VGE (Th) the collector current depends on
magnitude of the Gate voltage VGE varies from 5- to 6 volts.
6. Repeat the same for different values of VDS and draw the graph
of ID/VGS.

TABULAR COLUMN:

VGE1 (volts) VGE2(volts)

VCE (volts) IE (Ma) VCE (volts) IE (mA)
COLLECTOR CHARACTERISTICS:

Initially set V2 to VGE1 = 5 volts. Slowly vary V1 and note down IC

and VGE. For a particular value of VGE1 there is a pinch off voltage (Vp)
between collector and Emitter as shown in figure.
If VGE is lower than VP the device works in the constant
resistance region and IC is directly proportional to VGE if VGE is more
than Vp. Constant IC flows from the device and this operating region is
called constant current region.
Repeat the above for different values of VGE and note down IC and VGE

values.

Draw the graph of IC Vs VGE for different values of VGE

TABULAR COLUMN:

VGE1 (volts) VGE2 (volts)

VCE VCE
IC (mA) IC (mA)
(volts) (volts)

EXPECTED WAVE FORMS:

RESULT:

VIVAVOCE:

1) Difference between IGBT, MOSFET, and SCR.

2) What is meant by the word called “static”?
3) Explain switching speed of IGBT more or less compared to SCR.
 2. GATE TRIGGERING CIRCUITS

AIM:

To study various firing schemes for triggering SCR’s when they

are used in different converter topologies employ line commutation.
1. Resistance firing circuit.
2. Resistance capacitance (RC) firing circuit.
3. UJT firing scheme.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. R, RC triggering module and UJT triggering module.

2. Resistive load.
3. 20 MHz dual trace oscilloscope with 1:10 BNC probes.
SPECIFICATIONS:

1. SCRs : 400V, 4A, type 106 D

2. Diodes : 1N4007
 3. Diacs : D3202 U

4. Zeners : 20 V, 1W

5. UJTs : 2N2646

6. NPN Transistors : BC 107

7. PNP Transistors : BC 177

8. Pulse transformers : 1:1:1

THEORY:
This is the most commonly used method for triggering SCR’s. In
laboratories almost all the SCR devices are triggered by this process.
By applying the positive signal at the gate terminal of the device, it
can be triggered much before the specified break over voltage.
The conduction period of the SCR can be controlled by varying
the gate signal within specified values of the maximum and minimum
gate currents.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:
 1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Vary the control pot and observe the voltage wave
forms across load, SCR and at different points in the
circuit, using oscilloscope.
3. Draw the wave forms in the graph at firing angles
0o,45o, 90o, 135oand 180o.

TABULAR COLUMN:

S.NO Resistance (Ώ) Firing angle (o)

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Make sure all the connections are tight.

2. Ensure all the controlling knobs are kept in fully counter
clock wise position before starting experiment.
3. Handle every thing with care

EXPECTED WAVE FORMS:

RESULT:

VIVA VOCE:

1) What is meant by triggering?

2) Why we need to employ different triggering circuit to trigger
SCR?
3) What is the use of UJT in UJT triggering circuits?
4) What happens when BJT is used instead of UJT in UJT triggering
circuit?
 3. SINGLE PHASE CYCLO - CONVERTER

AIM:
To study the module and wave forms of a 1Ф center tapped cyclo
- converter with R and RL loads.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. 1Ф cyclo - converter firing circuit and power circuit units.

2. 1Ф 230 V /230 V -0-230 V center- tapped transformer.

3. 1Ф 230 V / 0-270 V auto transformer.

4. Loading Rheostat: 50 Ohms, 2 A.

.
5. Loading inductor; 50 mH, 2 A.
 6. 20 MHz dual trace oscilloscope with 1:10 BNC probes.

SPECIFICATIONS:

1. Input : 0-230 V 1- Ф AC supply.

2. Load : 15 A

3. Thyristor : 25 A, 1200 V, type 25 RIA 120

4. MCB : two pole 230 V / 16A.

THEORY:
In a single phase cyclo - converter employing a center tapped
transformer has four thyristers, namely T1,T2,T3,T4 Out of four SCR’s,
SCR’s,T1,T2 are responsible for generating there positive halves forming
the positive group. The other two SCR’s T3&T4 are responsible for
producing negative halves forming the negative group. This
configuration is meant for generating 1/3 of the input frequency i.e this
generates a frequency of 16 2/3 Hz at its output.
Depending upon the polarities of the transformer, SCR’S are gated.
Natural commutation process is used for turning off the SCR’S.
the circuit configuration is analyzed for purely resistive load.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:

1. Switch ON the main supply to the firing circuit and power

circuit. Observe the trigger outputs by changing frequency
division push buttons and varying the firing angle control
knob. Make sure the firing pulses are proper before
connecting to the power circuit.
2. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
3. Connect firing pulses from the firing circuit to the
respective SCRs in the power circuit.
4. Initially connect the input terminals to the 30V- 0 -30V
terminals of the center tapped transformer.
5. Set the frequency division to 2. Switch ON the trigger
pulses. And switch ON the MCB.
6. Vary the firing angle potentiometer and observe the
voltage wave forms across load using oscilloscope.
7. Note down the reading in the tabular column.
8. After ensuring correct output at low voltage, increase the
input voltage to 230V-0-230V in steps and note down the
corresponding readings.
9. Follow the above procedure for frequency divisions 3 to 9.
 10. Draw the wave forms in the graph at firing angles 0o, 45o,
90o, 135oand 180o..
TABULAR COLUMN:

S.NO. Input Frequenc Firing Output Output

voltage(V) y angle voltage current
divisions (o) (V) (A)

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Make sure all the connecting links are tightly fixed.

2. Ensure all the controlling knobs in fully counter clock wise
position before starting experiment.
3. Handle everything with care.
4. Change the frequency divisions only when the trigger pulse
switches at OFF position.
5. Make sure the firing pulses are proper before connecting to
the power circuit.
6. If the out put is zero even after all power connections,
switch OFF the MCB and adjust interchange AC input
connections to the power circuit. This is to make the firing
circuit and power circuit to synchronize.

EXPECTED WAVE FORMS:

RESULTS:

VIVA VOCE:

1) Define cyclo converter?

2) Which commutation process is used in cyclo converters?
3) Applications of cyclo converters?
 4. SINGLE PHASE FULLY CONTROLLED BRIDGE
CONVERTER
AIM:

To study the module and waveforms of a 1Ф Full Bridge

converter with R, RL and RLE loads.

SPECIFICATIONS:

1. Input : 0 -230 V 1- phase AC supply

2. Load : R RL and RLE load
3. Thyristor : 25A, 1200V, type 25 RIA 120.
4. Diodes : 25A 1200V.
5. MCB : Two pole 230 V/16A.
6. Fuses : 16A HRC.
7. Field supply Bridge rectifier: 10A, 600 V.
8. Field supply : 220 V ±10 %

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. 1Ф Full Bridge converter firing circuit and power circuit

units.
2. 1Ф auto transformer : 230V/0-270V, 10A
3. 1Ф isolation transformer : 230V/230V.
4. Loading inductor : 50 mH,
5. Loading Rheostat : 50 Ohms 2A.
6. DC Motor load (RLE) : 230 V, 1 hp, Field 220 V @ 2A.
7. Volt meter : 0 – 300 V, MI.
8. Shunt : 0.1 Ohm, 5W.
9. 20 MHz dual trace oscilloscope with 1:10 BNC probes.
THEORY:

In the single phase full bridge circuit, diagonally opposite pair of

thyristor are made to conduct and are commutated simultaneously.
The advantage of single phase bridge converter over single
phase mid-point converter is
i) SCR’s are subjected to a peak inverse voltage of 2Em in mid-point
converter K Em is fully converter – bridge converter.
ii) In midpoint configuration each secondary should be able to
supply the load power. As such, the rating in mid-point converter is
double the load-rating this however is not the case in single phase
bridge converter.
PROCEDURE:

1. Make the connection as per the circuit diagram.

2. Switch ON (SW1) the main supply to the firing circuit.
Ensure switch SW2 in OFF position as a precaution. Identify
different blocks of the triggering circuit and different
waveforms may be observed at the test points provided on
left hand side of the panel.
3. Now ensure that the lamp load is to the twelve pin socket
provided on
The front panel of the controller and the potentiometer
marked “SPEED CONTROL” is in minimum position.
4. Switch ON SW2 i.e power circuit. Press the speed control
pot P1 (infect
armature voltage control pot) slightly in the anti-
clockwise direction.
This turns ON the soft start relay and output d.c voltage is
made available to the load.
5. Vary the speed control pot in smooth fashion in the
clockwise direction.
The lamp intensity increases with the increase with the
output voltage.
6. Connect the CRO to main supply to the isolating
transformer at point
TP (test point).You may connect isolating transformer
provided along with to the 5 amp 3-pin socket located on
the right hand side panel. Do not touch the metallic parts of
the CRO. Keep CRO in minimum sensitivity position that is
 about 20V per division. Now you may observe waveforms of
the output voltage.
7. Now switch OFF SW1, SW2. Connect the twelve pin Johnson
plug into the twelve pin socket at the centre of the front
panel. Switch SW3 may be kept in NO choke position that is
most anticlockwise position (this is very much important
and it should be always checked before switching
SW2).Keep no load on the motor.
8. Switch on SW1 first and then SW2 .The motor parts rotating
at low speed. Vary the speed control pot in smooth and slow
fashion. We can get a speed variation from 10% to
90%.Gently increase the load on.
9. Observe waveform on CRO.

TABULAR COLUMN:

S.NO. Input Firing angle Output Output

voltage(v) (o) voltage(V) current (A)

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Make sure all the connecting links are tightly fixed.
2. Ensure all the controlling knobs in fully counter clock wise
position before starting experiment.
3. Handle everything with care.
4. Make sure the firing pulses are proper before connecting to
the power circuit.
 5. If the output is zero even after all power connections,
switch OFF the MCB and just interchange AC input
connections to the power circuit this is to make the firing
circuit and the power circuit to synchronize.
RESULTS:

VIVA VOCE:

1) What is meant by phase controlled rectifier?

2) In which quadrants we can operate this converter?
3) What are the advantages of fully controlled converter compared
to semi controlled converter?

Expected Waveforms
 5. SINGLE PHASE PARALLEL INVERTER
AIM:

To study module and waveforms of a 1- φ parallel inverter

power circuit with R and RL loads.
SPECIFICATIONS:

1. Input : 230V, 50Hz, 1- φ AC supply

2. Load : Rand RL
3. Thyristors : 10 A, 600V.
4. Diodes : 10A, 600V.
5. Capacitor : 6.8µ f, 100V.
6. Inductor : 300 µ H, 2A.
7. Fuses : 2A Glass fuse

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. 1- φ parallel inverter firing circuit and power circuit unit

2. Inductor : 300mH, 2A.

3. Capacitor : 6.8µ f, 100V.
4. Output transformer : Primary - 30V-25V-0-
25V-30V
Secondary- 0-30V2A
5. Loading Rheostat : 50 Ohms 2 A.
6. Loading Inductor : 50 mH, 2A
7. 20 MHz dual trace oscilloscope with 1:10 BNC probes

THEORY:

A Parallel inverter is used top produce a square wave from a

DC source is connected in alternative sense to the two halves of the
transformer primary, there by inducing a square wave voltage
across the load in the transformer secondary.
In this inverter, the commutating capacitor comes in parallel
with the load during the operation of the inverter and hence this
inverter is called as a parallel inverter. The capacitor in the given
figure is required for commutation, but as the capacitor is
effectively in parallel with the load via the transformer, an inductor
L is required in series with the DC source to prevent the instant
discharge of capacitor C via the source when thyristor switching
occurs.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:

1. Switch ON the main supply to the firing circuit. Observe

the trigger outputs in the firing circuit by varying frequency
potentiometer and by operating ON/OFF switch. Make sure the firing
pulses are proper before connecting to the power circuit.
2. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
3. Connect the firing pulses from the firing circuit to the
respective SCRs in the power circuit.
4. Connect the DC input from 30V, 2A regulated power
supply.
5. Switch ON the DC supply, set input voltage to 15 V and
switch ON the trigger pulses by operating ON/OFF/ switch in the
firing circuit.
6. Observe the voltage waveform across load using
oscilloscope.
7. Vary the frequency, load and observe the voltage
waveform across load with and with out freewheeling diode.
8. Draw the waveforms in the graph at different
frequencies.
9. To switch OFF the inverter, switch OFF the input supply
first and then trigger pulses.
10. Since the parallel inverter works on forced
commutation, there is a chance of failure. If the commutation fails,
switch OFF the DC supply and then trigger outputs. Check the
connections and try again.
PRECAUTIONS:

1. Make sure all the connecting links are tightly fixed.

2. Ensure all the controlling knobs in fully counter clock
wise position before starting experiment.
3. Handle everything with care.
4. Make sure the firing pulses are proper before
connecting to the power circuit.
5. Make sure to connect firing pulses from the firing circuit
to their respective SCRs in the power circuit.
6. Ensure switch OFF the input supply first and then trigger
pulses to avoid short circuit.
EXPECTED WAVE FORMS:
RESULT:

VIVA VOCE:

1) Define inverter.
2) Explain different types of inverters.
3) Difference between inverter and converter.
 6. FORCED COMMUTATION CIRCUITS

AIM:

To study the module and waveforms of forced commutation

circuits.
1. Class A commutation – Self commutation by resonating load
2. Class B commutation – self commutation by IC circuit
3. Class C commutation – Complementary commutation.
4. Class D commutation – Auxiliary commutation.
5. Class E commutation – External commutation.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. Forced commutation unit.

2.
3. Loading Rheostat : 50 Ohms, 2A.
4. Regulated power supply : 0-30VDC, 2A.
5. 20 MHz dual trace oscilloscope with 1:10 BNC probes.

SPECIFICATIONS:

1. Thyristors : TYN 612.

2. Diodes : BYQ 28-200
3. Transistor : TIP 122.
4. Capacitor : C1= 6.8µ f , 100V C2= 10µ f , 100V
6. Inductor : L1=250 µ H, 2A. L2=500 µ H, 2A.L3 =
1m H.
7. Fuses : 2A Glass fuse

THEORY:

i). Class A- self commutation by resonating load:

This is also known as resonant commutation. This type of

commutation circuit using L - C components in series with load.
 In this process of commutation, the forward current passing
through the device is reduced to less then the level of holding
current of the device. Hence this method is also known as the
current commutation method.

ii). Class B- self commutating by an LC circuit:

In this method, the LC resonating circuit is across the SCR and

not in series with the load.
Initially as soon as the supply voltage Edc is applied, the
capacitor C starts getting charged with it’s upper plate positive and
lower plate negative, and it charges up to the voltage Edc.
When thyristor T is triggered, the circuit current flows in two
directions:
i) the load current IL flows through the path Edc+ –T-RL-Edc-
ii) Commutating current Ic.

iii) Class D – auxiliary commutation:

In this commutation method, an auxiliary thyristor is required

to commutate the main thyristor (T1), assuming ideal thyristor and
the lossless components; here inductor L is necessary to ensure the
correct polarity on capacitor C.

Thyristor T1 and load resistor RL from the power circuit, Where

as LDK T2 from the commutation circuit.

iv) Class E – External pulse commutation:

In this type of commutation method, the reverse voltage is

applied to the current carrying thyristor from an external pulse
source.
Here, the commutating pulse is applied through a pulse –
transformer which is suitably designed to have tight coupling
between the primary and secondary
 This type of commutation method is capable of very high
efficiency as minimum energy is required and both time ratio and
pulse width regulation are easily incorporated.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
 PROCEDURE:

1. Switch ON the mains supply to the firing circuit. Observe the trigger
outputs in the firing circuit by varying frequency potentiometer and
duty cycle potentiometer. Make sure the firing pulses are proper
before connecting to the power circuit.
2. Check the DC power supply between the DC input
points.
3. Check the resistance between anode and cathode
of all SCRs.
4. Check the resistance between the Gate and
cathode of SCRs.
5. Check the diode and Transistor and their
polarities.
6. Check the fuse in series with the DC input.
7. Make sure that all the components are good and
firimg pulses are correct before starting the experiment.
CLASS A&B:

1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.

2. Connect the trigger output T1 from the firing circuit
to the Gate and cathode of SCR T1.
3. Switch ON the DC supply and switch ON the trigger
pulses by operating ON/OFF switch in the firing circuit
4. Observe the voltage waveform across load using
oscilloscope by varying the frequency potentiometer. Duty cycle
potentiometer is of no use in this experiment.
5. Repeat the same for different values of R, L and C.
6. Draw the waveforms in the Graph for different R, L
and C.
CLASS C:
2. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
3. Connect the trigger output T1 &T2 from the firing
circuit to the Gate and cathode of SCR T1 &T2.
4. Switch ON the DC supply and switch ON the trigger
pulses by operating ON/OFF switch in the firing circuit.
5. Observe the voltage waveform across R1, R2 and C
using oscilloscope by varying the frequency and duty cycle
potentiometers.
6. Repeat the same for different values of R & C.
7. L is of no use in this circuit.
8. Draw the waveforms in the graph for different R & C.
CLASS D:

1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.

2. Connect the trigger outputs T1 and T2 from the firing
circuit to gate and cathode of SCRs T1 & T2.
3. Initially keep the trigger ON/OFF switch at OFF
position to charge the capacitor. This can be observed by
connecting CRO across the capacitor.
4. Switch ON the DC supply and switch ON the trigger
pulses by operating ON/OFF switch in the firing circuit.
5. Observe and note down the voltage waveform across
the load. T1, T2 and C using oscilloscope by varying the frequency
and duty cycle potentiometers.
6. Repeat the same for different values of load. L & C.
CLASS E:

1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.

2. Connect V2 supply from an external DC power supply
unit.
3. Connect the trigger output T1 from the firing circuit
to gate and cathode of SCR T1.
4. Connect T2 to the transistor base and emitter points.
5. Switch ON the DC supply, external DC supply and the
trigger pulses by operating ON/OFF switch in the firing circuit.
6. Observe and note down the voltage waveform across
the load.
7. Repeat the same by varying the frequency and duty
cycle potentiometers.
8. Draw the waveforms in the graph for different
frequency and duty cycle.
PRECAUTIONS:

1. Make sure all the connecting links are tightly fixed.

2. Ensure all the controlling knobs in fully counter clock
wise position before starting experiment.
3. Handle everything with care.
4. Make sure the firing pulses are proper before
connecting to the power circuit.
5. Make sure to connect firing pulses from the firing
circuit to their respective SCRs in the power circuit.
6. Ensure switch OFF the input supply first and then
trigger pulses to avoid short circuit.
EXPECTED WAVE FORMS:
 RESULT:

VIVA VOCE:

) What is meant by commutation?

) Generally how to turn off a SCR?
) Generally how to turn on a SCR?
 7. DC JONE’S CHOPPER
AIM:
To study the module and waveforms of a DC June’s chopper
power circuit with R, RL loads.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Jone’s chopper firing circuit unit and power circuit
unit
2. Loading Rheostat : 50 Ohms, 2A.
3. Loading Inductor : 50 mH,
4. DC motor load (RLE) : 220V, 1hp, Field 220V,
@2A
5. 20MHz dual trace oscilloscope with 1:10 BNC
probes.
SPECIFICATIONS:
1. Input : 0 -230V 1-φ AC supply.
2. Load : R, RL and RLE loads.
3. Thyristor : 25A, 1200V, type 25 RIA 120.
4. Diodes : 25A, 1200V.
5. Communicating capacitors : 25µ f, 440 V.
6. Commutating Inductor : 500 – 0 - 500µ H, 10A.
7. MCB : Two pole 230V/16A.
8. Fuses : 16A HRC.
THEORY:

This chopper circuit is an example of class D commutation. In the

circuit, SCR T1 is the main thyristor where as SCR T2 is the auxiliary
thyristor. The special feature of this circuit is the tapped
autotransformer. If the main thyristor T1 is on for a long period then
the motor will reach the maximum steady state speed determined
by the battery voltage, the motor, and the mechanical load
characteristics. If the thyristor T1 is off, the motor will not rotate.
Now, if thyristor T1 is alternatively on and off in a cyclic manner, the
motor will rotate at some speed between maximum and zero.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:

1. Switch ON the mains supply to the firing circuit. Observe

the trigger outputs by varying duty cycle and frequency
potentiometer by keeping the control switch in `INT` position. Make
sure the firing pulses are proper before connecting to the power
circuit.
2. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
3. Connect firing pulses from the firing circuit to the
respective SCRs in the power circuit.
4. Initially set the input DC supply to 5V.
5. At the beginning, keep the ON/OFF switch in the firing
circuit in OFF position.
6. Switch ON the DC supply and now switch ON the trigger
pulses by operating ON/OFF switch in the firing circuit.
7. Observe the DC chopped voltage waveform across load
using oscilloscope.
8. If the commutation fails, pure DC voltage can be observed
across the load; then switch OFF the DC supply and trigger pulses,
Check the connections and try again.
9. Observe the voltage waveforms across load, capacitor,
main, SCR and auxiliary SCR by varying the duty-cycle
potentiometer and frequency potentiometer, using oscilloscope.
10. Now, vary the DC supply up to the rated voltage, 30VDC.
11. Note down the readings in the tabular column.
12. Draw the waveforms in the graph at different duty cycle
and at different frequency.

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Make sure all the connecting links are tightly fixed.

2. Ensure all the controlling knobs in fully counter clock
wise position before starting experiment.
3. Handle everything with care.
4. Make sure the firing pulses are proper before
connecting to the power circuit.
5. Make sure to connect firing pulses from the firing
circuit to their respective SCRs in the power circuit.

TABULAR COLUMN:
 Output Output
S.N Input Ton( Toff( Duty
voltage current
O voltage(V) s) s) cycle (%)
(V) (A)

EXPECTED WAVEFORMS:
 RESULT:

VIVA VOCE:

1) Define chopper.
2) Types of choppers.
3) Explain the operation of DC Jones chopper.
8. SINGLE PHASE HALF CONTROLLED BRIDGE
CONVERTER

AIM:

To study the module and waveforms of a 1Ф Half Bridge

converter with R, RL and RLE loads.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. 1Ф Half Bridge converter firing circuit and power circuit

units.
2. 1Ф auto transformer : 230V/0-270V, 10A
3. 1Ф isolation transformer : 230V/230V.
4. Loading inductor : 50 mH,
5. Loading Rheostat : 50 Ohms 2A.
6. DC Motor load (RLE) : 230 V, 1 hp, Field 220 V @ 2A.
7. Volt meter : 0 – 300 V, MI.
8. Shunt : 0.1 Ohm, 5W.
 9. 20 MHz dual trace oscilloscope with 1:10 BNC probes.

Specifications:

1. Input : 0 -230 V 1- phase AC supply

2. Load : R RL and RLE load
3. Thyristor : 25A, 1200V, type 25 RIA 120.
4. Diodes : 25A 1200V.
5. MCB : Two pole 230 V/16A.
6. Fuses : 16A HRC.
7. Field supply Bridge rectifier: 10A, 600 V.
8. Field supply : 220 V ±10 %

THEORY:

The phase controlled converter circuit are capable of operating with

both positive and negative mean voltages at the dc terminals, many
applications actually require operation only with a positive voltage,
that is only in the rectifying mode. In such cases it is generally
advantageous to connect uncontrolled diodes into certain parts of the
circuits. When one pair of SCR’s is replaced by diodes in single phase
fully controlled bridge circuit, the resultant circuit obtained is called as
a half controlled bridge circuit.
PROCEDURE:

1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.

2. Ensure Switch SW2 in the off position. Plug in the supply
and withSW1 on. Observe the trigger outputs by varying
firing angle potentiometer. Use CRO through an isolating
transformer.
3. Keep the speed control knob in the minimum position.
Ensure that a lamp bank is connected to the front side of
the panel in the 12 pin socket. Switch on SW2, keep SW3 in
NO CHOKE position. (upward position).
4. Vary the speed control pot in smooth and gentle fashion to
observe variation in the lamp intensity. This completes
initial testing of the system.
 5. To observe the wave forms at the attenuated test point,
connect a CRO through an isolating transformer as a
source of its supply. Observe poarity.
6. Now switch off the power circuit of the unit and connect
the 12-pin Johnson plug in the socket on the front panel
provided along with the DC motor.( Motor is optional with
the system). Ensure pot P1 is in most anticlockwise
position. Now keep SW3 in upward position. Switch on the
power circuit (SW2 ON). Increase speed of the motor in
gentle fashion. Observe the effect of load change on the
output voltage. Apply load in a very slow fashion. Do not
put load in a jerky manner.
7. Now reduce the speed to minimum level and switch on
SW3. Ensure motor load is about 1.5A. Start increasing of
the load in a smooth fashion and note down the effect of
load variation on the output voltage and speed motor also.
8. Load the motor slowly with max. current up to 4A. Observe
the wave forms in the CRO.

TABULAR COLUMN:

S.NO. Input Firing angle Output Output

voltage(v) (o) voltage(V) current (A)
PRECAUTIONS:

1. Switch SW3 should be operated with minimum speed of

the motor.
2. Motor should be provided with the good earthing.
3. Motor loading should be done carefully.
4. Unit should not be turned on with motor loaded.
5. Ensure that armature and field cable of the motor is not
damaged by rotating parts of the motor.
RESULTS:

VIVA VOCE:

1) What is meant by phase controlled rectifier?

2) In which quadrants we can operate this converter?
3) What are the disadvantages of half controlled
converter compared to fully controlled converter?

9. LAMP DIMMER USING DIAC AND TRIAC

AIM:
To study lamp dimmer circuit using Diac and Triac.

APPARATUS:

1. Lamp dimmer using Diac and Triac circuit,

2. 40W, 230Vlamp,
3. CRO.

THEORY:
A DIAC is a two electrode, bidirectional avalanche diode which can be
switched from the off state to the on state for either polarity of applied
voltage. The two leads are labeled as terminals T1 and T2 instead of
the conventional anode-cathode designations. DIAC is mainly used as a
trigger device for triacs which require either positive or negative gate
pulse to turn on. DIAC-TRIAC pairs are available in the market for
various types of control circuits. Two thyristors may be connected in
inverse parallel, but at moderate power levels the two antiparallel
thyristors can be integrated into a single device structure.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the bulb (40w) witch form load.

2. Switch on the experiment board by connecting the power cord to
the AC mains.
3. By varying the 250 K potentiometer the gate current and there
by the firing angle of the TRIAC varies.
4. Finally the intensity of lamp varies as the potentiometer is
moved from clock wise potentiometer to the vice versa.
 5. Now observe the wave form at different positions by connecting
C R O through 10:1 through resistance allowed alternator prob.
6. Compare the wave forms with expected and note down the
readings.

OBSER VATIONS :

IN PUT
FIRING ANGLE FIRNG ANGLE
VOLTAGE
S L NO. θ RAD θ°

Expected Waveforms:
RESULT:

VIVA VOCE:

1) What is DIAC.
2) What is TRIAC.
3) Dereference between DIAC and TRIAC.
 10. STUDY OF MORGANS CHOPPER

AIM:
To study the module and wave form for DC Morgans chopper.

APPARATUS:

1. Morgans chopper firing circuit and power circuit unit.

 2. 40w lamp load.
3. 20 M H Z Dual trace Oscilloscope with 1:10 B N C Probe.

THEORY:

The following figure shows the power circuit of Morgan Chopper. In

this circuit, T1 is the main thyristor where as capacitor , saturable
reactor SR and diode, forms the commutating circuit. The exciting
current of the saturable reactor is assumed to be negligible small.
When the saturable reactor is saturated, it has very low inductance.
When the main SCR T1 is off, capacitor C will be charged to the supply
voltage. When the core flux reaches the negative saturation, the
capacitor discharges through the SCR T1 and the post saturation
inductance of SR.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect 250 V D C Power supply to approximate terminals of

the Morgan chopper circuit.
2. Connect isolated firing pulse G1 K1 and G2 K2 to the S C R i gate
and in minimum frequency portion.
3. Connect 40w lamp load and switch ON the system.
 4. Observe the wave form across load, SCR ON CRO by increasing
the frequency.
5. Compare the wave forms.

OBSERVATIONS:

SL NO INPUT VOLTS T. ON T. OFF % DUTY CYCLE

RESULT:

VIVA VOCE:

1) Define chopper.
Types of choppers.
Explain the operation of MORGAN’s chopper.

11. A.C PHASE CONTROL FULL WAVE (USING SCR)

AIM:
To study the principle of half wave and full wave phase control
using RC triggered Circuits and SCR.

APPARATUS:

1. Power electronics Kit - 1No

2. Lamp,230V,60W - 1No
 3. CRO - 1No

THEORY:

Because of the unidirectional characteristics of the SCR it conducts

current in only one direction. so SCR individually will not control both
the positive and negative cycles. So for this purpose a bridge rectifier
is formed. So the out put of the bridge rectifier is having only positive
halves and is able to control both positive and negative cycles. Firing
of the scr depends upon the RC time constant and firing of the DIAC
which is on the gate circuit of the SCR.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:

1. Switch on the experimental kit.

2. Connect isolated A.C source (230V) to the input of the half wave
control circuit.
3. Connect the external lamp load provided on the trainer board in
place of load.
 4. Vary the potentiometer in clockwise direction and observe the
light intensity is varying.
5. Observe the waveforms (by using attenuators).Note down the
readings.
6. Now connect isolated A.C source (230V) to the input of full wave
control circuit.
7. Connect the external lamp load provided on the trainer board in
place of load.
8. Vary the potentiometer in clockwise direction and observe the
varying.
9. Observe the waveforms (by using attenuators).Note down the
readings.

OBSERVATIONS:

Input voltage(V) Firing Angle(Ө) Firing Angle(Ө)

Sl.No
(Volts) (Radians) (Degrees)

RESULT:
VIVA VOCE:

1) What is power electronics?

2) Compare half and full wave converter.
3) Which commutation process is used in phase controlled rectifier?

11. A.C PHASE CONTROL HALF WAVE (USING SCR)

AIM:
To study the principle of half wave and full wave phase control
using RC triggered Circuits and SCR.

APPARATUS:

4. Power electronics Kit - 1No

5. Lamp,230V,60W - 1No
6. CRO - 1No

THEORY:

The simple RC circuit for triggering SCR’s by means of gate control is

shown below. The gate current magnitude can be changed by varying
R the SCR triggers when there is a sufficient gate current. A control on
the firing angle can be easily attained when the applied voltage is AC.
Capacitor C gets charged through diode D2 to the negative peak value
of the applied AC voltage during every negative half cycle charging in
the positive direction takes place in the following positive half cycle.
The charging rate is controlled by resistance R when there is a
sufficient positive voltage across capacitor C, the SCR fires. Diodes D1
is used for preventing reverse break down of the gate to cathode
junction in the negative half cycle.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:

10. Switch on the experimental kit.

11. Connect isolated A.C source (230V) to the input of the half
wave control circuit.
12. Connect the external lamp load provided on the trainer
board in place of load.
13. Vary the potentiometer in clockwise direction and observe
the light intensity is varying.
14. Observe the waveforms (by using attenuators).Note down
the readings.
15. Now connect isolated A.C source (230V) to the input of full wave
control circuit.
16. Connect the external lamp load provided on the trainer board in
place of load.
17. Vary the potentiometer in clockwise direction and observe
the varying.
18. Observe the waveforms (by using attenuators).Note down
the readings.

OBSERVATIONS:

Input voltage(V) Firing Angle(Ө) Firing Angle(Ө)

Sl.No
(Volts) (Radians) (Degrees)
RESULT:

VIVA VOCE:

4) What is power electronics?

5) Compare half and full wave converter.
6) Which commutation process is used in phase controlled rectifier?