APPLICATION OF MODIFIED HOPFIELD NEURAL NETWORK
TO REAL TIME CURRENT HARMONICS REDUCTION
Author 1
K.Krishna Suman
EEE IV/IV,
Aurora’s Engg College
Email: k2s_14@yahoo.co.in
Abstract: Conventional harmonics
filtering approaches employ either
passive or active systems or the
combination of both. This paper
proposes a self-tuning filtering system
(STFS), based on a modified discrete
Hop field network model, which can
adapt a new environment using
continuous signals from the previous
data learning in real time dynamic
machine systems. Real data tests on
the prototype model of the DC
variable speed motor suggest that the
proposed scheme is superior to the
APLC's approach in terms of
adaptability in filtering, faster
training, converging, and simplicity in
the hardware implementation with
low frequency harmonics almost
completely eliminated.
Keywords: Modified Hop field neural
network, real time current harmonic
reduction.
1. INTRODUCTION
Reduction of load generated
current harmonics is a challenging task
for power system engineers and
academics. Traditional approaches for
harmonics filtering rely on the use of
shunt passive filter because of its simple
circuit design and low cost
implementation. Passive filtering has,
however, low efficacy that active
filtering techniques have been called
Author 2
Rajaneesh
EEE IV/IV,
Aurora’s Engg College
rajaneesh_eee@yahoo.com
upon to improve. Passive and active
filtering systems by themselves are,
however, unable to solve efficiently the
total harmonics problem embracing load
dependency, poor system efficiency,
large system size, occurrence of large
magnitude of multiple harmonics, and
the complexity of control in
implementation.
In, an active power line
conditioner (APLC) with Neural
Network control has been proposed to
reduce source current harmonics. It used
a feed forward NN with two supervised
learning algorithms, the genetic
algorithm (GA) and back propagation
algorithm. The APLC scheme, though
can reduce current harmonics under the
simulated environment, its programming
complexity and heavy computational
time pose some difficulties in delivering
the desired real-time performance. It is
plausible that the APLC's real time
performance will be further degraded
due to many switches used and the
potential failure to satisfy complete
robust compensation of the distorted
current under severe changes in load
condition.
Continuous Hop field models
have been widely implemented in real
time signal processing field. In these
implementations complex
interconnections between input and
hidden layers give rise to very expensive
computational time, which is undesirable
in many applications. For digital
implementation, discrete time Hop field
model is more appropriate. In this paper,
we propose a discrete Hop field model,
which is suitable for real time digital
filtering of load generated current
harmonics in DC variable speed drive
systems. The proposed system has Self-
Tuning features that can continually
adapt to the random variation of
harmonics amplitudes and frequencies
arising from variable speeds of
operation. Our proposed scheme uses
fewer solid-state switches and it has
been tested to reduce harmonics much
more efficiently.
This paper is organized in five main
sections. Section 1 provides the
background and motivation of the
research. Section 2 describes the current
harmonic problem formulation and
presents a solution with the self-tuning
Where E is the Lyapunov function
(energy function), x is the ith neuron's
i
status, x is the jth neuron’s status, w is
j ij
the synaptic weighting value between
the jth neuron and ith neuron, and φ j is
the jth neuron's threshold value in Figure
1.
Solving (1) yields the optimal weight
value as following.
p
w = ∑w
p Subject to x = x
opt
p
Using Fourier series expansion,
the periodic and distorted source current
i (t ) can be expressed as a series of
s
sinusoidal harmonics; the response to
each harmonic can be thus determined
by the following equation.
∞

adaptive filtering system. Section 3

is (t ) = I dc + ∑ ( an cos nωt + bn sin nωt )(3)
n =1, 2,3....
introduces the algorithm used in the Usually there is symmetry, so I
proposed scheme. Results of dc =0, i (t ) and can be expressed as
performance tests using real time data s
∞ where
sets are provided in section 4. We i (t ) = ∑ 2i sin(nωt + ϕ )(4)
s sn n
conclude the paper with inferences and n =1, 2,3...
a 1
further research direction in section 5. −1 1 2
ϕ n = tan n
,i
sn
= (a 2 + b 2 )
n n
bn 2
2. CURRENT HARMONIC
The root-mean-square (rms) value of
PROBLEM FORMULATION &
source current is
SOLUTION ∞ 1
∑
2
In this section, we formulate i ∆ i 2
= (i 2
+ i 2
+ ....) (5 )
s sn s1 s2
n =1
harmonics filtering problem as the
minimization of distorted current, Which is the rms value of input
subject to current harmonic distortion to harmonic current. Total harmonic
fall below upper limit, specified by the distortion (THD) is
power supply regulation defined by
1 1
∞
2 2
(∑ n = 2 i
2
1 (i 2
−i ) 2
) i . The
Min ( E ) = Min( ∑∑ x w x + ∑ φ x ) THD∆ s s1
= sn
= h
(7)
w 2 i j i ij j i j j is1 is1 is1

Subject to line current signal is periodic with a

w ij = ∑ ( xi . x j ) , w ii = 0 , φ j = 0 random variable under different non-
p p

p linear loads so that we can represent the

distorted source current i (t ) as
s
 ∞ With i (t , ζ ) as the input source
is (t , ζ ) = ∑ 2isn (ζ ) sin(nωt + ϕ n (ζ ))(8) s
n =1, 2.. current to the ideal sampler in Figure 1,
. Where i ,ϕ and
sn n
ζ are magnitude, the m sampled output sequence is
th
∞
phase angle and a random variable of the is (m, ζ ) = ∑ 2isn (m, ζ ) sin(nmθ + ϕ n (ζ ))(9)
distorted source current (expressed in n =1, 2..

Fourier series) respectively. Where θ = ωT .

3. THE PROPOSED ALGORITHM relationship

Figure 2 shows the software process
of the proposed neural network based
algorithm. The load current i (t ) of
variable-speed motor is captured via the
motor speed and load current interface
card. With the aid of Fast Fourier
Transform technique, the waveform of
the distorted current (non-sinusoidal) can
be analyzed. Note that
initially, i (t ) = i (t ) , i.e., before the
l s
current compensated. In Figure 1, the
aim of Self -tuning Adaptive Filter's
training process is to generate an
injection current i (t ) to meet the
h current. They are obtained from the
predetermined condition
is (t ) = il (t ) + ih (t ) ≈ I m cos(ωt ) = i f (t ) , where
current i (t ) is the fundamental
f
component of source current
l i (t ) .
s
Unlike the conventional shunt passive
filter, the simplified injection current
circuit of the STFS (Figure 3) provides a
high impedance path with respect to the
current source is mainly constructed
with active components. Upon receipt of
the trigger signals (V (t ) and V (t ) ), the
tp tn
Current Injection Circuit generates a
suitable amount of DC current to
compensate for the distorted source
in the neural network at the end of whole
recalling cycles. The injection current
begins at a zero crossing point (time
axis) of the source current at where it is
divided into a positive cycle and a
negative cycle for compensation,
respectively. During the positive cycle,
SW1 is switched on to inject an
appropriate current controlled by trigger
signal V (t ) , and SW2 switched off
tp
simultaneously to ensure no shorted
circuit path. Similarly, during the
negative cycle, SW2 is switched on to
inject reverse current controlled by
trigger signal V (t ) , while SW1 is
tn
switched off. Figure 3(b) shows the state
of operation for the two switches (SW1
& SW2) at a given point in time.
To obtain trigger signals Vtp (t)
and Vtn (t), output signals (discrete) from
the Neural Network are converted into
analog signals (voltage Vtp (t) and Vtn
(t)) via PC output ports, D/A converter,
and the amplifier in Figure 1. Using the
sampler, the source current i (t ) is firstly
s
converted into discrete signals (see
Figure 1), which act as inputs to the
proposed neural network for training and
recalling. After the non-linear
transformation, all of the processing
element signals are bipolar (-1 or +1).
There are two stages to process the
neuro-computing. In the first stage, the
proposed recurrent associative network
is trained to memorize several images,
which are the divided parts of pure
sinusoidal waveforms. Each image has
u*v processing elements, each of which
receives inputs from all the others.
However, the input that a processing
element receives from itself is ignored.
By minimizing the energy function, we
can obtain the synaptic weighting w .
ij
The second stage is to input the
images of distorted source current to the
proposed Neural Network for recalling.
Whenever the processing element
changes state, the energy function
always decreases. Accurate images can
thus be recalled soon after a fixed
number of steps are needed to converge
and reach a minimum of the energy
function. With the non-linear inverse
transformation, the recalled images. can
be transformed (.recovered) into the pure
sinusoidal waveform without distortion.
The trigger signals (V (t ) and V (t ) ) are
tp tn
then generated to compensate for the
distortion of source current no matter
what harmonics are wandering along
under different distortions.
4. PERFORMANCE TESTS WITH
REAL TIME DATA
To test the performance, a
prototype test rig of DC variable speed
drive is set up in accordance ith Figure 3
which incorporated the STFS as shown
in Figure 1. We initially input 26 pure
sinusoidal waveform sampled data of a
half of cycle to the neural network for
training because the source current is
symmetrical. Once the training is
completed, the STFS can directly
generate auto-adjusted appropriate
amount of DC currents for the
compensation of distorted line current
without further training needed. Figure
4 shows the distorted current source at
400-RPM speed (highly polluted). In
Figure 8, the result can be visually
inspected on every compensated line
current i (t ) , which is noticeably shaped
s
toward an almost pure sinusoidal
waveform less than 2 cycles recalling
after compensation.
The proposed scheme can remove major neglected since a passive filter can easily
harmonics almost completely over the filter them out. Figure 8 displays all
speed range of 400 – 1000 RPM, which testing results with excellent
is the nominal range of operations for performance before and after
the DC machine drive system under compensation. It is quite clear that THD
testing. Harmonic components at at 400 RPM drops from 22.15% in the
frequencies higher than 500 Hz were uncompensated case to 0.05% when the
proposed scheme is used. This result
also indicates THD in the line current
In this study, it has been found that at the
lower speed the load produces higher
line current source pollution in the
power main. We measured 13 line
source currents under the DC variable-
speed motor from 400 RPM to 1000
RPM. We see that THD is considerably
decreased when the drive is running at
higher RPM; because this is true higher
frequency is easily filtered out. This
explains why low speeds of operation
are of great concern to electrical power
system engineers.
5. CONCLUSIONS
Performance test results using a
real data confirm that the proposed STFS
based on a modified discrete Hop field
network that is practically feasible after
discretised the continuous signals
captured for the variable speed DC
machine drive systems. It has also been
observed that the proposed scheme can
make an accurate image recall at high
level of polluted source power line. Our
simulation results suggest that the line
current THD is improved to less than
0.5% at all situations with the STFS.
From these performance test results, it
improves from high pollution to no more
than 0.5% in every case.
can be inferred that the proposed scheme
can achieve asymptotically ideal
sinusoidal waveform (or image). In
addition, the proposed STFS needs only
one training process, less than 2 cycles
recalling, and is thus capable of
generating a suitable amount of DC
current for the compensation of different
current distortion whenever the load is
changed within wide ranges (400 RPM
to 1000 RPM). Further research on the
implementation of the proposed scheme
on multimachine DC or AC drive
systems is required.
6. REFERENCES
[1] Yaow-Ming Chen, Robert M.
O'Connell, "Active Power Line
Conditioner with a Neural Network
Control", IEEE Trans. Ind. Applications,
vol.33, 1997, pp.1131-1136.
[2] IEEE Recommended Practices and
Requirements for Harmonic Control in
Electrical Power System, 1992,
ANSI/IEEE Standard 519.