Pei201511 DL PDF

The magazine for the international power industry
Hinkley Point C
November 2015
A nuclear renaissance?
PREPARING FOR NEW

EU MERCURY LIMITS
MONITORING IN THE
AGE OF BIG DATA
CHALLENGES OF COAL
PLANT UPGRADE
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POWER ENGINEERING INTERNATIONAL

NOVEMBER 2015/// VOLUME 23/// ISSUE 10
Contents
Industry Highlights
36
Diary
36
Ad Index
Industry experts offer their views on the future of nuclear. P10

Credit: WANO
Features
26
4
Advances in mercury control
Condition monitoring is changing as computing

technology evolves. We discuss the future of the
technology for power plant operators.
As Europe faces new emissions standards, we investigate

what it will mean for mercury control technology
companies and Europes power plant operators.
30
10
Which way forward for nuclear?
34
Hinkley Point: kickstarting a nuclear revival
Work is poised to start on Hinkley Point C. We get reaction
to the pact between EDF and China General Nuclear and
find out what the project will mean for the UK.
20
Flue gas desulfurization retrofits

As new SO2 emission regulations require the retrofit of
flue gas desulfurization units, we examine cost-effective
solutions to achieve these new emission standards.
Is nuclear an inflexible generation source being left

behind in an energy world demanding flexibility, or is it the
ideal long-term companion to renewables?
16
Monitoring in the age of big data
The Middle Easts expanding energy mix

POWER-GEN Middle East in Abu Dhabi put in the spotlight
the regions plans to diversify its power generation
portfolio away from fossil fuels.
Coal conversion conveyor challenge

A complex project to convert coal conveyors was made
more challenging by the need to carry out the work while
the plant was fully operational.
On the cover
Hinkley Point C: a new nuclear renaissance. P16. Cover images: EDF Energy; DECC; EU
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Power Engineering International November 2015
Industry Highlights
he International Energy Agency (IEA) has
statements regarding policies and measures
released a special briefing document
to be implemented.
that
outlines
the
energy
sector
IEA Executive Director Fatih Birol said that
implications of national climate pledges
the fact that more than 150 countries have
submitted for the upcoming climate summit in
submitted pledges to reduce emissions is
Paris, known as COP21.
remarkable.
The briefing finds that if all countries meet
These
the goals outlined in their submitted pledges,
increasing
growth in energy-related emissions which
industry, are helping to build the necessary
account for two-thirds of total greenhouse
political momentum around the globe to seal
gas emissions will slow to a relative crawl by
a successful climate agreement in Paris.
2030.
And
together
engagement
of
with
the
the
energy
The briefing finds that all of the pledges

it
calculates
implementation
require
pledges,
the
of
that
these
energy
the
pledges
sector
to
full
take into account energy sector emissions
will
and many include specific targets or actions
invest
to address them.
$13.5 trillion in energy efficiency and low-
If these pledges are met, then countries
carbon technologies between now and 2030,
currently accounting for more than half of
at an annual average of $840 billion.
global economic activity will see their energy-
Around $8.3 trillion will be needed to

improve energy efficiency in the transport,
related greenhouse gas emissions either

plateau or be in decline by 2030.
buildings and industry sectors, and the rest will
Global energy intensity, a measure of
have to be spent on decarbonizing the power
energy use per unit of economic output,
sector.
would improve to 2030 at a rate almost three
The IEA projects that more than 60 per
times faster than the rate seen since 2000. In
cent of total investment in power generation
the power sector, 70 per cent of additional
capacity will be for renewable capacity, with
electricity generation to 2030 would be low-
one-third of this being for wind power, almost
carbon.
30 per cent for solar power (mainly solar
And the power sector the worlds largest
photovoltaics) and around one-quarter for
source of energy-related CO2 emissions
hydropower.
would see emissions plateau at close to
The report states that actions in the energy
todays levels, effectively breaking the link
sector can make or break efforts to achieve
between rising electricity demand and rising
the worlds agreed climate goal.
related CO2 emissions.
More than 150 countries have submitted
The report finds that the full implementation
pledges, accounting for around 90 per cent
of the pledges will require the energy sector
of global economic activity and almost 90 per
to invest $13.5 trillion in energy efficiency
cent of global energy-related greenhouse gas
and low-carbon technologies from 2015 to
emissions today.
2030, working out at an annual average of
By world region, all of the countries in North
However, despite these efforts, the IEA
in Europe, around 90 per cent in Africa, two-
states that the pledges still fall short of the
thirds in developing Asia, 60 per cent in Latin
major course correction necessary to achieve
America and one-third in the Middle East.
the globally agreed climate goal of limiting
These countries currently account for around
average global temperature rise to 2oC,
90 per cent of global fossil fuel demand
relative to pre-industrial levels.
and almost 80 per cent of global fossil fuel
Birol added: The energy industry needs a

strong and clear signal from the Paris climate
The form of the pledges varies, including
summit.
concrete emissions targets, deviation from

business-as-usual
emissions
intensity
emissions
targets,
Failing to send this signal will push energy
trajectories,
investments in the wrong direction, locking
reductions
in unsustainable energy infrastructure for
or limitations in per-capita emissions, or
Kelvin Ross
Editor
www.powerengineeringint.com
$840 billion.
America have submitted pledges, almost all
production.
To implement COP21
pledges, the energy
sector will need to
invest $13 trillion
Follow PEi Magazine on Twitter:

@PEimagzine
Follow me: @kelvinross68
decades.
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New EU rules on mercury control are expected

Credit: Babcock & Wilcox
Mercury control
Mercury
falling
Both the development of mercury control
technology and its installation in power plants
follow the evolution of emissions regulations.
With a new standard in the works for Europe,
Tildy Bayar investigates what it will mean for
mercury control technology companies and
Europes power plant operators.
n a March note, Greenpeace EnergyDesk
considered in the draft BREF for plants over
Europe (MHPSE), says his firm will be ready
editor Christine Ottery wrote that European
300 MW range between 0.2 /m3 and
when the time comes. The US, compared
environmental
power
10 /m3. Dr Lesley Sloss of the International
to Europe in regard to mercury reduction, is
plants, which are expected to be finalized
Energy Agencys Clean Coal Centre said in
in front of us, he says, so we learn from our
by 2016 and come into force by 2020 as
May that while the actual value has yet to be
partners in the US about the technologies and
part of the Industrial Emissions Directive
agreed and the applicability of the proposed
will implement these also on the European
(IED), could change the face of Europes
limits has yet to be defined, the new BREF
market the emission values will come into
energy system though hardly anyone
could mean there may be a new mercury
force in 201617, and plants will be required to
knows they exist.
control market opening up in Europe within
comply in 202021.
Analysts
have
regulations
for
speculated
that
the
the next few years.
Standards development, Volmer notes, is
regulations, known as the large combustion
And this market could expand even further.
an ongoing, rotating process. While power
plant best available techniques reference
Mandar Gadgil, Air Quality Control Systems
plant operators will be given four years to
document (LCP BREF), could force large
Engineer with Babcock & Wilcox (B&W), notes
implement the expected BREF standard, he
numbers of coal-fired power plants across the
that in the next four to five years, Germany will
explains, a subsequent revision will be issued in
EU into retirement by 2025.
enact the BREF regulation, and Europe may
eight years.So there is a time interval between
Along with establishing stricter limits for
follow. China, India, South Africa, and other
a revision of eight years and compliance
SOx, NOx and particulate emissions, the
coal-burning countries will implement new
duration of four years. Every four years a utility
regulations, known as the large combustion
regulations. It may take five years or so, but
will comply with the regulation, then it has
plant best available technology reference
by 2025 I think all plants will have to control
another four years time to implement a new
document (LCP BREF), will likely set standards
mercury all over the world.
revision of the standard reflecting the updated
for mercury emissions from power plants. Unlike
However, Jorgen
Grubbstrom, Product
technology.
the US, Europe currently has no set standard
Marketing Manager for Dry FGD Environmental
for these emissions, and thus the major market
Control
for mercury control technologies to date
Business, says the European market may be
has been North American. In Europe, the
slower to develop than expected. Suppliers,
need for legislation specifically dealing with
member states and different stakeholders
How it works
mercury has largely been addressed by the
understand that its very important to have the
The basis of the control process is the oxidation
mercury reduction co-benefits available from
correct conclusions as they may drive a lot of
of mercury, and then its removal within
technologies used to comply with existing
changes for the power industry, he says.[The
downstream equipment before it is emitted
legislation (the Large Combustion Plant
BREF] is taking more time than expected its a
through the stack into the atmosphere. The
Directive and the current version of the IED) on
tedious process so they are in delay.
most common technology involves injection
SOx and NOx removal.

The
mercury
emissions
Solutions
with
Alstoms*
Steam
Bernd Volmer, Process Engineering & Design

limits
being
AQCS at Mitsubishi Hitachi Power Systems
We have to continuously improve the

technology in response to the continuous
challenge of emission values, he says.
of activated carbon into the plants exhaust

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Mercury control
Mercury comes in three forms: metallic,

ionic and particulate. The goal is to oxidize
all metallic mercury to ionic mercury so it can
be removed in the flue gas desulphurization
(FGD) system, explains MHPSEs Volmer.
According to B&Ws Gadgil, the main
workhorse of the industry for mercury control
in the US is powdered activated carbon (PAC)
both halogenated (usually bromine is the
halogen of choice) or non-halogenated
Control technologies oxidize mercury for removal in the flue gas desulphurization (FGD) system
Credit: Alstom
depending on how much mercury is in the

gas screen. Another very efficient and widely
used technology is halogen injection into the
coal itself.
of SCR with special types of catalyst is a very
required limits, the ease of integrating into
Its very simple, Gadgil says. Calcium
low-cost mitigation process, together with a
an existing power plant, and then the cost to
bromide or sodium iodide is added to the
downstream wet FGD equipped for mercury
implement the technology, he explains.
coal. Its an inexpensive process and results in
removal.
For example, he says,two different power
very high mercury oxidation. The only catch is
Alstoms Grubbstrom says his firm takes two
plants located in different regions may be
that for halogen addition to work on its own as
main approaches. First, a system based on
combusting different kinds of coal. This usually
a mercury control technology, there has to be
injecting an adsorbent such as PAC upstream
means a difference in the amount of mercury
some sort of FGD system. Oxidized mercury is
of the air preheater in a high-temperature
emitted, which could be in terms of quantity
very soluble and can be taken out in the FGD.
area and collecting it later in an area of at
as well as composition. Secondly, coal-fired
There are other sorbents in use, Gadgil
least 50 degrees lower to enhance adsorption.
power plants can be configured very differently
adds, such as amended silicate, which is as
A milling system reduces the size of the PAC to
in terms of the way coal is combusted. The
good as activated carbon but has not been
increase the surface area of the sorbent and
back end of the unit is also very different
as widely used due to economic reasons.
enhance mercury capture on the surface of
in terms of types of equipment installed for
the carbon particles, Grubbstrom says.
capturing emissions of SO2, particulate matter
Gadgil also confirms that sometimes there

is re-emission of mercury this has happened
Secondly, an enhanced PAC process
in some plants. If there are 2g of elemental
which includes a sorbent storage silo and
and NOx.
Power plants burning bituminous coal,
mercury going inside a wet scrubber and 3g
an injection system comprised of a series of
which has a higher sulphur content, are
coming out, thats re-emission, he explains.
lances in the ductwork, designed to optimize
prevalent in the eastern US, Chang notes. This
This happens because of the chemical
contact between flue gas and PAC. The
type of plant is generally equipped with a NOx
nature, processes and the atmosphere inside
mercury, PAC and fly ash are removed in a
reduction system such as an SCR. Depending
the scrubber, and as a result some of the
fabric filter.
on the age of the unit, some will have ESPs or,
oxidized mercury goes from the oxidation
Gerhard Heinz, Director of Sales & Marketing
if built later or retrofitted, a pulse jet fabric filter
phase to the elemental phase. To address
for Alstom Thermal Services Central Europe &
(PJFF) to reduce particulate emissions from
that, we have a sulphide-based additive,
CIS, notes that higher temperatures favour the
the flue gas stream, followed by a FGD system.
sodium hydrosulphide, which has proved
kinetics of oxidizing elemental mercury and
Wet FGD is the most typical, Chang says.
very effective in controlling re-emission. Other
increase the extent of chemical absorption. In
When injected into the flue gas, PAC
companies have their own re-emission control
addition,injecting in a high-temperature area
captures mercury in the pores of the carbon
additives.
before the air heater increases absorption
particles, he explains. Collection usually takes
Alstoms Grubbstrom notes that, since
because the mercury is in contact with
place within the ESP or the PJFF as well as
re-emission is a function of the chemistry of
the flue gas for a longer time, he says. The
within the wet FGD system, where water sprays
the slurry, in particular the sulphite content
mercury is then collected in the electrostatic
collect it in the by-product area.
is of importance to monitor and control this
precipitator (ESP), which might need to be
This is a commonly used approach to
parameter. To this end, his firm has recently
upgraded a bit to fulfil lower particle emission
mercury reduction, says Chang. However,
launched a sulphite analyzer which also
requirements, he notes.
there may be other approaches within this
measures oxidation reduction potential (ORP)
kind of configuration where PAC could be
and controls the flow rate of oxidization air to
Different strokes for different plants
avoided or its consumption reduced through
the wet FGD.
Daniel Chang, Air Quality Control Service
co-benefit. This happens when you have
MHPSEs Volmer says the mercury reduction
Area Leader with Black & Veatch Energy
an SCR which has a catalyst system that will
process involves looking at existing plant
(B&V), notes that attention to site-specific
help oxidize mercury, and then the oxidized
equipment and how you can optimize it to
constraints is needed to determine the best
mercury can be captured in the wet FGD
meet requirements. For a system where you
mercury compliance solution. We take into
system, he explains.
already have [mercury] mitigation through
consideration the performance of emissions
For the low-sulphur coal that comes from
selective catalytic reduction (SCR), the use
control technology to reduce emissions to
the western US, a typical power plant could
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Mercury control
be configured with a boiler, NOx reduction
When to implement?
system, SCR, then a dry FGD system paired
Should plant operators wait until they are
with a PJFF to collect particulate matter as well
within the compliance period to purchase
as by-product from the SO2 removal process.
new mercury control equipment, or begin
The primary mercury removal method for
before the legislation comes into force?
these plants is PAC. For these plants, Chang
Alstoms
Grubbstrom
says,
Those
says, due to the composition of the coal, the
customers that have a large fleet need to look
forms of mercury are usually less oxidized so
into the various options right now in order to
you always need to consider a halogenated
spread out the investment. We have already
form of PAC where the halogens help promote
had contact with customers some larger
a reaction that converts it to oxidized mercury
utilities, for example that would like to discuss
to improve the capture rate. For a lignite-
it, even if it will be one year until the [BREF] is
fired plant, he notes, the optimal mercury
published and then [they can] take four more
compliance solution would be equivalent to
years [to upgrade].
this US example.
B&Ws
Gadgil
What does the upgrade involve, and

concurs
that
existing
how easy is it? Alstoms Heinz says his firms

technology
technology choices. For example, he says, if
existing plants. We can implement it in the
the only air quality control equipment a plant
existing environment [as it is] not very space-
has is an ESP for particulate control, even if
consuming. Especially when the customer is
removal will already be reached. In addition,
there is a high degree of mercury oxidation,
currently on the way to implementing retrofit
the BREF revision in an eight-year cycle will
the plant will still need PAC or some other kind
measures to improve the plants performance,
be the driving force for additional efforts to
of sorbent. So you still need to install a carbon
then he already has to consider the necessary
improve mitigation technologies.
injection system and a halogen injection
steps for reduced mercury emission so as not
Volmer says his firm is working on a
system but instead of two systems, why not
to be in a position two years after a retrofit to
different composition of their product for
use brominated carbon? One system is better
start the next steps.
different coal applications, aiming to increase
than two, and you can get the same effect as
is
designed
for
Emissions rules drive technology R&D

Credit: Babcock & Wilcox
equipment installed at a plant can affect
upgrading
B&Vs Chang says: When you implement
the removal efficiency of mercury in the wet
a compliance solution you have to take
FGD system. Our goal is not to build new
The same goes for a baghouse as well.
into account other anticipated future rules.
equipment for modernization, he notes.
If you have SCR or FGD such as a circulating
We want to make sure our clients invest in a
We want to improve existing equipment,
dry scrubber, then you might not need to
solution which will remain part of the overall
which is more cost-effective for the operator.
use carbon at all. You may have enough
compliance scheme in future.
Our improved technology can reach up to
a bromine system and some kind of sorbent.
high oxidation of mercury either with SCR or
90 per cent. But this always depends on
halogen addition to coal, so it can be removed
Future developments
the incoming mercury in coal, and on
almost 100 per cent by FGD equipment. This
Current technology can remove around
the requested emissions values. The lower
will save a lot of money on capital costs, and
90 per cent of the mercury emitted during the
emissions values are necessary they are the
to a certain extent on operating costs as well.
coal combustion process. Can this figure be
incentive for all technology improvement.
Chang notes that the capital cost is less
improved and could it ever reach 100 per
intensive for mercury emissions reduction
cent?
Wende adds that high US and European

standards represent an impetus for continuous
than for other pollutants. Activated carbon is
MHPSEs
less capital-intensive than a wet FGD or SCR
technology
Volmer
says
system, he says but this is then balanced
100 per cent I can say 99.999 per cent
mitigation in these regions. However, he
by operating costs because you have to buy
(just joking). Its a question between the
adds, from a global point of view, one of the
activated carbon from a vendor and [the cost
possible technology and investment in its
next required steps for emission reduction
of] injection is considerable. When selecting
implementation, he explains. If [power plant
is to focus on the implementation of the
mercury removal technology, he advises that
operators] have to comply [with standards],
applicable flue gas cleaning technologies
plant operators take into consideration both
they have to invest or close down the plant.
in countries and regions with less stringent
the capital and operating cost, including
Reaching 99.99 per cent is possible, but it also
standards. For this purpose, he says a
lifecycle costs, in order to make sure theyre
has to be economically feasible. The operator
huge portfolio of effective technologies is
not spending a lot of capital on a unit that
may not want 99.99 per cent mercury removal
available.
wont have 20 years of remaining operation.
technology.
perspective, I
that,
from
cannot
a
say
Heinz concurs: The main driver for total
Michael Wende, Process Engineering &
cost of operation of mercury reduction
Design AQCS with MHPSE, adds: With the
systems is the ongoing OPEX mainly the cost
technologies required to cope with the
of sorbents. The CAPEX for installations is a
regulations coming into force in 201617, a
secondary driver, he says.
highly sophisticated standard for mercury
improvement
technology
in
emissions
reduction
and
optimized
emissions
* Alstoms Energy sectors are in the process of

being acquired by GE as PEi goes to press
Visit www.PowerEngineeringInt.com
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Nuclear focus
Which way for

nuclear?
Some suggest that
nuclear is an inflexible
generation source
being left behind in an
energy world demanding
flexibility, yet Kelvin Ross
finds that there are calls
for it to play a part as a
long-term companion to
renewables.
he
generation capacity in units of 300 MW or
crossroads. As Ann MacLachlan,
nuclear
industry
is
at
less opens up the potential to deploy a wider
former European Bureau Chief of
range of nuclear technologies within an
Platts Nuclear Publications, said
integrated energy system.
at the World Nuclear Symposium
Mike Middleton, strategy manager for
in London recently, it is flourishing
nuclear at the ETI and the reports author, says
in China, finished in Germany and floundering
new nuclear power, along with conventional
elsewhere.
power stations with carbon capture and
In Europe, the future of nuclear hangs in the
storage and renewables, are likely to be
balance. Germany is taking it out of its energy
the key technologies delivering low carbon
mix and the two newbuild projects that are
electricity in the future in the UK.
underway Flamanville and Olkiluoto are
Our latest analysis has created new
dogged by delays and cost over-runs, and
understanding of the potentially different
as such are a far cry from being an industry
contributions from large baseload reactors
showcase.
and SMRs in a future UK energy system.
And yet in October EDF agreed a deal that
These two nuclear technologies can offer
will see China General Nuclear China take a
potentially complementary roles in baseload
33.5 per cent stake in Hinkley Point C plant in
and flexible combined heat and power
the UK. With a final investment decision from
generation, and also in terms of the location
EDF now almost a formality, Britain is poised
of development sites.
to build its first nuclear power plant in a
However, Middleton is keen to stress that
generation, which will give a shot in the arm to
future nuclear technologies will only be
the industry globally.
deployed if there is a market need, and these
There is certainly an appetitite for nuclear

among European power trade groups.The UK-
effective solution.
based Energy Technologies Institute (ETI) last
He said that the next 10 years will be critical
month published a report called The role for
in developing the deployment-readiness of
nuclear within a low carbon energy system.
key technology options for the UKs low carbon
In it the ETI states that new nuclear plants
transition to 2050. New nuclear plants can
can form a major part of an affordable low
form a major part of an affordable transition,
carbon transition, and in particular highlights
with both large nuclear and SMRs potentially
the potential of small modular reactors (SMRs).
playing a significant role.
It
10
technologies need to provide the most cost-
multiple
Hot on the heels of the ETI report came
developing SMR designs with an electrical
a survey from the Institution of Mechanical
says
the
emergence
of
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Nuclear focus
Engineers, which found that 56 per cent of

the UK public support Britains continuing to
use nuclear power 19 per cent did not back
nuclear and 25 per cent were unsure. Of the
people who support nuclear power, 82 per
cent said that this is because it will help keep
the lights on, 56 per cent because it would
provide jobs and 54 per cent because it
would boost the economy.
The main concerns for people who
opposed
nuclear
were
that
it
is too
dangerous (77 per cent) or too damaging

for the environment (76 per cent), while just
27 per cent said that it was because it was too
expensive.
In the UK there are currently 16 civil
Callum Thomas: The industry is dependent on men between the age of 40 and 60.
Credit: World Nuclear Association
nuclear reactors providing 18 per cent of

Britains electricity needs and supporting local
communities through employment, supply
chain and economic development.
Dr Jenifer Baxter, Head of Energy and
Environment at the Institution of Mechanical
nuclear reactors, says Eurelectrics report
GlobalDatas
senior
power
analyst
Nuclear Power Plants Tackling the Investment
Chiradeep Chatterjee says: Indias nuclear
Dilemma.
energy development strategy has been
Engineers, says that the results of the survey
Another challenge is to enable new
divided into three stages due to its limited
show that most of the public realize the vital
market-based investment, which is not viable
reserves of uranium, which are already being
role nuclear has to play in keeping the lights
under the existing energy policy and market
used in existing reactors. The potential for
on in the UK. But there is a lack of knowledge
framework. To facilitate investment in nuclear
generating power from uranium mined in
about nuclear technology and the way
and
India has been estimated at 10 GW.
nuclear waste is managed.
improved regulatory framework is needed
However, the country has large reserves
and, in particular, ways must be found of
of thorium, with the result that the transition to
reducing investment risk.
breeder reactors that use thorium has been
She added that there is a critical need for

industry and government to raise awareness
about
the
economic
and
employment
other
low-carbon
technologies, an
Eurelectric also wants to nuclear regulators

greater
harmonization
proposed, through this three-stage strategy.
benefits of nuclear power. There is also a need
promote
and
The Ninh Thuan plant in Vietnam is being
to highlight the comprehensive range of
standardization of components, which will
built by Rosatom and I caught up with
safety procedures in place to mitigate risk and
further improve cost-competitiveness.
the companys regional vice-president for
environmental damage, with both nuclear
The trade group argues that with the
power generation and the management of
European power sector undergoing radical
nuclear waste.
change, decentralized and centralized large-
He says that for the development of
European electricity trade group Eurelectric
scale systems will depend on each other
nuclear in Southeast Asia, it is all about
has also called for nuclear to play a key role
and nuclear power can play an important
political decision-making. For Vietnam, that
in the future energy mix. In a recent report,
role in solving the challenges of this new,
decision is there they are going to have a
it stated that nuclear energy contributes
more diverse energy system, providing the
nuclear power plant. For other countries in
to the three major energy policy objectives
reliable baseload supply necessary to ensure
this region it is either a power development
of the European Union: security of supply,
generation adequacy.
plan or statements of policy that say they are
decarbonization of the electricity sector and

competitive power prices in Europe.
Southeast Asia, Egor Simonov, at POWER-GEN

Asia in Bangkok.
considering nuclear power.
Asia perspective
I asked him what the effect in Asia and
However, it stresses that with new nuclear
The nuclear picture in Asia could not be more
globally would be if Japan brings its fleet
plants currently under construction in France,
different from Europe. Despite being stalled in
of reactors back online. After stating that he
Finland and Slovakia and at the planning
Japan post-Fukushima, China is leading the
personally believes it is going to come back
stage in the UK, Hungary and Romania, the
global market and Vietnam is on the way to
online pretty much in its entirety, he adds: If
sector faces a number of challenges.
having its first nuclear power plant.
Japans reactors all came back online, that
The first of these is to improve the economic
And a new study from research company
would be a signal to the politicians. Industry
operation of existing nuclear power plants. In
GlobalData predicts that Indias nuclear
experts understand what has happened, why
several European countries distortive national
capacity is expected to increase more than
it has happened and how severe it actually
policy measures place economic burdens
six-fold, from 5.8 GW in 2014 to 35.2 GW by
was. It would be a sign to the politicians that
on nuclear units which are leading to the
2025, in a bid to reduce the countrys reliance
nuclear power is safe.
early shutdown of technically well-functioning
on coal.
12
He says the same effect will be had if
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Nuclear focus
chemical explosion in China which left 200

people dead: The Germans didnt then go
out and close down their chemical industry.
Grimston called for governments to restore
the outcome of properly referred science to
its proper place in decision-making, while
society should have a sensible debate about
how to manage scientific uncertainty.
We have no concept of what power
outages are like we are left with anodyne,
cuddly phrases such as the lights go out,
when the reality of a blackout is literally
unimaginably awful.
Skills gap
The WNA Symposium also heard from Callum
Thomas, chief executive of Thomas Thor
Mark Rauckhorst at Vogtle nuclear plant in the US
Credit: Southern Company
Associates, a global nuclear consulting and

recruitment firm. He said that the number of
nuclear experts in Europe in 2011 was around
Hinkley Point C goes ahead in the UK: The
restarted its reactors it would be a signal to
80,000 and added that by 2020 that figure will
more countries that are building nuclear
other Asian countries first of all for ASEAN
have dropped to 63,000.
power plants, then the better the public
countries where, according to our estimates,
He said that the industry right now is
understanding of nuclear power will be.
there can be built about 20 GW of nuclear
dependent on men between the age of 40
Having a reliable, cheap baseload that has
power capacity.
and 60 and added that the sector now had a
a zero-CO2 footprint is more beneficial than
But that may happen only if these
having concerns that are not based on any
countries will show an unambiguous political
scientific or technical evidence.
commitment to the development of national
Simonov says that for the nuclear industry,
nuclear power programmes.
once in a generation opportunity to address

its skills set.
Mark
Rauckhorst,
construction
vice-
president at Southern Company, has clear
the biggest challenge is public acceptance
Malcolm Grimston, senior research fellow
ideas about the skill sets and mind sets that
and political will and political will strongly
at Britains Imperial College, believes that a
are needed to get a nuclear power plant built.
depends on public acceptance. Politicians
new energy narrative is needed to overcome
Rauckhorst spoke about the Vogtle 3 and
tend to follow that.
the mixed messages from the nuclear industry
4 units, which are currently under construction.
that have stymied public support.
Once operational, they will make the plant the
And he adds that what politicians should

be thinking is that when you build a nuclear
Speaking at the recent World Nuclear
power plant you dont just create a battery
Symposium in London, he said that the
You cannot attempt a nuclear power
that powers your homes you create an
public can be left deeply suspicious when,
project by committee you must have a
industry. You give a boost to social-economic
on the one hand, the industry says how safe
single leader. In the case of Vogtle, he said
development. You create workplaces for the
nuclear power is, yet on the other appears
this leader was Buzz Miller, president of nuclear
people of a country.
over-cautious when dealing with radiation
development at Southern: He has lived it
protection.
since the project was signed and hes there
When we talk about selling a nuclear
He
added: Although
big
power plant, we stress that what you are
accidents occur, nuclear power has proved
buying is a kilowatt-hour of electricity at a very
to be one of the safest, if not the safest, large-
low cost for 60 years, with very little influence
scale ways of generating electricity.
on the commodity price.
first four-unit nuclear power station in the US.
today.
He added that it was vital to believe in
and love the potential of nuclear energy: If
He also criticized governments bent on
you dont have a passion for nuclear, then I
Simonov later spoke at a conference
phasing out nuclear power, saying that logic
dont know how you will weather all the storms
session at POWER-GEN Asia and told delegates:
and politics dont necessarily go hand in
that you will face.
Such
hand, and added that science should be
countries
as Thailand, Indonesia,
Malaysia and Vietnam are among the worlds
pulled back into the debate.
leaders in industrial production growth, and
We entirely miss that most of the problems
consequently in power consumption. Nuclear
come from a dysfunction between political,
power will allow these countries to not only
public and scientific establishments which
get the basic source of clean energy, but
had a more harmonious relationship 30 years
also will allow them to reach a new level of
ago in the developed world, but might not last
development in general.
in the countries where it still exists.
He reiterated his belief that if Japan
14
To illustrate the point he referred to a recent
Rauckhorst said that it was essential that

the nuclear industry kept evolving its skills set:
The skill sets that are needed today will be
different from the skill sets of tomorrow.
And he added that the perfect workforce
was a mix of grey beards and young guns.
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Nuclear Focus
Hailing
Hinkley
Work is finally poised to start on Hinkley Point C, the first new nuclear plant built
in the UK for a generation. Kelvin Ross gets reaction to the pact between EDF and
China General Nuclear and also finds out what the project will mean for the UK
he signing of a deal between EDF
to meet our robust safety regulations and
the turbines and Alstom UK for services during
and China General Nuclear Power
will power nearly six million households with
operations;
Corporation on Hinkley Point C is
low-carbon energy. CGN chairman He Yu
for the main civil works and BAM Nuttal/Kier
almost the final piece of the new
said that the deal was a triple-win for the
Infrastructure for the earthworks.
nuclear jigsaw that the UK has
existing nuclear energy partnership between
been trying to put together for a
China, France and the UK, while EDF Energy
The positive views
chief executive Vincent de Rivaz said Hinkley
Prospect, the largest union for nuclear industry
It was Tony Blair who set the ball rolling in
Point C and future nuclear projects in Britain
employees, welcomed the signing of the deal.
2005 by announcing an energy review which
will guarantee the UK the reliable, secure low
Deputy general-secretary Garry Graham says
would consider the possibility of a new nuclear
carbon electricity it needs in the future.
it is a key milestone in paving the way to build
decade.
plant. By 2007 the plan for a new reactor at the
Nuclear
power
will
save
customers
Bouygues
TP/Laing
ORourke
our low-carbon, secure energy future.
existing Hinkley Point plant in Somerset was on
money compared with other energy options
The building of the new Hinkley nuclear
the table and EDF said that those of us living in
and provide a huge boost to British industrial
plant will create 25,000 jobs in construction
the UK would be cooking our 2017 Christmas
strength, jobs and skills both in Britain and
and provide 1000 jobs in operation. These
dinner on electricity from Hinkley.
abroad, de Rivaz said, adding that the go-
will be high-quality skilled jobs that will create
ahead for Hinkley was good news in the fight
a positive legacy for major infrastructure
against climate change.
projects for the future.
Well, those hoping for some atomic

turkey for their festive lunch next year will be
disappointed, as Hinkley is now scheduled to
The operators of Hinkley Point C have
World Nuclear Association director general
be online in 2025, but nonetheless, the deal
negotiated a contract for difference with the
Agneta Rising is relieved to see the China
is (pretty much) done, and having been
UK government for the electricity generated
pact go ahead, and she says we need to
told for the past 18 months that the project
by the plant. That price is 92.50 ($142)/MWh
see more countries learning from the UKs
was shovel-ready, those shovels should be
for 35 years, roughly double the current market
example to support nuclear energy among
digging by the end of the year.
price of power or 89.50/MWh if a final
a mix of generation technologies that are
investment decision is taken on a subsequent
fit for the future. Governments must act to
new EDF reactor at Sizewell nuclear plant.
ensure that markets support new investment
A final investment decision from EDF to go

ahead with the plant which is expected to
provide 7 per cent of Britains electricity is
This
contract
was
now pretty much a formality following the
European
China pact, which sees EDF own 66.5 per cent
following
investigation. The
Tony Ward, Head of Power & Utilities at EY,
of the plant and CGN 33.5 per cent.
Commission has also recently approved the
says the deal is a vital injection of momentum
Commission
a
12-month
approved
in
by
October
the
2014
in technologies such as nuclear. The UK is

showing one way this can be achieved.
China General Nuclear Power Corporation
UKs waste transfer contract scheme, which will
that can unlock billions of pounds worth of
(CGN) will make its investment in the UK
apply to Hinkley Point C. This scheme means
investment in the UKs energy infrastructure.
through a new company called General
that the full costs of decommissioning and
It also brings to an end a protracted period
Nuclear International (GNI). EDF, without ever
waste management associated with new
of negotiation and uncertainty, and puts in
reducing its initial stake below 50 per cent, still
nuclear power stations are set aside during
place the key remaining precursor to a final
intends to bring other investors into the project
generation and are included in the price of
investment decision.
at a later date.
the electricity.
UK Energy Secretary Amber Rudd said
UK around the security of our electricity supply,
on the day of the Chinese deal that the UK
signed final partnership deals for Hinkley
and a rapid retreat from some of the more
is open for business and this is a good deal
Point C are Areva for the steam supply system,
progressive renewable energy policies of
for everyone Hinkley Point C will continue
instrumentation and control; Alstom France for
recent years, delivering low-carbon baseload
the
He adds that with growing concerns in the

have
16
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Nucleear Focus
capacity at scale is a key step in securing
potential solution; however, around 20 years of
in the world. The government has identified a
the UKs energy future, as well as embedding
testing is required in the UK for this approach
further seven reactor sites it wants to develop,
thousands of highly skilled UK jobs, economic
to be used with confidence and we are yet to
including another by EDF at Sizewell, one at
activity and industrial and export potential.
start this process.
Bradwell which could be built by the Chinese
Dr Jenifer Baxter, Head of Energy and
Environment
is,
using their own technology, and Moorside,
Environment at the Institution of Mechanical
unsurprisingly, not a fan of nuclear or the
which would be the biggest nuclear plant in
Engineers, agrees. Nuclear is currently one
Hinkley project. Its UK chief scientist Dr Doug
Europe.
of the least CO2-intensive ways to generate
Parr said of the EDF-China pact: With this
The government is debating closing all of
baseload electricity. If we are to secure the UKs
deal [UK chancellor] George Osborne is not
its 12 coal-fired power plants by 2023 at the
energy future, while at the same time meet a
so much backing the wrong horse as betting
same time as its facing a squeeze on supplies.
challenging emissions target, nuclear must
billions of consumers money on a nag
EDFs 1.2 GW Sizewell B plant is the only one of
play a part in the electricity mix, in addition
running backwards.
the nations current 15 reactors scheduled to
to gas generation and renewables. But she
group
Greenpeace
Theres no end in sight for the nuclear

industrys
billion-pound
The building of a fleet of new nuclear plants
future energy supplies, the government also
handouts whilst the renewable sector is on the
was originally put on the table as a means of
needs to encourage significant investment in
verge of going subsidy-free. Backing the former
addressing decarbonization, but since then
the whole nuclear lifecycle.
and punishing the latter makes no economic
the European energy sector has changed
and
sense whatsoever. Our grandchildren will one
radically.The buzzword is flexibility and nuclear
development into methods for recycling and
day wonder why their bills are propping up a
while highly reliable and not subject to
maximizing the energy returns from nuclear
foreign-owned, outdated and costly nuclear
swings in fuel price is pretty inflexible.
waste. We havent yet found a way of dealing
industry instead of supporting cutting-edge
with the large stockpile of nuclear waste at
UK firms producing cheap clean energy.
We
still
need
proper
research
dependence
on
generate beyond 2023.
adds that while it is important to look to secure
Sellafield, which is set to include an estimated
All of which would still make Hinkley Point

C a sensible plan if it and other future nuclear
plants are intended to be the long-term
140 tonnes of plutonium by 2020. It is clear the
...And the backlash
and dont forget that with nuclear plants we
UK has been too slow to address this issue.
Pushing ahead with Hinkley sets the UK on a
are talking very long-term partner to an
Long-term deep geological disposal offers a
nuclear newbuild path unlike any elsewhere
expanding utilization of renewables. But the
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Nuclear Focus
UK government is facing a backlash from some high-profile figures over

its recent policy decisions on renewables.
Since the General Election in May, the new Conservative government
has ended subsidies for onshore wind, because it believes there are
enough such wind farms already in Britain Rudd has said that we
could end up with more onshore wind projects than we can afford.
In September the government also vetoed plans for the Navitus Bay
offshore wind farm the first offshore project not to be granted consent.
Whitehall has also dropped support for new large-scale solar farms
and is consulting on plans to cut subsidies for smaller installations on
households, schools and community buildings.
The Solar Trade Association says around 27,000 jobs could be
at risk as the solar industrys 3000 firms face the cuts. Trade body the
Renewable Energy Association (REA) says it has tracked 11 major policy
changes which it says is having or will have a negative impact on the
British renewable energy industry.
James Court, the REAs head of policy, said the policies represent
the UK turning away from renewables, which is surprising given the
extraordinary decline in costs and increases in technological efficiency
that have been achieved over the past five years. The government,
frustratingly, seems intent on tripping up the industry within sight of the
finishing line.
Last month, the United Nations chief environment scientist slammed
the UK government for its cuts to renewables support. It is unusual for
the UN to single out a particular government for criticism, however Prof
HIGH PERFORMANCE
Jacquie McGlade branded Britains actions as perverse.

She said that as more and more countries around the world were
adopting and spending money on renewable energy objectives, the
UK was going in the opposite direction. And she added that recent
reductions in wind and solar subsidies, coupled with tax breaks for
oil and gas, sent out the wrong message ahead of next months UN
climate summit in Paris.
In an interview with the BBC, Prof McGlade said: Whats disappointing
is when we see countries such as the United Kingdom that have really
been in the lead in terms of getting their renewable energy up and
going we see subsidies being withdrawn and the fossil fuel industry
being enhanced. She said the UK was sending a very serious signal a
very perverse signal that we do not want to create.
Last month John Cridland, head of the Confederation of British
Industry (CBI), also said investors would be put off Britain by its latest
policy decisions. He said that the green economy is an emerging
market in its own right, brimming with opportunity but added that with
the roll-back of renewables policies and the mixed messages on energy
efficiency, the government risks sending a worrying signal to businesses.
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Ben Warren, EYs Energy Corporate Finance Leader, said that
investors are trying to make sense of what seems to be policymaking in
a vacuum, lacking any rationale or clear intent. Worryingly, this trend of
inconsistent policy tinkering could also sour investor confidence in other
areas, such as new nuclear, carbon capture and storage and shale
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19
Arched belt conveyor as coal feeder

Credit: Aumund
Case study
The conveyor
conversion challenge
A complex project to
convert coal conveyors
was made more
challenging by the need
to carry out the work
while the plant was fully
operational, write Peter
Mller and Erwin Last
ince 1972, the Neurath RWE power
as coal feeders. Two individual pan conveyors
plant has produced electricity in
transport the lignite to the coal pulverizers,
Grevenbroich-Neurath, Germany.
where the coal is ground to dust.There are four
In 1976, the plant was expanded
pulverizers from where the ground lignite dust
to five block units three of
is blown into each boiler. So, in total, the two
300 MW and two of 600 MW.
boilers of block units F and G are supplied with
These units are fueled by lignite from the
In August 2012, after an investment of
Construction-related wear
2.6 billion ($2.95 billion), RWE Power put
The coal feeders were designed as chain pan
two additional power plant block units of
conveyors with two chains each. Due to this
1100 MW each and improved systems
design there was an increased wear on the
technology into operation.
chain links, causing a differential lengthening
So with its production of more than
of the two chains.
4200 MW, the power plant covers more than
The pans of the conveyors got twisted and
10 per cent of the installed output by RWE
rose from their assemblage. The protruding
Power AG-owned plants.
pans acted like smoothing planes and
However, units F and G revealed a need
abraded
the
material
being
conveyed.
for improvement. The coal feeders to the
Besides, since the pans did not overlap, the
coal pulverizers did not work satisfactorily
material was trickling in between them and
and
causing wedged pans.
caused
high
costs
for
downtime
and maintenance. During an inspection

demanded
20
fuel by eight pulverizers and 16 pan conveyors.
open pit mines at Garzweiler and Hambach.
by
the
customer,
Portions of the material trickled into the
Aumund
casing and onto the feedback conveyor. The
engineers diagnosed that the pan conveyors
wedged pans caused the material to bulge
installed as coal feeders would fail completely
over the sideboards of the coal feeder and to
in the near future due to existing deficiencies
trickle into the casing and onto the feedback
and foreseeable subsequent damage.
conveyor as well. The spillage conveyor was
Such a breakdown would disrupt power
actually designed to feed the spilt material
production in block units F and G, because
back into the material transport only. The
the lignite is discharged from the coal
excessive material feeding caused heavy
bunkers onto the pan conveyors operating
wear. Occasionally the spillage or cleaning
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Case study
of installation as well as regular reviews and

maintenance after conversion.
First the existing conveyors had to be
retrofitted by Aumunds conversion specialists
during a rotational plant downtime while
the furnace kept working. Thus a general
overhaul of the heavily worn conveyor during
an unscheduled boiler downtime, a mediumterm necessity under the circumstances,
could be avoided.
Conversion during operation

The most demanding phase of the project
was at its very beginning. After taking the
measurements of the installation and an
analysis of the problems, a pre-design was
drawn even before an offer was written. The
pre-design became part of the offer.
Installation of new pan conveyors
Credit: Aumund
After receiving the order, the detailed

design was drawn and the project planning
set up. Already at this point, the planning of
conveyor transported more material than the
the high costs for new machines, Aumund
the parts transport to the machines to be
main pan conveyor. In that way, continuous
Frdertechnik won the contract for conversion
converted and the installation sequence was
heavy wear on all moving parts of the
of the conveyors. The company was tasked to
decisive for the execution of the project. Only
machines evolved.
optimize the existing pan conveyors. The order
certain routes of transportation were usable,
included design, construction and supervision
since a number of routes were blocked by
Due to the tight constructive situation and
Customized special control valves

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THE AMERICAN SOCIETY

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WE LLAN D & TUXHOR N AG

A R M AT U R E N -
U N D
M A S C H I N E N FA B R I K
Gtersloher Strae 257 | D-33649 Bielefeld | Tel. +49 (0)521 9418-0 | Fax. +49 (0)521 9418-170, -156 | www.welland-tuxhorn.de | info@welland-tuxhorn.de
22
Case study
Optimizing the conveyor

Credit: Aumund
maintenance and repairs of other parts of the power block unit. This
especially had to be taken in consideration for delivery of the new parts
to the coal feeders just in time.
Structurally, the casings of the original machines were preserved as
fa as possible, and reinforced. On the outside sections of the machines,
transmissions, engine and bearings were re-utilized.
On the inside, however, all components including the drive shafts
were replaced by Aumund machine parts of the BPB 250 line. The
spillage conveyor was redesigned and its tensioning and drive axes
were exchanged. Thus the drive shafts of the spillage and main
conveyors were positioned on the same side of the coal feeder in
the end an advantage for accessibility and maintenance of these
decisive components.
One of the few changes to the casing was the installation of a
maintenance opening for better access to the drive shafts. As a
consequence of the change to the drive shafts, the tensioning stations
of both conveyors had to be adapted to the new design.
The feedback conveyor was stabilized by conversion from two-strand
to three-strand design. Originally it was built from two chains with a flat
steel bar in between for pushing the feedback material along. Due to
the increased material feeding because of the leaking main conveyor,
the chains lengthened here as well, and the flat steel bars started
bending. An additional third chain strand now acts as a stabilizer in a
cross direction.
Longitudinal stabilization was achieved by increasing the preload
through installation of additional axes. Due to their own weight, the
chains were sagging between the individual axes. However, between
the axes the chain is self-tensioning, so the distance between the axes
was too great. It was decreased by installation of additional axes.
Also, one of RWE Power AGs specifications was to build the coal
feeder pressure tight up to one bar. This specification was not met by
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the original machine. Aumund stress analysts calculated the installation

anew, and based on these calculations, pressure tightness according to
specification was achieved in the course of the conversion.
For the conversion, RWE focused on pan conveyors with an average
performance of 150 tonnes/hour. During peak times, the conveyors can
transport 200 tonnes/hour. One pan conveyor transports sufficient lignite
See us in Las Vegas, booth #1212
to produce about 1 MW. While arranging the new machines within the
existing casings, some constructive tricks became necessary to achieve
the conveying performance needed: Aumund converted the machines
23
Case study
extremely cramped space. Simultaneously

with an adaption and a complete exchange
of the former material feed, the conveyors
were equipped with a new surface. Due to
the limited space available between material
feed, toe board and rollers on one side and
the outer edge of the casing pressure tight
up to one bar on the other side, a special
construction had to be realized.The conveying
speed was given.
Optimizing the conveying performance
was only possible through changes to the
cross section of the conveying elements. The
cross section results from the width of the
Special construction had to be realized
Credit: Aumund
conveyor and the height of the toe board.

The height of the toe board was increased,
resulting in the need to lower the feedback
with welded pan conveyors, which had to be
new chains, the designing engineers selected
conveyor. In addition, a smaller sprocket
adapted very individually for the connection
Aumunds AU6052 chain. With a significantly
wheel was used. Literally every millimetre of
to the hopper.
higher chain safety than is normally chosen for
the available casings interior was used. In
comparable uses, notably higher durabilities
some instances the usual minimum distance
can be achieved.
between conveyor and casing wall was
The pans of these pan conveyors overlap in

the same way as a long brick laying structure.
This prevents the material from trickling
undershot. Because of the negative pressure
Limited space challenge
between the pans and blocking them, or from

trickling trough between them.
While equipping the pan conveyors with
loading of the coal pulverizers, special
The Aumund conveyors with a standard width
attention was given to a better sealing of the
of 200 to 300 mm had to be built into the
entire casing to avoid air leaks.
ICCI 2016
22nd International Energy and
Environment Fair and Conference
27-28-29 April 2016

Istanbul Expo Center
Hall 9-10-11
Istanbul Turkey
www.icci.com.tr

Tel. +90 (212) 334 69 00
Faks +90 (212) 334 69 92
bilgi@sektorelfuarcilik.com
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24
Case study
The
material
loads
underneath
the
bunker chutes were brought under control by

installing a baffle beam. This beam deflects
the shearing forces caused by material being
fed onto the running pan conveyor into the
structural steel work. The use of new carriers
between the chain strands, the lowering of
the tensioning axis and the installation of a
new sprocket wheel made the conversion
Every millimetre of available space was used
Credit: Aumund
perfect.
To complete installation and put the
equipment into operation within the planned
timeframe, Aumund developed an installation
for the foreman of the installation company
Aumund specialists proved to be much more
schedule specifying in detail each step and
and for the clients project leader. Certainly,
economical for the client than buying a new
the manpower needed for each step. All work
the special challenge of this project was the
machine.
was completed on time. The supervision of
co-ordination within the fixed time frame.
the installation was undertaken by up to four

Aumund supervisors on site.
Through professional and detailed project
After 12 months of operation, the converted
planning it was possible to stay within schedule
coal feeders were inspected under Aumunds
and budget, despite the very complex task at
In two shifts, they supervised the expert
Preventive Maintenance Service (PREMAS)
hand.
execution of the conversion by the clients
without tracing any new unusual wear. That
installation company. At times, the installation
proves the machines to be ready for long-term
Peter Mller is Senior Sales Manager and
company worked on different parts of the
use at present and in future.
Erwin Last is Manager Field Service at Aumund
machine simultaneously. In these situations at

each site, a supervisor was present.
With precise time targets and cramped
Frdertechnik GmbH, Rheinberg, Germany.
space conditions, the coal feeders were
Besides supervising the installation, it is the
optimized so that they met expectations
duty of the supervisor to be the contact person
for the first time. The conversion by the
How far away is the nearest service team

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25
www.chris-marine.com
Q&A
Condition monitoring
Monitoring in the age

of big data
Condition monitoring is changing as computing technology evolves. We spoke
with Justin Eggart of GE Power & Water about the future of the technology for
power plant operators
automated you get. Primarily the technology
point, with much work focused in the area
PEi: What is the difference between
varies in scale, and in the key performance
of expert software, which is how you go from
condition monitoring technology in larger
indicators.
detection to insights and actions.
In a district heating plant you will have a
power generation plants vs smaller or

on-site generation applications?
GE
has
been
making
significant
boiler, which is consistent with a pure power
investments in software and analytics across
generation plant. Downstream of the boiler,
our whole portfolio. Weve invested over
JE: The technology is very much similar from
to optimize for a district heating application,
$1 billion in software development in the last
a condition monitoring perspective. The
youll have different sensors.
few years.
combined-cycle plant will have hundreds of
PEi: What has been the biggest technology
on three areas. The first layer is an asset
sensors and thousands of data tags: were
change in condition monitoring systems
performance management software set that
trying to do the same thing as in a small
during your career?
includes failure detection plus integration into
difference is primarily one of scale. A large
The condition monitoring space is focused
on-site generation facility, which is to optimize
maintenance automation, so you can link the
your maintenance and improve the reliability,
JE: Automation and tremendous improvement
availability and performance of your asset.
in computing technologies. Thats whats
two, from failure to maintenance actions.

The second layer is operational optimization
Much of the technology employed is the
providing most of the opportunities today.
software. Once you have optimized around
same, but there tends to be more of it in
Even in the last five years, the cost of
the asset and its maintenance, now you
larger plants.
computing technology has come down
can start to optimize around how the plant
The difference would be, if I have a
tremendously and capability has gone up
operates.
reciprocating engine, part of an on-site power
tremendously, which allows us to deploy much
generation plant, and compare it to a large
more automation.
How does the customer run that plant,

and its key performance indicators reliability,
combined-cycle gas turbine, some sensors will
Things that used to be manual calculations
be different on those two pieces of equipment
done by an engineer in a plant are now
because the size and scale is different.
entirely automated, and this has really allowed
The third layer is business optimization: how
You tend to have more sensors on a larger
much more capability to advance in this area
do you optimize the profitability of a power
machine. Whereas in a large combined-cycle
of condition monitoring what might have
plant? When you get to that level it requires
power plant you may be integrating 500+
been primarily focused on things like anomaly
heavy involvement from the customer side,
sensors, in a small facility there may be 10
or failure detection in the past has now moved
so what GE has done is develop a software
sensors.
beyond that to maintenance optimization
framework that allows customers to input key
and optimization outcomes such as reliability
variables from their side and get feedback.
A small facility may have traditionally

employed a walkaround data collection
or availability.
programme, but the larger you get, the more
26
Failure detection is the standard at this
performance, steam generation whatever is

unique to that plant.
One of the significant things in the industry

is the move to the cloud, which allows us to
Q&A
provide capabilities at a much lower-cost
per week around anomaly detection and
everybody for this capability. Were seeing
model, a much more analytic-capable model:
optimization of maintenance practices. Its
some of other OEMs looking to offer those
cloud-based software as a service model, built
easier to add capabilities and update with
kinds of multi-vendor services also control
on the industrial platform Predix.
the cloud model. Diagnostics are typically
system vendors.
Inhibiting growth in the past, especially
focused on detecting an issue; analytics are
Two things distinguish GE: experience
with smaller applications, was getting the
focused on also, in an automated fashion,
across a wide range of power generation
customer to get ROI around the investment
offering insight into whats causing that issue
equipment, not only GE equipment but
model in condition monitoring technology.
and what you should do about it.
interfacing with other vendors equipment;
With the move to the cloud, we are much

more capable at a lower cost.
From a customer perspective, traditional
and
the
tremendous
amount
of
data
OEMs have offered some level of condition
collected from this equipment, which helps us
As customers dont have to invest in data
monitoring capability with their equipment,
when then combined with some investment
acquisition and computers and software for
or through third parties. Many customers
in software, analytics and automation. Some
each location or site, we can leverage that
are asking today for an integrated condition
smaller
across many customers so the cost model
monitoring framework across the entire power
companies may not have that level of
comes down for each. And theres been
plant or backup generation system.
expertise and investment.
traditional
condition
monitoring
a change in the model, so now the user,
They want a full view, not just an individual
instead of walking up to a piece of condition
view from component. This is an area that GE
PEi: What changes do you foresee in the
monitoring equipment and looking at it, is
is working in now: how do we provide that level
condition monitoring space over the next
logging on to a web page.
of technology across all equipment, whether
five to 10 years?
Today we offer a cloud model (software
GE or non-GE, so that the customer has a
as service model) around monitoring and
view of the maintenance requirements and
JE: In the next five years there will continue to
diagnostics, improving
condition of the equipment across the whole
be more sensor technology embedded into
enterprise.
equipment. As sensors become smaller and
capability, adding
more features and functionality as well as

analytics.
Were releasing two to three analytics
Our customers, the operators of power
lower-cost, more OEMs will embed more sensor
plants, have been asking not only GE but
capability, which will generate more data to
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27
Q&A
help do condition monitoring. The challenge
about its operation. Reliability and availability
We will also see tremendous improvements
will be not drowning in that data. Smaller users
will continue to move up, and performance
in cybersecurity capability that will have to be
without large engineering staffs on-site may
will be able to be optimized to the particular
embedded in all of these devices.
struggle to use all the data available.
requirements of an individual site.
The
next
generation
of
condition
monitoring will use cloud-based capability. It
PEi: Arent there increased cybersecurity
will stream data into the cloud and provide
risks involved as more equipment comes
software and analysis capability to those users
onto the Internet of Things?
at a much more comprehensive level than in

the past.
The technology is changing tremendously;
there is so much capability and investment in
We do offer on-premise capability but,

while we offer that, we encourage customers
to take advantage of the cloud.
On-site
condition
monitoring
involves
similar capabilities but tends to be more

expensive and slower to take advantage of
JE: There have to continue to be significant
updates. We do it that way for two reasons:
investments in cybersecurity all customers
many users traditionally used on-site condition
are concerned about the risks.
monitoring technology, and so its a paradigm
the whole space of software analytics and big
The good news is that, just as technology
shift to move to the cloud so theyre more
is advancing on the software side, it is also
comfortable with on-site. The other reason is
Its likely that in the next 10 years we will
advancing quickly on the security side, driven
the risk around cybersecurity. Many customers
have extraordinary automation available. A
by a consumer market which is often ahead
are not comfortable yet in how that risk is
piece of power generation equipment on-
of the industry market from a trying-new-things
managed. However, there are advances in
site will be tweeting messages to the world
perspective.
activity solutions: for example, we deploy both
data today.
internet-based connectivity as well as cellular

technology as backup. There will continue
to be a need for some level of capability at
site, but anything critical for the site will have
backup connectivity capabilities.
Justin Eggart is General Manager, Fleet
Management, Power Generation Services at
GE Power & Water. www.ge.com
28
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A Dual Flow Tray at its 24-month inspection

Credit: Amec Foster Wheeler
Flue gas desulfurization
Boosting SO2
removal efficiency
New SO2 emission regulations in the US and EU require some utility and
power producers to retrofit new flue gas desulfurization units to existing
plants. Michael T Hoydick and Hans Jansson discuss cost-effective solutions
to achieve these new emission standards
cid gas removal efficiency
which, in turn, determines interface vapour
consists of one or more levels of perforated
(mainly SO2) in a power
pressure. The surface area for mass transfer is
plates that span the entire absorber cross-
plants limestone-based wet
determined by the selected liquid-to-gas ratio
section. The DFTs SO2 removal efficiency is
flue gas desulphurization
(L/G) in conjunction with the spray nozzle
improved due to its increased and more
(WFGD) system absorber is
droplet size distribution.
effective gas-to-liquid contact area compared
governed by two processes:
Improving SO2 removal performance for
the absorption of SO2 via gas/liquid contact
existing open tower designs is generally limited
to a typical open tower design that relies only
and the rate at which the scrubbing liquor
to increasing L/G ratio or creating smaller
neutralizes the liquid phase acids collected.
droplet sizes via higher pressure drop nozzles,
by improving flue gas distribution at the
Improving either process generally enhances
either of which increase auxiliary pump power.
beginning of the gas-to-liquid contact zone,
SO2 capture.
Additionally, smaller spray droplet sizes are
which takes full advantage of the L/G provided
The rate of SO2 absorption into the
only marginally effective due to significant
by the slurry sprays. Flue gas distribution in a
absorber liquor is controlled by the mass
droplet coalescence within the spray zone of
DFT absorber is markedly better than in open
transfer coefficient, the surface area available
the tower.
spray tower WFGDs designed with side flue
on spray droplet surface area.

DFTs
improve
WFGD
performance
for mass transfer, and the difference between
Flue gas/slurry contact can be significantly
gas entry, where momentum pushes the flue
the SO2 partial pressure in the flue gas and
enhanced with the use of internal contacting
gas to the far wall, thus delaying optimal flue
the vapour pressure of SO2 at the gas/liquid
devices. In the past, packing material has been
gas/absorber liquor contact. For open spray
interface.
used but has proven unreliable in limestone
tower designs, optimal flue gas distribution
WFGD system designers can generally
WFGD systems and is not favoured by the
doesnt occur until the gas is well into the
influence only the contact surface area and
US utility industry. Further development has
absorption zone.
the dissolved alkalinity in the absorber slurry,
produced the dual flow tray (DFT) technology
Open Spray Tower

73% within 5% of average velocity
30
DFT Tower
that
has
favour
in
US
DFTs also provide very effective gas-to-liquid
found
contact. Flue gas flowing upward is intimately
utility
mixed with the falling absorber slurry. The flue
applications for over
gas velocity travelling through the tray holes
30 years for new and
causes liquid resistance, thus forming a froth
retrofit
applications.
layer on the tray. The froth layer, typically
In general, the DFT
150 mm-300 mm deep, provides additional
Adaptive Brush Seal

Solutions for
Air Preheaters
With Dual Flow Tray, Heavy Spray
No Dual Flow Tray, Heavy Spray
Downstream of Dual Flow Tray Position
Downstream of Dual Flow Tray Position
High performance.
Long life.
Sealezes patented brush-based
sealing system delivers reliability and
extended functional service life.
Velocity: Magnitude (ft/s)
0.00000
2.3000
4.6000
6.9000
9.2000
Velocity: Magnitude (ft/s)

0.00000
11.500
2.3000
4.6000
6.9000
9.2000
11.500
A computational fluid dynamic flow model shows the improved gas flow distribution of an existing
Amec Foster Wheeler DFT installation over a comparable side entry wet FGD design. The flue gas
distribution is illustrated at 1.5 m above the inlet duct
mass transfer surface area and contact
The operating pH is a general indicator of the
time in the absorption zone. Each tray level
alkalinity of the absorber liquor. The higher the
provides an additional one to two seconds of
pH, the more dissolved alkalinity is present.
contact time in the absorption zone. Full scale
As the absorber slurry falls through the
testing of absorber towers with and without
absorber tower, the pH of the solution falls as
DFTs confirm comparable performance for
the acid is absorbed. For an absorber with a
DFT absorbers at L/G ratios 1530 per cent
reaction tank pH of 5.7, the slurry pH falls to
below open tower designs.
~3.54.5 on the DFT. Since limestone dissolution
Absorber slurry liquid phase chemistry
rate is proportional to the pH, the lower pH
also plays a substantial role in the overall
on the DFT significantly increases limestone
performance of the wet FGD unit. The
dissolution rates and provides additional
absorber slurry needs sufficient liquid phase
dissolved alkalinity needed for further acid
alkalinity to quickly neutralize the absorbed
neutralization.
In limestone-based systems, the alkalinity is
A comparison between a typical open spray
produced from dissolved calcium carbonate.
tower design and an equivalent DFT design
Tower Design
Open Spray
DFT
Absorber diameter, m
15.0
15.0
Recycle tank retention, min.
5.0
5.0
Recycle tank height, m
10.1
7.4
Number of recycle pumps

(operating +spare)
3+1
2+1
Recycle pump flow, m3/hr
6,100
6,670
Number of trays
Overall tower height, m
30.3
26.1
Overall liquid recirculation rate,

m3/h
18,340
13,340
Absorber auxiliary power, kW
1,800
1,310
1.0
1.4
Pressure drop, kPa
Lasts 2-5 times longer than

standard seals
Reduces drag, wear and
sudden failures
Conforms to sealing surface
Newbuilds and retrofits
Description
Replace seals less often
More effective than other seal
acid to maintain the driving force necessary

for SO2 capture.
t
Visit Us a l
n Int
PowerGe
BOOTH
823
Table 1. Performance comparison between similar open tray and DFT towers in a wet FGD installed
on a 500WM coal-fired unit. The fuel sulfur is 1.2% and the systems are designed for 98% SO2
removal. Source: Amec Foster Wheeler
Flexible filaments conform to

gaps and surface irregularities
for a continuous seal
A high integrity seal is created
by tightly packed filaments that
compress even further under
pressure
For more than 25 years, Sealeze has

helped design and manufacturing
engineers design solutions.
+1 804.743.0982
e-mail: power@sealeze.com
www.sealeze.com
ISO 9001 Certified
31
Performance upgrades
There are several techniques available to
improve the performance of an existing
wet FGD system. The easiest and most costeffective is to operate the system with a higher
pH.
The
typical
limestone-based
system
operates at pH levels between 5.0 and 5.7.

A higher operating pH will improve SO2
removal efficiency up to a limit. Slower sulfite
to sulfate oxidation rates and high limestone
stoichiometry
produce
unacceptable
gypsum quality when pH levels exceed 6.0.

Poor oxidation may also produce gypsum
scaling, which is not acceptable for long-term
operation.
The DFT can be used as a staging platform during construction
Physical
equipment
changes
are
usually the upgrade path. Adding wall rings,

improving flue gas or liquid spray distribution,
for a theoretical 500 MW unit illustrates the
and gypsum crystallization require a minimum
smaller spray droplet spray nozzles, double
performance and equipment size differences
retention time in the recycle tank, a lower L/G
spray nozzles, more L/G, or the addition of one
between absorber types (see Table 1, p31).
also allows for a smaller recycle tank. Because
or more DFTs, alone or in concert, are typical
Note that the DFT tower is smaller in size than a
a DFT tower requires a lower L/G, it is often
open tower upgrade options.
comparable open tower because of the lower
possible for a DFT tower to be designed with
Wall rings will marginally improve the
L/G of the DFT absorber, as is the overall liquid
one less operating spray level and recycle
efficiency of a properly designed wet FGD
recirculation rate. Since limestone dissolution
pump.
system. Higher-pressure
VISIT US AT POWER-GEN INTERNATIONAL AT

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DISCOVER BETTER DESIGNS.

FASTER.
MULTIDISCIPLINARY SIMULATION FOR CLEAN, EFFICIENT ENERGY AND
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COMBUSTORS
droplets that should help efficiency, in theory.
levels are required for
However, droplet
the DFT design while
performance improvement.
three operating spray

levels
are
limits
the
The remaining option for significantly

improving the performance of an existing
for the open tower
open spray tower is adding L/G, in conjunction
design.
that
with spray header modification. Unfortunately,
one less spray level
increasing L/G in an existing absorber is
reduces
normally a challenge.
Note
the
overall
by
Most sites do not have adequate floor
over one metre, which
space for additional recycle pumps and not
may reduce absorber
enough tower height for additional spray
shell
thickness
banks. Modifications to existing pumps are
and
foundation
height
possible, however, recycle pump efficiency will
requirements,
and
likely be compromised and recycle pipe flow
overall
velocities could exceed design limits. Recycle
installation costs. The
tank retention times must also be considered
reduced
when adding additional L/G. These solutions,
absorber
height
will
also
although possible, generally require outages
reduce
piping
and
of several months and have high construction
installation
costs.
costs. Finally, the DFT
Normally the best physical upgrade option
can be used as a
is the addition of one or more DFTs below
maintenance platform
the bottom spray bank. Many open towers
during
have adequate space between the lowest
and
info@cd-adapco.com
www.cd-adapco.com
coalescence
needed
electrical
GENERATORS
double
two operating spray
therefore
COMPRESSORS
or
spray cone nozzles will produce smaller spray
absorber
GAS TURBINES
spray
In this comparison,
construction,
later
an
spray bank and the inlet ductwork to allow
platform
installation of a new DFT level. Approximately
for the upper absorber
3.03.5 metres of vertical height is generally
sections.
required. An added benefit of the DFT is that
inspection
as
32

Is your plant ready
for the future?
Open Spray Chamber Absorber

Dual Flow Tray Absorber
100
98
96
94
92
90
88
86
84
82
80
90
100
110
120
130
Liquid to Gas Ratio, gpm / 1000 acfm
SEE CLEARLY
The Elmer Smith Station in Kentucky, US upgraded an existing open spray chamber
absorber with one DFT, thereby increases the wet FGDs SO2 removal efficiency from
93 per cent to 98 per cent
lower pressure drop nozzles can be used
OMU decided to upgrade its system to reach
(spray nozzle droplet size is less critical for
98 per cent efficiency.
a DFT) to artificially increase L/G without
The
five-point
efficiency
The TDLS analyser utilizes powerful

and highly sensitive lasers and can
detect and analyse combustion gases
under a wide variety of conditions.
increase
modification to the existing recycle pump and
represented an increase in absorber mass
recycle piping systems.
transfer from 2.7 NTU to 3.9 NTU, a 42 per cent
KNOW IN ADVANCE
increase.Amec Foster Wheelers analysis found
Case study
that adding one DFT level would increased
Amec Foster Wheelers predictive models
the overall absorber NTU by around 50 per
indicate that a DFT can improve mass transfer
cent, without any additional modifications to
by as much as 50 per cent (1.5 times) from
the existing recycle pump or spray header
the current design of open tray spray towers.
system.
In many instances, the addition of one or
Kevin Frizzel, Director of Power Production,
more DFTs can achieve desired performance
notes: The addition of a Dual Flow Tray level
objectives without other modifications.
on our two scrubbers was a very cost-effective
For even higher levels of performance, a

DFT addition in conjunction with spray nozzle
Advanced plant management

solutions for performance based
operation, event analysis, operation
efciency improvement and plant
resource manager.
ACT WITH AGILITY
method for OMU to maintain our commitment

to high environmental standards.
modification and pH adjustment is an option.
Operational testing of the completed DFT
The liquid holdup and low pH on the DFT
upgrade in 2009 confirmed the expected
will allow higher operating pH levels without
performance increase was achieved without
affecting limestone stoichiometry or gypsum
changes to the operating pH or limestone
quality.
stoichiometry.
A DFT retrofit of an existing open spray tower

was recently completed at the Elmer Smith
Michael T Hoydick is senior technology
Station in the US state of Kentucky, owned by
manager, FGD Systems, Amec Foster Wheeler,
Owensboro Municipal Utilities (OMU). Amec
USA. Hans Jansson is Director, Marketing and
Foster Wheeler supplied two open spray
Business Development, Amec Foster Wheeler,
chamber absorbers that began operation
Europe.
Our DCS is a core platform

and a key component of our
comprehensive solutions that make
it possible for power plants to
operate more efciently.
in 1995. In 2008, the existing absorber towers

were operating at 93 per cent SO2 removal
efficiency at an operating pH level of 5.7 when
Visit us at www.yokogawa.com/eu/pge
33
Traditional Arabic-style buildings reflected in the cutting edge

facade of a building at Masdar City.
Photo: Kelvin Ross
POWER-GEN Middle East
Reflecting on an
expanding energy mix
POWER-GEN Middle East in Abu Dhabi put in the spotlight the regions plans to
diversify its power generation portfolio, writes Kelvin Ross
he
some
once complete. All four units of the plant are
The CO2 feed stream from the Emirates
unique energy challenges and
Middle
East
has
currently being built by a consortium led
Steel plant, containing 90 per cent CO2, will
opportunities.
by Korea Electric Power Co (KEPCO) and
be transferred to a common compression
For the Gulf countries that are
comprising Samsung, Hyundai, Doosan and
and dehydration facility at the project site in
abundant in oil and gas, there
Westinghouse, with the first unit expected
Mussafah.The feed stream will be compressed
is an understanding that those
online in 2017.
into dense phase, delivering an expected CO2
riches are not limitless, and if they want to keep
The minister said that, once complete, the
stream of over 98 per cent purity, through
them for export then they need to diversify their
plant would provide 5.4 GW of electricity and
50 km of the pipeline network to be injected
domestic energy mix away from fossil fuels.
make up 25 per cent of the UAEs energy mix.
in an onshore field, operated by Abu Dhabi
There is also a drive among some
He said that Barakah combined with the
governments most notably the United Arab
growth in the UAE of solar power technologies
Emirates to embrace clean energy and
would minimize our use of natural gas.
exploit the potential of their own renewable

resources, particularly solar.
At POWER-GEN Middle East in Abu Dhabi
last month (October), the evolving energy mix
However, he
rooms and on the exhibition floor.

The event opened with a speech from
the UAE Minister of Energy, H.E. Eng. Suhail
stressed
that
Ultimately, Masdar hopes to build a

national network that captures carbon from
new
power generation and industry and utilizes
technologies cannot rely on subsidies. They
carbon dioxide for enhanced oil recovery
do not encourage energy efficiency and
instead of reinjecting natural gas into oil fields
sustainability.
to trigger oil flow.
of the region was debated in the conference
also
Company for Onshore Oil Operations.
The call for the Middle East to be at the
A key aspect of the conference sessions
forefront of power innovation was also stressed
was a focus on project financing and the scale
by Jamila Yousef Matar, director of energy
of investment in power generation projects
management for the League of Arab States.
around the world was put into numbers and
Mohamed Al Mazrouei, who highlighted his
She told the audience: Arab countries
vision for how he plans to alter his nations
need to be active participants in the
power mix from fossil fuels to eco-energies.
development of the latest technologies, not
Resources told delegates that global financing
just recipients.
for power projects stands at $6.5 trillion.
He said that the UAE could expect a 9 per

cent increase in electricity consumption.
they were massive numbers.

Shaheen
Chohan
of
Industrial
Info
Such development of new technologies is
He said that out of this figure, the Middle
Stressing that the UAE needed to minimize
a cornerstone of the work being carried out
East and Africa accounted for $236 billion,
its use of natural gas, he said: We need to
by UAE clean energy company Masdar, and
comprised of 1066 projects.
change the stereotypes of consumption
one such innovation is the development of a
This part of the world is a very big market,
we need to change our behaviour in power
carbon capture project in association with the
said Chohan, IIRs vice-president of global
consumption.
Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC).
analytics.
He said that this should be done through
Details of the project were given to
And he stressed that such investment was
using modern technologies and added: We
conference delegates by Masdar Clean
desperately needed, as the MENA region was
need to raise awareness among our sons and
Energys associate director Yousif Al Ali.
seeing unprecedented demand. He said
daughters and be an example.

The minister highlighted the effect that the
nuclear newbuild plant Barakah would have
34
He said that the project is located at a
that 300 GW of new capacity was needed
factory of Emirate Steel and commercial
across the Middle East and North Africa by
operations are expected to begin next year.
2020 and the region was expected to witness
POWER-GEN Middle East
6.7 per cent demand growth per year for the

next decade.
He broke down the MENA countries seeing
the greatest spending over the next year or
two, and top of the list by far was Saudi Arabia,
with spending of $35 billion, followed by Egypt
with $26 billion. Iran was third, the UAE fourth
and Kuwait fifth.
However, he added that Saudi, which
was once one of the most attractive
markets in renewables, was now seeing a
deprioritization of renewables and a pushing
back of their targets, in favour of a desire to
utilize existing feedstocks, especially natural
gas.
The UAE, he said, had the greatest diversity
in its energy mix, of which at the forefront
were nuclear and solar power, while Egypt
could be a hot-spot new market. Its current
infrastructure is aged, there is much debate
about how much existing capacity can meet
demand and it is blessed with a new gas
find.
Chohan said that a part of the market
to start paying attention to was that of new
projects with a capacity of between 1 MW
and 100 MW, as there is much potential in
UAE Minister of Energy H.E. Eng Suhail Mohamed Al Mazrouei

Credit: POWER-GEN Middle East
this sector, particularly for power islands that

provide energy for industrial facilities.
On the exhibition floor, Chromalloy unveiled
a new joint venture it has initiated to provide
Arabian Qudra a Saudi Arabia-based service
the Middle East with life-cycle gas turbine
provider of electrical equipment in power
repair, new
engine servicing solutions.
and industrial plants to form Chromalloy
upgrades and long term service agreements,
Arabia.
as well as monitoring and diagnostic systems.
The US company has teamed up with
The new venture will provide component

parts, field
services, system
Chromalloy President Carlo Luzzatto said:

Chromalloy Arabia leverages the innovations
and advancements of two leading energy
industry service providers to meet the growing
demands of the Middle East, North Africa and
Turkey.
He said that the new company brings
together Chromalloys expertise in gas turbine
engine technologies with Arabian Qudras
advancements
and
outstanding
energy
service legacy.
Arabian Qudras chief operations officer
Ahmed Al Bedaie said Chromalloy Arabia is
a strategic partnership delivering innovative
energy and industrial sector solutions in Saudi
Arabia and throughout the Middle East.
Chromalloy Arabia will be headquartered
in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, and will also have a
sales office in Dubai.
Visitors discuss the latest technology on the exhibition floor
Credit: POWER-GEN Middle East
35
Diary
2016
December
Geopower & Heat Summit
12 December
Istanbul, Turkey
www.greenpowerconferences.com
iPad Cameroon Energy and
Infrastructure Forum
12 December
Yaounde, Cameroon
www.clarke-energy.com
4th District Energy Asia Summit
23 December
Beijing, China
www.districtenergyasia.com
Power and Water Maintenance
69 December
Abu Dhabi, UAE
www.powerwatermaintenance.com
POWER-GEN International
810 December
Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
www.power-gen.com
12th International Energy

Exhibition (KishENEX)
1114 January 2016
Kish Island, Iran
http://kishenex.ir
Myanmar Electric Power
Convention
1315 January 2016
Yangon, Myanmar
www.neoventurecorp.com/events/
mepc
World Future Energy Summit
1821 January 2016
Abu Dhabi, UAE
www.worldfutureenergysummit.com
Nuclear Power Asia
2021 January 2016
Jakarta, Indonesia
www.nuclearpowerasia.com
Energy Storage 2016
34 February 2016
Paris, France
www.wplgroup.com
Solar Middle East

13 March 2016
Dubai, UAE
www.solarmiddleeast.ae
POWER-GEN Russia
1921 April 2016
Moscow, Russian Federation
www.powergen-russia.com
POWER-GEN India & Central Asia
1921 May 2016
New Delhi, India
www.power-genindia.com
POWER-GEN Europe
2123 June 2016
Milan, Italy
www.powergeneurope.com
POWER-GEN Africa
1921 July 2016
Johannesburg, South Africa
www.powergenafrica.com
POWER-GEN Asia
2022 September 2016
Seoul, South Korea
www.asiapowerweek.com
Ad Index
ABB TURBO SYSTEMS LTD
AKSA POWER GENERATION (CHINA) CO. LTD.
AMETEK
AUMA RIESTER GMBH & CO. KG
CAMFIL FARR GROUP
CD ADAPCO
CHRIS MARINE
DOOSAN SKODA POWER
GENERATION HUB
HANNOVER FAIRS TURKEY FUARCILIK A.S
HX HOLDING GMBH
MAN DIESEL & TURBO SE
27
C2
15
19
23
32
25
7
17
24
3
5
POWER-GEN EUROPE 2016

POWER-GEN INTL 2016
REWNA 2016
SEALEZE, A UNIT OF JASON, INC.
SHAUNGLIANG ECO-ENERGY SYSTEMS CO LTD
SIEMENS AG
SIPOS AKTORIK GMBH
VAISALA OYJ
VALMET AUTOMATION
WELLAND & TUXHORN AG
YOKOGAWA EUROPE B.V
C4
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29
31
21
13
9
18
11
22
33
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THE
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NORTH / SOUTH HALLS | ORLANDO, FLORIDA, USA
2016
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The magazine for the international power industry

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POWER ENGINEERING INTERNATIONAL

Industry experts offer their views on the future of nuclear. P10

Advances in mercury control

Condition monitoring is changing as computing

As Europe faces new emissions standards, we investigate

Which way forward for nuclear?

Flue gas desulfurization retrofits

Is nuclear an inflexible generation source being left

Monitoring in the age of big data

The Middle Easts expanding energy mix

Coal conversion conveyor challenge

Free Product Info

Power Engineering International November 2015

statements regarding policies and measures

released a special briefing document

IEA Executive Director Fatih Birol said that

implications of national climate pledges

the fact that more than 150 countries have

submitted for the upcoming climate summit in

submitted pledges to reduce emissions is

Paris, known as COP21.

The briefing finds that if all countries meet

the goals outlined in their submitted pledges,

growth in energy-related emissions which

industry, are helping to build the necessary

account for two-thirds of total greenhouse

political momentum around the globe to seal

gas emissions will slow to a relative crawl by

a successful climate agreement in Paris.

The briefing finds that all of the pledges

take into account energy sector emissions

and many include specific targets or actions

$13.5 trillion in energy efficiency and low-

If these pledges are met, then countries

carbon technologies between now and 2030,

currently accounting for more than half of

at an annual average of $840 billion.

global economic activity will see their energy-

Around $8.3 trillion will be needed to

related greenhouse gas emissions either

buildings and industry sectors, and the rest will

Global energy intensity, a measure of

have to be spent on decarbonizing the power

energy use per unit of economic output,

would improve to 2030 at a rate almost three

The IEA projects that more than 60 per

times faster than the rate seen since 2000. In

cent of total investment in power generation

the power sector, 70 per cent of additional

capacity will be for renewable capacity, with

electricity generation to 2030 would be low-

one-third of this being for wind power, almost

30 per cent for solar power (mainly solar

And the power sector the worlds largest

photovoltaics) and around one-quarter for

source of energy-related CO2 emissions

would see emissions plateau at close to

The report states that actions in the energy

todays levels, effectively breaking the link