Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Biomedical Instrumentation
Lung Anatomy and Spirometers
Asst Prof Manojit Pramanik
School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering
Nanyang Technological University
manojit@ntu.edu.sg
Office: N1.3-B2-11
Biomedical Instrumentation - wk 6
1. Introduction
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Lungs
Lungs consists of 2
spongy organ.
It contains 300 million
alveoli (air sac).
Each sac with 0.2 mm
in diameter.
Biomedical Instrumentation - wk 6
Trachea
The trachea filters the air
we breathe and branches
into the bronchi.
Bronchi
The bronchi are two air
tubes that branch of the
trachea and carry air
directly into the lungs.
Biomedical Instrumentation - wk 6
Diaphragm
The diaphragm is the main muscle involved in
breathing.
It is a dome-shaped muscle at the bottom of the lungs.
Breathing starts from diaphragm.
When you breathe in, the
diaphragm contracts. When it
contracts it flattens out and pulls
downward. This movement
enlarges the space and pulls air
into the lungs.
When you breathe out, the
diaphragm expands reducing the
amount of space for the lungs
and forcing air out.
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Alveoli
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Capillaries
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An increase in PCO2
increases the breathing
rate.
An increase in PO2 slows
down the breathing rate.
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Internal respiration
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External respiration
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External respiration
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2. Lung volume
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Lung Volume
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Lung Volume
Tidal volume (TV) (500 ml) is the volume of gas inspired or
expired during each normal respiratory cycle.
At rest condition
For normal adults
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Lung Volume
Residual volume (RV) (1200 ml) is the amount of gas remaining in
the lungs at the end of maximal expiration.
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Lung Volume
Functional residual capacity (FRC) (2400 ml) is the amount of gas
remaining in the lungs at the resting expiration level.
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Lung Volume
Vital capacity (VC) (4800 ml) is the maximum amount of gas
expelled from the lungs by forceful effort from maximal inspiration.
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Lung Volume
Total lung capacity (TLC) (6000 ml) is the amount of gas
contained in the lungs at the end of maximal inspiration.
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2
+ + 2
4 + 2
=
=
2
2
4 + 2
4
4
= =
=
4
4
is proportional to flow .
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3.2 Spirometer
Spirometer is used to measure lung volume under
conditions
Constant temperature
Constant pressure
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Spirometer
LCD Display
graph and data
Mouthpiece
& Spirometer
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Spirometer
The spirometer consists of
An upright water filled cylinder
An inverted floating drum
An mechanical linkage
How to operate?
The volume of gases inside spirometer will change
as the patient breathes through the mouthpiece
This volume change is proportional to lung volume
change
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Spirometer
When no breathing
When inhaling
When exhaling
This motion is recorded on a
rotating drum through direct
mechanical linkage
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Spirometer
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is spirometer volume
is spirometer temperature (in K)
is molar fraction in spirometer
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31
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Note: =
,
,
= =
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Mass balance
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Then, we have , =
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Then, we have = , = =
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=
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= . = .
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=
40
.
=
= .
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