Professional Documents
Culture Documents
IMPACT OF E-COMMERCE ON
MARKETING
REQUIREMENT
External Supervision of :
Mr. AJAY SINGH
(Branch Manager)
Internal Supervision of :
Mr. Lalit Kumar
(Faculty, MBA Deptt.)
VIKRANT TYAGI
MBA-III SEM
ROLL NO.1407470107
STUDENTS DECLARATION
I, VIKRANT TYAGI hereby declare that this project report on the topic IMPACT OF ECOMMERCE ON MARKETING. Is an original work done by me under the guidance of
Mr. Lalit Kumar Asst Professor Management Department, DIMS Meerut. This is
submitted in partial fulfillment of MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION.
VIKRANT TYAGI
MBA-III SEM
ROLL NO.1407470107
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Life of human is full of interaction. No one is self sufficient by himself. Whenever anyone is
doing serious and important work. A lot of help from the people concerned is needed and one
feels specially obliged toward them. I cannot forget acknowledging them in few words.
Without the guidance & co-operation of them, this report was not possible.
I would like to thanks Mr. Lalit Kumar Asst Professor Management Department, DIMS
Meerut has played an instrumental role in the successful completion of this research report.
Apart from guiding me on how to go about things they have been a constant support
throughout.
During these period, I met many people at outlets, and I m indebted to all of them for their
help and co-operation.
VIKRANT TYAGI
MBA-III SEM
ROLL NO.1407470107
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Present world is the world of competition. There is huge competition in each and every
sector. Every one wants to be ahead of their competitors. The competitive landscape, rapidly
changing technologies, increased complexity of products and services and more aware and
demanding customers are all pushing the Organization to adopt the customer centric focus.
In the present dynamic business environment customer play a vital role and is of centric value
to the Organization. Hence satisfying a customer by providing excellent services is of prime
importance to the company.
First of all a proper outline of the entire survey work was decided like research objectives,
research approach. The main objective of the research was to find out the impact of ecommerce on marketing..
The next step was decide upon other areas of research design. To meet the main objectives of
the research program me a proper sample size was decide upon, which represents the entire
population and help in getting results. Structured questionnaire was used as research
instrument and personal interview method was used for data collection in the whole survey.
Analysis and interpretation were drawn from the entire data so as to focus on the major
problems. Analysis and interpretation were further used to reach the results and findings of
the survey and were also helpful in making the suggestions.
CONTENTS
Synopsis
Introduction
24
3. E-Commerce
31
Research Methodology
63
Research Design
68
Hypothesis
70
94
Limitation
97
Conclusion
100
Bibliography
103
SYNOPSIS
SYNOPSIS
OBJECTIVE:
The main objective of this study project is to find out the IMPACT OF ECOMMERCE ON MARKETING in the recent time period and what are its
implication towards the marketing mix.
Hypothesis: E-commerce has changed total face of marketing.
Definition: E-Commerce is the paperless exchange of information, products, i.e.
goods and services between various trading parents for the increase in their utility.
Research Methodology
Exploratory Research.
Data Collected
Secondary type.
Source of Information
INTRODUCTION
Customer needs in the business world: In the business world, the customer's
needs are for the generic product or service that the firm provides as well as any
intangibles associated with it. What do you need when you buy a car?
Transportation. Why do you want a Mercedes? Because of the performance
image Mercedes has established through promotion.
When most people hear the word marketing they immediately think of advertising,
selling, promotion, or public relations. In one study, 61% of the respondents said it
was a combination of these three components. Another 28% said it was one or
another of them. Only 11% got anywhere close to the correct response. Philip
Needs assessment
Marketing research
Pricing
MARKET SEGMENTATION
Logic:
Smaller,
more
homogeneous
groups
are
easier
to
satisfy
10
11
After you've identified all of the groups you face, you evaluate each group in terms
of:
12
2) how likely is it that you can satisfy the individuals in the group given
the resources you have available (program, human, financial, etc.).
You need to select groups for your attention based on the extent to
which
13
MARKET POSITIONING
First you segment a market.
Then you target one or more segments.
Then you position your total offering so that it
communicates effectively with the targeted market(s).
Logic:
You
need
to
design
the
benefits
of
your
offering
for
groups
you have targeted so that the offerings will be properly positioned in their minds.
Market segmentation, target marketing, and positioning are a three part process.
First you segment, then you choose your target(s), then you design the totality of
your offering(s) with your target consumer in mind. This totality includes what we
commonly refer to in marketing as the marketing mix. The marketing mix is the
particular blend of controllable marketing variables that the organization uses to
achieve its objectives with the target market. One of the most popular classifications
is commonly called the "four P's": product, price, place, and promotion.
The most current perspective in marketing today recognizes that each of these
communicates a message to the target market. While we will discuss this more
thoroughly in a later chapter, we need to recognize at this point that each element of
the marketing mix has communication characteristics:
14
The target customer is the focus of all of this communication and you have to be
aware of how the target market will perceive the messages. Your target consumers
must recognize that you are trying to meet their needs else all of your efforts will be
for naught. You want individuals in the target market to think of your organization and
the benefits you have to offer when they are concerned with the needs you are trying
to satisfy. When you have done this, you have properly positioned your offering.
15
16
PRODUCT
Product: A Part of the Marketing Mix
Product is actually a complex, multidimensional concept. It is defined broadly enough
to include services, programs, and attitudes and includes whatever you are offering
the target market in an effort to meet their needs. It involves all tangible and
intangible aspects of the good or service you offer your target market. These are
things which have value and are balanced against the value you expect to receive
from the target consumer. Product in the NPS world would probably be interpreted
as programs, activities, interpretation, as well as services.
Product Mix: Every organization has a product mix that is made up of
product lines. Product lines contain product items. Each product item is a
product or service as well as the brand, package, and services associated
with it. There are six components as follows:
Package: In the product world this is the container. In the NPS world
this could be the surroundings in which a program is delivered. The
atmosphere of a visitor center might be considered the package in
which the visitor center experience is delivered.
Brand: The brand in our case is the National Park Service and all of the
image attributes that are associated with the NPS.
17
Product Line: A group of products within a product mix that are closely
related, either because they meet the same need, function in a similar
manner, or share some other characteristic. Interpretation might be
considered a product line.
Product Mix (assortment): the set of all product lines and items that an
organization offers its target market(s). Everything the NPS offers
target market(s) constitutes its product mix.
Product Life Cycle: Products, services, programs, activities, etc., don't last forever!
They have a life ... and then, often, they die. Businesses have a clear signal ...
customers quit making a purchase. But government agencies do not receive such a
clear cut signal. Unfortunately, they can continue to offer these outdated programs,
services, etc., and operate outmoded facilities long after they should have been
retired ... and would have in the business sector.
18
Marketers
have
four
tools
to
use
to
develop
an
offering
to
price - what the customer, client, or park visitor pays (direct costs are
financial, indirect or alternative costs are such things as time it takes and the
things people give up if they choose your offering)
promotion or communication - this is how you inform the target market about
the benefits in your marketing mix
Collectively these are the tools organizations uses to develop offerings to
satisfy their target market(s) ... the only tools at their disposal. Remember: If
your marketing mix doesn't meet their needs they will not be satisfied - and if
they aren't satisfied you are unlikely to meet your objectives.
19
20
Price: The price is what the customer pays. It includes direct and indirect costs as
well as opportunity costs. The benefits of the product have to be great enough to
warrant the price. Price includes all costs associated with the product, service, or
program.
Place: The place is where the customer receives the product, service, or program.
The place of delivery, including all of its resources, is part of what the consumer
buys. A place that meets his or her needs better may be worth more. The place may
be a park, a visitor center in the park, or an interpretive exhibit along a trail. In setting
its strategy, the organization must determine how much the target market is willing to
pay for atmosphere and physical resources of place.
Promotion: Promotion includes all forms of communication you use to communicate
the benefits of your offering to the target market(s). The objective is to persuade the
customer in such a way that he or she recognizes that your offering is uniquely
qualified to meet his or her needs. The term promotion mix is commonly used to
refer to the types of communication that are available: advertising, public relations,
personal selling, publicity, and sales promotion. Some authors include direct
marketing. Word of mouth, though seldom discussed, is powerful promotion.
21
Marketing Research: How do you know when a program has died? Paraphrasing
C. D. Moore, If you can't (or don't) measure it (user satisfaction), you can't improve it
(or know when to change or eliminate it). Collecting information for making good
decisions is the only purpose for marketing research. Data for data sake is an effort
in futility and a waste of time. Information is power, and good information is essential
to knowing when and how to make changes in what you are offering your customer.
Ideally, the organizational culture will encourage looking at program performance
data as an opportunity (remember SWOT) rather than a threat.
22
23
24
PRODUCT PLANNING
Companies are taking a variety of product planning approaches to the Internet, such
as these two. Atomic Dog (www.atomicdog.com) , the publisher of this text, is
involved with Internet-driven texts and print version of them. The online texts feature
high-tech graphics, animations, interactivity, and other dynamic attributes not found
in traditional paper-based books.
25
Offer more expertise (remember narrow focus and deeper knowledge), and
demonstrate this commitment on the Web page.) Faster service to costumers or
prospects should be obvious. Answer e-mails within twenty-four hour and return
telephone calls the same day.
Display the awards, certifications, or industry affiliations the company has earned.
If the site is consumer-oriented, incorporate a guest book of site visitors names and
telephone numbers, or publish letters of praise on various aspects of the consumer
purchase experience.
After looking at the categories of interest, the marketer can compare the above
business attributes with the product or service concept. Consider these topics for
commerce; remember, the more specialized or unique, the better.
26
DISTRIBUTION PLANNING
Promotion Planning
27
Price Planning
28
Online shopping can produce less price sensitivity at a brand level and more
sensitivity to search attributes associated with quality them does traditional shopping.
Buy providing more information to costumers with minimal search cost,
manufacturers and retailers with differentiated
opportunity to educate consumers about the benefits they offer, and consumer will
find it easier to access and compare the offerings of the firms competing on prices.
29
E-COMMERCE
The cutting edge for business today is electronic commerce (e-commerce). Broadly
defined, electronic commerce is a modern business methodology that addresses the
needs of the organizations, merchants, and consumers to cut costs while improving
the quality of goods and services and increasing the speed of service delivery. The
term also applies to the use of computer network to search and retrieve information
in support of human and corporate decision making.
Factors fueling the avid interest in e-commerce run the gamut of the business
process. From the broad perspective, e-commerce is well suited to facilitate the
30
31
INFRASTRUCTURE
Once an account has been created on the network the other basic infrastructure
components such as a computer, a modem and connection to the telephone network
have to be established.
For organizations operating from remote locations, where the quality of telephone
lines is not as high as desired the use of VSATs as a reliable means of
communication can be explored. In any case approvals and communication
infrastructure have to be obtained from the telephone/telecommunication authorities.
The emergence of the Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) has facilitated the
enhancement of services that an organization can provide. ISDN makes possible the
digitization of voice, data, graphics, text, music, video and other source material and
32
the ISDN service can be provided to end users from a single end user terminal over
existing telephone wiring.
The major components for network access over the ISDN line are:
1.ISDN BRI line and a network terminal (NT).
2.ISDN customer premises equipment.
An
ISDN
BRI
line
can
be
obtained
from
the
department
of
33
SETTING UP A WEBSITE
When a business organization decides to set up its own website, it needs a unique
domain name so that it can be identified in the Internet word. Preferably, this domain
name should reflect the name of the organization. For example the company Super
Pencils may like to have their Web address as www.superpencils.com and all email address of company employees could be userid@superpencil.com is the
domain used by commercial organizations. One of the most well known domain
name registration services for the top level domains .com , .net , .org , .edu is
offered by the Inter NIC ( registration and other information is available at their
website www.internic.net .
To register a domain name under .com (primarily used by commercial business) .net
(for network related organizations) .edu (for academic degree granting institutions),
and .org for non-profit groups, one first needs to ascertain whether the proposed
domain name is still available or has already been registered by some other
organization. This can be done by searching for example Inter NICs WHOIS
database, which contains the list of all registered domain names. Domain names can
be upto 26 character long, including the top level and cannot contain any characters
34
other than letters, numbers and hyphens. A domain name can not have any space
and can not begin or end with a hyphen.
For Indian organization who want to have the top level domain .in, domain name
have to be registered with a National Center for Software Technology (NCST),
Mumbai. Preferably the IP address of the machine on which the website is being
hosted should also then be obtained from the same organization NCST.
The top-level domains in the Domain Naming Scheme are edu, com ,gov,mil,org,int
and net and all the two letter country codes from the list of countries in iso-3166.
India has a top level domain in. The second level sub-domains registered under the
in domain are the following:
35
org for organizations which dont get covered under any of the above sub-domains.
At the third level the sub Domain provides space for registering the organization
names or acronyms such as hub.nic.in and vsnl.net.in. In this manner domain
names can be registered by Indian organization.
The domain name registration agreement of InterNIC requires that two domain name
servers (a primary and secondary) be listed for each domain name. These domain
name servers are used to determine IP numbers from domain names, so that the
registered domain name may be contacted over the Internet. Two servers ensure
that in the event of one of the name server machines becoming unavailable, the
domain name is still reachable. These name servers should not however listed
without the approval of the authority responsible for the maintenance of the host
machines.
36
WEB SERVERS
Once the proposed domain name has been registered with the appropriate authority,
the organization has to ready itself for establishing its presence on the Internet. To
make information available on the Internet, the organization has to setup a Web
server. These Web servers have appropriate software, which allows production of
web pages and their subsequent round-the clock accessibility over the Internet. The
organizations Web server then becomes one of the millions of Web servers that are
available over the Internet for users to access through their web browsers.
Once a website has been setup and all the desired content created on it, the
organization wants people to come and look at it. It is desirable that right people
should be able to visit the website so that they may see what is being offered and
make ordering decisions, if any. In order to be able to do so, people have to know of
the existence of the website. There are different ways in which a website can be
promoted. These include:
1. Registering on the search engines
2.Advertising
3.Newsgroup announcements
4.E-mail announcements
37
One way to feed traffic to an organizations site to get other sites to link to its
website. Generally these other organizations will want a reciprocal link back.
38
business
documents
irrespective
of
the
computerized
business
Once data is entered into the buyers computer system and transmitted
electronically, the same data gets entered into the sellers computer system, without
the need for reeking or re-entry. This is normally referred to as application-toapplication EDI. EDI can be fully integrated with application programs. This allows
data to flow electronically between trading partners without the need foe reeking, and
between internal applications of each of the trading partners.
39
Indian automobile industry, Called AutoPilot, the project will network automobile
manufacturers, components suppliers and dealers via an electronic data interchange
(EDI) application, thus speeding up transactions. The companies involved will use
the Web to purchase spares and supplies in order to collaborate on sales promotions
and joint research.
41
E-MAIL: A MEDIA
Companies can use very simple tools such as the e-mail to carry out e-commerce.
This form is used mainly for business- to-business transactions. But with more and
more people connecting to the Internet, the companies are now also targeting the
consumers E-mails is used mostly for the purpose of sales promotion and
advertising. A number of business Web sites offer e-mail newsletters for subscribers.
The newsletters may carry product information, product updates or even news
pertaining to the product range.
DIRECT BENEFITS
43
STRATEGIC BENEFITS
1.Customers relations are improved through better quality and speed of service.
2.Competitive edge is maintained and enhanced.
3.Reduction in product costs can be achieved.
4.Business relations with trading partners are improved.
5.More accurate sales forecasting and business planning is possible due to
information availability at the right place at the right time.
E-commerce, E-business, E-retailing, Call it what you will, but 1998 will definitely be
remembered as the year in which electronic commerce took off. Electronic
commerce via the Internet in India totaled only $2.8 million in year in 2009.
E-commerce is not only the buying and selling of goods and services on the Internet,
especially the World Wide Web but can be divided into:
44
E-business is what happens when you combine the broad reach of the Internet with
vast
IBM was one of the first companies to have used this term in October 1997. It feels
that business is a series of collaborative processes. It requires interaction between
employees, vendors, suppliers and business partners. They must all work together.
Companies are using the Web to buy parts and supplies from other companies, to
collaborate on sales promotion, and to do joint research.
The $2.8 million pizza chain, Domino has used the expertise of IBM to setup an
Internet that connects all the franchises worldwide with its headquarters in Delhi,
Mumbai, and Chennai. The Internet gives 1000 employees access to more than 50
applications and over 2,000 Web pages. Applications allow employees to check
calendars, view policies, and download mission critical information. The system
45
contains a detailed document library, which gives employees easy access to a broad
range of company information, such as corporate accounting procedures and
calendar. And the most popular application on the Dominos Interact is an online
discussion forum that covers topics from product distribution issues to human
resources management.
Purchase
1.
Invoice
Buyer
Remittance
Advice
Seller
Payment
order
Buyers
Bank
Payment Advice
Fund transfer
Sellers
Bank
46
47
TRIGGERS
The challenge for banks would lie in expanding their subscriber base of online
consumers and enhance their service portfolio. How the banks fare in designing,
improving, marketing and rolling out services will greatly impact the adoption trends.
While Internet banking in India is still in nascent stage, it can become a significant
channel for servicing customers. Countries like Singapore have nearly 10% of their
population banking online. Though India may have a very small online banking
population, the untapped market represents a huge potential.
48
OUTLOOK
It is clear, then, that IT deployment in the banking, financial services and insurance
segment is all set to grow. Public sector banks and financial institutions have started
connecting their locations and are devising more means to bringing convenience to
customers. From implementing customer relationship management applications to
managing and integrating of back-end processes including ensuring network
connectivity and quality of services, the gamut of solutions range to this extent. So IT
will be used for repositioning the bank in an integrated financial services market.
Ultimately the key differentiator would be quality of services that companies offer,
which would all be enabled by IT.
VIRTUAL STORES
49
If the retailer is to extend his distribution to a wider geography, the Internet may be a
wise move. The retailer, however should not give up the physical retail location if and
when the web site supports sufficient E-Commerce.
Generally, the benefits of operating a virtual storefront fall into several areas of
business strategy.
of a virtual storefront, which in turn can transfer more power to direct marketing,
which is the most targeted communications vehicle. This capability allows the
company to choose what is to be the purpose of the Web site: online sales, online
advertising, online customers service, or other sales or communications activities.
There is much more flexibility in providing a base for operations to support the
virtual store. The flexibility is such that an entrepreneur could maintain sales and
service from any location.
To expand the firms credentials and qualifications the retail Web site can
50
and with the proliferation of color printers, sales brochures retrieved from the Web
are as attractive as the printed sales piece.
rampant
hyperinflation,
there
are
electronic
systems
to
update
prices,
Producing a first-class Web site will enhance the virtual presence of the
Rather than having customers wait for an answer from the order tracking
The opportunity to test new products or services may be one of the biggest
Many marketers are eager to sell internationally with minimal electronic sales
51
operational and financial issues in selling and delivering the product or service
abroad.
consumer foods like perishable or dated goods are not being sold on the Web as of
yet.
Everyone agrees that ads offering online shopping options are the most
effective. Though P&G [Procter & Gamble] and Unilever say they are gearing up
for direct Web site, they arent doing it yet. Distribution snags have so far limited
growth of online grocers like Peapod and Net Grocer. And traditional retailers like
Wal-Mart are only now moving onto the Net. Online sales of food and beverages
will total $168 million this year estimates Forrester Research, while sales of drugs
and health and beauty aide products will be a puny $16 million.
52
The consumer is not certain who the company is or what it stands for. Likewise, the
company is unsure who the buyer is and what the buyers intentions are.
53
TRANSACTIONS
E-PAYMENT
With continuing growth in e-commerce, its worth learning what the major credit card
companies, banks, online merchants and their technology partners are doing to
increase the security of e-payments.
From the early days of the Internet, credit and charge card companies recognized
the enormous opportunities presented to them. They also saw challenges ahead.
Credit cards are easily the best way to pay for products and services online and
approximately 90% of all online transactions are made by credit or debit cards
compared to only 28% of purchases made in person. These figures are based on
research by Data monitor who also forecast that the value of Internet transactions
will reach $3.9 billion by 2005 in the US and Europe alone.
However, online shopping also has the highest levels of fraud and proving that the
cardholder actually conducted the authorised transaction over the Internet cost Visa
member banks $250m to resolve disputed charges in 2000. The problem is that 'card
54
not present' transactions only require the card number and expiry date, so there is no
way to be sure that it is the actual cardholder providing the details.
It's not surprising then that the card companies have been focusing their minds on
the problem of online fraud. The challenge for them is to reduce the cost of fraud
while at the same time increasing consumer confidence and encouraging more of us
to buy online- whether that is through the Internet or other emerging channels
including mobile phones and interactive digital TV.
From the moment we decide to make a purchase using a credit card, there is a
complex sequence of processes and organizations that handle the transaction. But
in short, the key players are the card associations, the card issuers, merchants and
acquirers. The card associations, also known as 'the brands', are the likes of Visa,
MasterCard and Discover. The issuers are the banks who provide us with our credit
cards and the acquirers are the financial services companies that process
transactions on behalf of the merchants. Some large merchants will do this for
themselves but most outsource to an acquirer that may also provide merchant
hosting facilities.
55
56
QUESTION OF AUTHENTICATION
3D Secure is a payment authentication mechanism defined by Visa for use on all
non-traditional networks such as the Internet, mobile and Interactive TV. The system
puts an extra step into the checkout process that requests that the bank that issued
the card verifies the online user and the legitimate cardholder. Once completed, the
merchant can process the transaction as normal but is now guaranteed payment,
even if the transaction is disputed. So in this case, liability shifts to the card issuer.
The consumer branding for this initiative is called Verified by Visa. Visa has stated
that by 2005, issuing banks must support 3D Secure for their cardholders in order to
conduct authenticated online transactions. Verified by Visa is already up and running
in the US and was recently launched in Europe, where Visa, in agreement with BT
Ignite, now provides a hosted service for issuing banks. Barclaycard Merchant
Services and The Bank of Scotland - two of the largest issuing banks - have
announced that they will support Verified by Visa, while leading merchants that
already support it include Dell, Blockbuster Video, Petsmart.com and United Airlines.
57
IMPORTANCE OF CRYPTOGRAPHY
To meet the new levels of security that customers, credit card associations and
financial institutions require, the new generation of online payment services need to
meet best practice security standards and address a wide range of threat scenarios.
One of the key tools for this is cryptography that dates back to Egyptian
hieroglyphics circa 1900 BC.
Today, cryptography is widely used in a variety of applications such as securing
electronic documents and discouraging the copying of valuable material such as
digital movies. But increasingly, cryptography is used to verify the identity of
someone or something and to prove that an event actually happened.
The de-facto security standard used for Internet based transactions is SSL (Secure
Sockets Layer). Originally developed in 1994 by the creators of the Netscape
browser, SSL is commonly used to encrypt Internet communications and prove that
youre connected to the right Web site and not a fake. Sites that support SSL are
clearly identified, usually by a padlock icon at the bottom right hand corner of the
browser screen.
However, although the use of SSL can keep credit card numbers secret as they
cross the Internet, this does not provide proof that the person typing in the card
number is actually the card holder. With Visa 3D Secure and MasterCards
equivalent solution called MasterCard SPA, cryptography is used to validate
legitimate card users by asking them to prove their identity. Assuming this process is
completed successfully the merchant in question is given approval to complete the
58
transaction through the use of a secure message sent from the cardholders bank.
This message becomes the merchants primary piece of evidence if at some later
stage the transaction is disputed.
For consumers, the process is very simple. In the case of the Verified by Visa
initiative, existing cardholders can visit their banks Web site and enrol in the system,
by providing some basic personal information such as a password or PIN (Personal
Identification Number) which is stored by the bank. To make a purchase from an
online merchant that supports the Verified by Visa system they will be presented with
an extra screen in their browser to enter this information. Hidden from the merchant,
this is provided directly to the issuing bank that authenticates the cardholder and
authorizes the transaction with the merchant.
Simple in practice, but the secure generation, storage and management of the
cryptographic keys that underpin the core encryption, digital signature and
cardholder validation processes, relies on sophisticated technology. Because of the
severe security and branding implications of a successful attack, the card
associations have defined stringent measures. To meet these challenges, software
companies developing cardholder authentication solutions for the online payments
market such as Arcot Systems and Cyota, are turning to specialists like n Cipher to
provide this additional level of security and functionality.
For example, Arcot's TransFort system uses cryptography in a variety of ways to
protect sensitive information and to create digital signatures to provide a record of
authenticity for transactions and payment authorization. The integration of n Cipher's
new pay Shield hardware security module (HSM) establishes a safe, tamperresistant hardware environment that overcomes the inherent security and
59
60
A SAFER FUTURE
Previous initiatives by the card industry to increase the security of online transactions
have failed to be widely adopted because they were too cumbersome for consumers
and expensive for the banks. SET (Secure Electronic Transactions) for example,
required consumers to download a 5Mbyte 'wallet' and digital certificates. The
difference with Verified by Visa and MasterCard SPA is their simplicity. Consumers
only need to remember a password and PIN. The main pressure is on the issuing
banks that become liable for Verified by Visa transactions whether they have
implemented the system or not - so long as the merchants and acquirers have taken
the necessary measures.
In addition to these online systems, there are other industry initiatives to reduce
payment fraud in general and deliver a wider range of cardholder services. For
example, the card associations expect that next generation chip based credit cards,
or smart cards rather than traditional cards with magnetic strips will be used by
about two-thirds of all credit card users before the end of 2006.
The good news is that through industry collaboration and initiatives such as Verified
by Visa and others, there will be a high level of interoperability and standardization.
The end result should be a dramatic reduction in credit card fraud and should also
accelerate the use of the Internet and other online channels for e-commerce by
increasing consumer confidence.
61
RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
62
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Meaning Of Research
Research in common parlance refers to a search for knowledge. One can also define
research as scientific and systematic search for pertinent information on a specific
topic. In fact, research in an art of scientific investigation.
The advance Learners Dictionary of Current English lays down the meaning of
research as a careful investigation or inquiry specially through search for new facts
in any branch of knowledge. Remain and Mory define research as a systematized
efforts to gain new knowledge. Some people consider research as movement from
the known to the unknown. It is actually a voyage of discovery. We all possess the
vital instinct of inquisitiveness for, when the unknown confronts us, we wonder and
our inquisitiveness makes up prove and attain full and fuller understanding of the
know. This inquisitiveness is the mother of all knowledge and the method, which man
employed for obtaining the knowledge or whatever the unknown, can be termed as
research.
Research is an academic activity and as such the term should be used in a technical
sense. According to Cliforrd Woody research comprises defining and redefining
problems, formulating hypothesis of suggested solutions, collecting, organizing date;
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making deductions and reaching conclusion; and at last carefully testing the
conclusion to determine whether they fit the formulating hypothesis. D Slesinger and
M. Stephenson in the Encyclopedia of Social Sciences defined research as the
manipulation of things, concepts or symbols for the purpose of generalizing to
extend, correct or verify knowledge making for its advancement. It is the pursuit of
truth with the helps of study, observation comparison and experiment. In short, the
solution to a problem is research. The systematic approach concerning
generalization and the formulation of a theory is also research.
As such the term research refers to the systematic method consisting of
enunciating the problem, formulating a hypothesis, collecting the facts of data,
analyzing the facts and research certain conclusions either in the from of solution (s)
towards the concerned problem or in certain generalization for some theoretical
formulation.
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RESEARCH
DESIGN
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RESEARCH DESIGN
A research design specifies the method and procedure for conducting a particular
study. Research designs can be grouped into:
Exploratory Research:
Descriptive Research :
the
characteristics
of
certain
different
products.
Causal Research:
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HYPOTHESIS
HYPOTHESIS
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Primary Data:
some
specific
purpose
of
for
specific
research project.
Secondary Data:
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A large part of business these days is dealing with other businesses that supply you
parts and components since rarely do companies manufacture things from beginning
to end most things are made from component parts which are created by totally
different companies.
This is true for service too, companies supplying services often have that service
broken down into sub-contracting services. Example: A building maintenance
contract can be subdivided into the following service.
1.Security service
2.access control
3.alarm response
4.Landscape service
5.Summer- grass cutting
6.Winter- snow removal
7.Janitorial service
8. Heating , ventilation and air-conditioning service.
9.Electrician service
10.Plumbing service
11.Window washing service.
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BOTTLENECKS
While the technology components are all available for conducting EC, the
constraining factors are the inadequacy of the existing communication
infrastructure in the country and the lack of a suitable legal environment in which
business transactions can be electronically conductedsafely and securely.
Cyber laws are also being framed to take care of national, consumer and business
interest.
In the absence of the legal environment however, users can protect their business
interests by suitably securing their intellectual property and their business
transactions. While access controls can be implemented through routine methods of
password verification and the installation of firewalls, cryptographic products help in
maintaining confidentially, integrity and authenticity of data being transmitted. In
addition, non-reputability of message submission and message delivery can be
implemented along with digital signatures. The use of these security products have
to be negotiated between the end-users and a sufficiently high degree of security
can be achieved without the involvement of the network service provider.
Some of the most popular security products that are available are:
2.PGP/Network Associates
3.RSA/Security Dynamics
4.Entrust Technologies
5.Net safe.
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Three particular pitfalls or mistakes that will undercut or delay the benefits of ecommerce. They are:
1. BROAD EXPECTATION.
We must avoid over expecting- or over promising e-commerce lest we create a
backslash when its promises are not fulfilled. E-commerce will not, in and of itself,
correct all the industrys problems.
2. ROTE APPLICATIONS
Little or no improvements will come from the rote imposition of e-commerce
techniques on bad practices. Ensuring the appropriate application of e-commerce
requires us to ask more than whether we can apply e-commerce to a practice and
to consider whether we should.
3. INCOMPLETE IMPLEMENTATION
The benefit of e-commerce will be restricted if we dont recognize its full system
implications, and instead implement it in limited ways that only partially meet its
requirements.
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Internet marketing
on
a companys core
competencies
The proper roles for E-marketing may not be specified clearly enough
or may be realistic in nature
outsource.
Let us now review a number of specific challenges related to marketing and the
Internet.
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System breakdowns.
Speed of site performance Slow Internet connections are irritating to both
users
Legal issues Because the use of the Internet in business is so new, legal
precedents often do not yet exist.
Privacy issues Internet users are willing to provide companies with personal
information. However, they are concerned about what information is being
requested to company Web sites and how that information is to be used.
Communicating without spam People respond well when they are asked if it
is okay for a company to communicate with them and what kinds of
information they would like to receive. What a growing number of Web users
object to is the extensive use of spam, which is unsolicited and unwanted Email.
Clutter Given the huge number of companies that are now online, there is a
lot of clutter on the Web.
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The overall impact of the Internet on all parties will be enormous, but
somewhat different than originally anticipated. The emphasis will be more on
E-marketing (using the Internet to enhance marketing strategies) rather than
on E-commerce (revenues from Internet transactions).
The growth of new high-speed transmission modes such as cable and DSL
connection services will allow more multimedia capabilities to be incorporated
into company. Websites, creating an exciting environment for browsing,
entertainment, and shopping by users.
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E-Commerce Overconfidence:
1.
2.
3.
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4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
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Information A firm can amass information about almost any facet of its business
from free Web sites, as well as from fee-based ones. Both secondary data and
primary data can be garnered via the Internet.
Timeliness With the Internet, a company can operate in real time, which means
the ability to communicate, gather information, and so forth in a very
contemporaneous manner. The time lags associated with other marketing tools are
much shorter on the Web.
Cost efficiencies There can be reduced costs from Internet usage. Postal costs
decrease. Inventory costs can be lowered because there is more efficient
communication between companies and their suppliers. Sales personnel can followup with clients in a more efficient manner. There are no shipping costs for items such
as software that are sold via the Web and downloaded by customers.
Dynamism / flexibility The Internet is a very dynamic and flexible medium, which
lets a company rapidly adjust its marketing mix
Global possibilities With the Internet, a company can effectively and
inexpensively communicate with its various constituencies around the world, thereby
increasing the reach of the firms marketing strategy.
Multimedia capabilities The Internet has large multimedia possibilities for
marketers, especially as additional users convert to cable, DSL, or other fast
connections. More company Web sites will soon be showing 3-D product pictures
that can be rotated 360 degrees, streaming audio and video, photo galleries of
product offerings and so forth.
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Communicability
Focus/
Tailored
Approach
Information
Timeliness
Sales
Interactivity
Multimedia
Capabilities
Benefits
of the
Internet
Global
Possibilities
Cost
Efficiencies
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Dynamism/
Flexibility
Insourcing
or
Outsourcing
(1) Goals
(2) Target
audience
Scale of
Web
Presence
Security
(4)
Marketingmix
decisions
(5) Implementation
Channel
Relationship
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(6)
Assessmen
t
Convenient
24 Hours
Operations
Easier to Ship
Speed
No
Crowds
More
Products
Informations
Ease of
Comparison
Shopping
Low
Prices
No
Salespeople
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Wide Product
Variety
After reviewing the company benefits of the Internet in marketing, it should be clear
that the Web has the potential to serve multiple marketing roles. These are shown in
figure and discussed next. Each firm must determine which roles to pursue and how
to prioritize their importance.
Projecting an image A firm can project an image at its Web site through the sites
design (colors, graphics, etc) and the content presented.
Customer Service According to various surveys, many companies use the
Internet to supplement their traditional customer service.
Channel relations The Internet can help channel members to better understand
one another, to coordinate their distribution strategies, to smooth over conflicts, and
so forth.
Purchasing and inventory management Company purchases and inventory
management can be greatly facilitated through the Web. As Fortune recently noted.
Businesses are finding out that E-marketplaces do something even more important
than locating a better price on materials. They save time.
Information gathering and sharing As previously noted, the Internet has
considerable possibilities for providing marketing information.
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Projecting an
Image
Multi-Channel
Marketing
Customer
Service
Channel
Relations
Potential
Marketing Roles
for the Internet
Purchasing and
Inventory
Management
Selling
Advertising
and Sales
Promotion
Information
Gathering and
Sharing
Data-Base
Development
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Mass
Customizatio
n
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ADVANTAGE OF E-COMMERCE
E-Commerce is going to be an essential part of the business organizations. Now a
days every organization want to use the benefit of the e-commerce, they want to
increase the sales and reduced the cost of their products.
Following are the advantages of e-commerce.
1.Increased sales
2.Increased profits
3.Understanding that profits is not the same as sales
4.Reach a narrow market
5.Target market segmentation allows you to focus on a more select group of
customers and therefore have competitive advantages in satisfying them.
6.Create a virtual community
7.Reduce costs
8.Of handling sales inquires
9.Repeat activities and information processing
10.Of promotional material
11.Of handling customer phone calls.
12.Provide price quotes
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13.The point here is that with a web site, you can have the prices listed, and
change them-you simply edit the web page where as in a printed catalogue
you are struck with the expense of printing a new version if you need to
change many of the prices.
14.Determine product availability (inventory management)
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LIMITATION OF
E-COMMERCE
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LIMITATION OF E-COMMERCE
As there are some advantages of e-commerce but it also has the limitations such as
in the process of payment and privacy issue. Following are the limitations of ecommerce are as follows:
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CONCLUSION
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CONCLUSION
The rapid development of information and communication technologies over the past
decade has revolutionized business practices. Transactions accomplished through
electronic means collectively electronic commerce have created new legal issues.
The shift from paper based to electronic transactions has raised questions
concerning the recognition, authenticity and enforceability of electronic document
and signatures. The challenge for lawmakers has been to balance the sometime
conflicting
goals
of
safeguarding
electronic
commerce
and
encouraging
technological development.
The electronic commerce act of 1998 aims to facilitate the development of a secure
regulatory environment for e-com by providing a legal infrastructure governing
electronic contracting, security and integrity of electronic transactions, the use of
digital signatures and other issues related to e-com.
The Acts are divided into parts that can be summarized as follows:
1. It provides definition for terminology used with in the act and defines the scope of
the application of the act.
2.
Part second of the act addressees electronic records and electronic signatures
generally. It provides that, with limited exception, electronic records and
signatures should be accorded the same treatment as paper records and
signatures for purpose of complying with statuary writing, signature, and
evidentiary and record keeping requirements.
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3.
Part third of act address the integrity and authentication of secure electronic
records and secure electronic signatures.
4. Part fourth of the act address issues of electronic contracting. This part deals with
the form in which an offer and an acceptance may be expressed and legal
recognition of contracts formed in an electronic medium. This parts aim to provide
increased legal certainty as to the conclusion of contracts by electronic means.
5.
Part fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth address the legal issue related to the use
of digital signatures. Digital signature technology, which utilizes asymmetric
cryptography technology, has been developed to facilitate secure transactions
over the internet and other computer networks.
6. Part tenth of the act address the acceptance and use of electronic records and
electronic signatures by government entities.
7.
Part eleventh of the act address deals with issues relating to the liability of
network service providers.
8. Part twelfth of the act provides criminal penalties for international damage or
destruction of information system or data, international trespass into a system
and international theft of computer services, tempering with data, interrupting
network service and intentionally introducing viruses into computers or computer
networks.
Part thirteenth of the act contains general provisions relating to the use of
electronic commerce.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
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