Chapter 1 Slides

10/19/2015
MEHB213 THERMODYNA MICS I: CHAPTER 1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION AND BASIC CONCEPTS
Prepared by:
Saiful Hasmady Abu Hassan, Dr.
Adapted from:
Yunus A. Cengel and Michael A. Boles, Thermodynamics: An
Engineering Approach, 8th Edition in SI Units, McGraw-Hill, 2015
UNIVERSITI TENAGA NASIONAL, 2015
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Chapter 1 Outcomes
At the end of the chapter, you should be able to:
Identify the unique vocabulary of thermodynamics and their
precise meanings
Important to build foundation for the upcoming thermodynamics
concepts and principles
Recognize the difference between metric SI and English unit

Explain the basic concepts of thermodynamics such as system,
state (and its postulate), equilibrium, process, and cycle
Explain concepts of temperature (and its scales) and pressure
(absolute and gage)
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Thermodynamics and Energy

The science of energy
The ability to cause changes
In principle:
Energy cannot be created nor destroyed
It can only change from one form to another
The total amount of energy remains constant
these statements made
The Conservation
of Energy Principle
which EVENTUALLY is
THE FIRST LAW OF

THERMODYNAMICS
The First Law is a quantitative
aspect of energy. What about
qualitative aspect of energy?
Do we have it?
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Thermodynamics and Energy

The First Law of Thermodynamics
Conservation of energy
Quantitative (main subject of Ch. 4 and 5)
The Second Law of Thermodynamics

Qualitative (main subject of Ch. 6 and 7)
Asserts that energy has quality as well
as quantity, and actual (real-life)
processes occur in the direction of
decreasing quality of energy
(The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics)

(well save this for later)
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Approaches in Thermodynamics
Classical thermodynamics
A macroscopic (or bulk)
approach
Does not require
knowledge of the behavior
of individual particle
Used in this course
Statistical thermodynamics
A microscopic approach
Averaged behavior of large
groups of individual
particles (or aggregates)
Usually at a graduate level
Particles
Water to ice transition

simulation using molecular
dynamics (MD)*
*http://biomodel.uah.es/en/water/index.htm
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Application Areas of Thermodynamics

Power Plants/Station
(among others )
Putrajaya Power Station*
Manjung Power Station**
**http://mjg-4.blogspot.com/2013/01/20122012-aerial-photography.html
*http://chimneysofmalaysia.blogspot.com/2010/05/chimneys-of-putrajaya-power-station.html
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Dimensions and Units

Dimension: characterization of a physical quantity
Unit: the magnitude assigned to a dimension
Categories of Dimensions
The Seven Primary Dimensions
(or Fundamental Dimensions)
Secondary Dimensions (or

Derived Dimension)
Mass, m [kg]
Velocity, v [m/s2]
Length, L [m]
Energy, E [J] or [kgm2/s2]
Time, t [s]
Volume, [m3]
Temperature, T [K]
Force, F [N] or [kgm/s2]
Electric current, I [A]
Amount of light, Iv [cd]
Amount of matter, N [mol]
(among others )
(units in SI)
(units in SI)
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Dimensions and Units

Two kinds of unit
systems:
Metric SI system
Based on decimal
relationships
Simple and logical
Widely used
English system
Arbitrary relationships (e.g.
1 ft = 12 in = 0.305 m)
Still used in the US
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Systems and Control Volumes

System: A quantity of
matter or a region in space
chosen for study
Closed system
Open system
Surroundings: The mass or

region outside the system
Boundary: The real or
imaginary surface that
separates a system from its
surroundings
Fixed boundary
Movable boundary
Next up: What are the characteristics of closed systems?

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Closed System: A system with fixed amount of mass, and
no mass can cross its boundary
But energy (through heat and work transfer) can cross!
Another name: Control mass (we control the mass)
A piston-cylinder
device/assembly (without
any openings) is an example
of a closed system*
*http://www.chegg.com/homework-help/scenes-represent-physical-change-takingplace-piston-cylinde-chapter-6-problem-29p-solution-9780073402659-exc
Next up: How about the characteristics of open systems?

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Open system: A properly selected region is space
Both mass and energy can cross its boundary

Devices with mass flow (e.g. nozzle, compressor, turbine)
Another name: Control volume, CV (we control the volume)
The boundaries of a CV is called a control surface
Can be either real or imaginary
A nozzle on a garden hose*

A CV can involve fixed, moving, real, and imaginary boundaries.
*http://www.leevalley.com/EN/images/item/Gard
ening/al902s04.jpg
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Properties of a System
Property: Any characteristic of a
system
E.g. a system is characterized by
pressure P, temperature T,
volume , mass m, among others
The Two Kinds of Properties
Intensive Properties
Independent
of mass of a
system
E.g.
Temperature.
Pressure,
Density
Extensive Properties
Depend on
the size (or
extent of the
system)
If divide with
mass,
becomes
specific
properties
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Density and Specific Gravity

Density,
[kg/m3]
[m3/kg]
Specific volume,
note on the inverse to density
[N/m3]
Specific weight,
Specific gravity,
The ratio of the density of a
substance to the density of
some standard substance at a
specified temperature (usually
water at 4C)
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State and Equilibrium

The State Postulate
State <label>
Property #1: T
Property #2: v
It is about how many

properties are sufficient
for us to be able to define
a state
Definition: The state of a
simple compressible
system is completely
specified by two
independent, intensive
properties
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Can you point out:1. What type of system is
this?
2. Why?
3. Where is the fixed
boundary?
4. Where is the moving
boundary?
5. Where is the real
boundary?
6. Where is the imaginary
boundary?
7. What changes?
8. What remains the same?
15/38

In thermodynamics, a state of a
system is always in equilibrium
Equilibrium: A condition of
balances (no unbalanced driving
forces)
Types of equilibrium in a system:
Thermal equilibrium
Temperature same everywhere
Mechanical equilibrium
Pressure same everywhere
Phase equilibrium
Mass of each phases remains the
same with time
Chemical equilibrium
Chemical composition remains the
same, i.e. no chemical reaction
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Processes and Cycles

Process: Any change that a
system undergoes from one
equilibrium state to another
Path: The series of states
through which a system
passes during a process
A process is properly
described when:
A process diagram or a
property diagram
1. The initial and final states

are specified
2. The process path is known
3. Its interaction with
surroundings is known
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Common processes that you will encounter in this course:
Isothermal process:
Temperature remains constant
Isobaric process: Pressure
remains constant
Isochoric process: Volume
remains constant
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Cycle: A process during
which the initial and
final states are
identical
E.g. Compression
expansion process
compression
P- diagram
expansion
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Steady-flow process: A
process during which
fluid flows through a CV
steadily
Steady means does not
change with time
Opposite: Unsteady flow
or transient flow
Steady-flow devices will

be one of the main
topics in Chapter 5
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The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

If two bodies are in
thermal equilibrium
with a third body,
they are also in
thermal equilibrium
with each other
Two bodies are in
thermal equilibrium if
both have the same
temperature reading
Even though they are
not in contact
Body
A
Body
T
Body
B
Body
T
Both Body A and Body B are in thermal

equilibrium with Body T
Body T is replaced with a thermometer
Body A and B have same temperature
Hence Body A and B are in thermal
equilibrium with each other
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Temperature Scales
measuring devices
Temperature scales are commonly made by

reference to easily reproducible states
Ice point (or freezing point of water)
A mixture of ice and water that is in equilibrium with air
saturated with vapor at 1 atm pressure (0C)
Steam point (or boiling point of water)

A mixture of liquid water and water vapor (with no air)
in equilibrium at 1 atm pressure (100C)
0C
fix
divide equally
100C
fix
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Temperature Scales
Some types of
temperature scales:
Celsius and Kelvin scales
(SI units)
T [K] = T [C] + 273.15
T [K] = T [C]
Fahrenheit and Rankine

scales (English units)
T [R] = T [F] + 459.67
T [R] = T [F]
Comparison of magnitudes of various

temperature units.
T [F] = 1.8T [C] + 32

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Temperature Scales
Other temperature
scales:
Thermodynamic
temperature scale
A temperature scale
that is independent
of the properties of
any substance.
Ideal-gas
temperature scale
Measured using a
constant-volume gas
thermometer
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Temperature Scales
Triple point of water
the state at
which all three
phases of water
coexist in
equilibrium),
which is assigned
the value 273.16
K
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Pressure
Pressure: A normal force exerted by a fluid per
unit area
What is a normal force?
What is the difference between pressure and stress?
1 Pa = 1 N/m2
1 bar = 100 kPa =

1 atm = 101.325 kPa =
1 atm =
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Pressure
Absolute pressure: The actual pressure at a given
position, measured relative to absolute vacuum
Pabs (or just P)
Gage pressure: The difference between the

absolute pressure and the local atmospheric
pressure
Pgage = Pabs Patm (will be specified)
Most pressure-measuring devices are calibrated to
read zero in the atmosphere, and so they indicate
gage pressure
Vacuum pressure: Pressures below atmospheric

pressure
Pvac = Patm Pabs
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Pressure
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Pressure Variation with Depth

Constant density fluid
Patm
Variable density fluid

h
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Pressure
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Pressure
Pascals Law: The
pressure applied to a
confined fluid increases
the pressure throughout
by the same amount
ideal mechanical advantage of

the hydraulic device (e.g. jack)
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Pressure
However!
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Pressure Measurement Devices

Barometer
To measure atmospheric
pressure
Standard atmosphere:
the pressure produced
by a column of mercury
(Hg) of
760 mm in height,
at 0C,
under standard
gravitational acceleration
of g = 9.81 m/s2
1 atm = 760 mmHg

35/38
Old barometers. They have

been around since 1600s!
- Wikipedia
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Manometer
To measure small and moderate
pressure differences
Can contain fluids such as mercury,
water, alcohol or oil
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What we covered
Thermodynamics and energy
Importance of dimensions and units
Systems and control volumes

Properties of a system
Density and specific gravity
State and equilibrium
Processes and cycles
Temperature and the zeroth law of thermodynamics
Pressure
Application areas of thermodynamics

Some SI and English units, Dimensional homogeneity, Unity conversion ratios
The state postulate

The steady-flow process
Temperature scales
Variation of pressure with depth
The barometer and manometer
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10/19/2015

MEHB213 THERMODYNA MICS I: CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION AND BASIC CONCEPTS

UNIVERSITI TENAGA NASIONAL, 2015

MEHB213 THERMODYNA MICS I: CHAPTER 1

Recognize the difference between metric SI and English unit

UNIVERSITI TENAGA NASIONAL, 2015

MEHB213 THERMODYNA MICS I: CHAPTER 1

Thermodynamics and Energy

The ability to cause changes

these statements made

THE FIRST LAW OF

MEHB213 THERMODYNA MICS I: CHAPTER 1

Thermodynamics and Energy

The Second Law of Thermodynamics

(The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics)

UNIVERSITI TENAGA NASIONAL, 2015

MEHB213 THERMODYNA MICS I: CHAPTER 1

Water to ice transition

UNIVERSITI TENAGA NASIONAL, 2015

MEHB213 THERMODYNA MICS I: CHAPTER 1

Application Areas of Thermodynamics

Putrajaya Power Station*

Manjung Power Station**

UNIVERSITI TENAGA NASIONAL, 2015

MEHB213 THERMODYNA MICS I: CHAPTER 1

Dimensions and Units

Secondary Dimensions (or

Energy, E [J] or [kgm2/s2]

Force, F [N] or [kgm/s2]

Electric current, I [A]

Amount of light, Iv [cd]

Amount of matter, N [mol]

UNIVERSITI TENAGA NASIONAL, 2015

MEHB213 THERMODYNA MICS I: CHAPTER 1

Dimensions and Units

MEHB213 THERMODYNA MICS I: CHAPTER 1

Systems and Control Volumes

Surroundings: The mass or

Next up: What are the characteristics of closed systems?

UNIVERSITI TENAGA NASIONAL, 2015

MEHB213 THERMODYNA MICS I: CHAPTER 1

Systems and Control Volumes

UNIVERSITI TENAGA NASIONAL, 2015

Next up: How about the characteristics of open systems?

MEHB213 THERMODYNA MICS I: CHAPTER 1

Systems and Control Volumes

Both mass and energy can cross its boundary

A nozzle on a garden hose*

UNIVERSITI TENAGA NASIONAL, 2015

MEHB213 THERMODYNA MICS I: CHAPTER 1

UNIVERSITI TENAGA NASIONAL, 2015

MEHB213 THERMODYNA MICS I: CHAPTER 1

Density and Specific Gravity

note on the inverse to density

UNIVERSITI TENAGA NASIONAL, 2015

MEHB213 THERMODYNA MICS I: CHAPTER 1

State and Equilibrium

UNIVERSITI TENAGA NASIONAL, 2015

It is about how many

MEHB213 THERMODYNA MICS I: CHAPTER 1

State and Equilibrium

UNIVERSITI TENAGA NASIONAL, 2015