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Energy Efficient Building Design

College of Architecture

Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago

HEAT GAINS and LOSSES : ROOFS and WALLS


Wall

Roof

Ts

To

To

Ts

Ti
Ceiling/Airspace

Ti
Roof and wall are analyzed in the same way. In winter the heat loss is simple transmission based
on the inside and outside temperature, and U-value of composite structure;
Q(winter) = U*A*(Ti-To)
Ti = Inside air temperature
To = Outside air temperature
In summer the solar radiation affects the outside surface of wall and roof. The absorbed radiation
increases the temperature of the outside surface to a value that is greater than outside air
temperature. This outside surface temperature is called Sol-air temperature. It depends on the
properties of wall and roof structure, outside surface material and color, and solar radiation
intensity component perpendicular to the outside surface. The solar radiation amount depends on
the orientation of the surface, solar altitude angle, and solar azimuth angle.
An approximate equation for the sol-air temperature (Ts) of the outside surface of a given wall or
roof is:
Ts = To + A * (Id + Is) / Hso
A = absorption coefficient of outside surface
Id = direct solar radiation on surface
Is = scatter or diffuse solar radiation
Hso = outside wall or roof surface film resistance
The heat gain through a wall or roof in summer is:
Q(summer) = U*A*(Ts - Ti)
Q must be adjusted for thermal lag and time delay. OR
Q(summer) = U*A*(CLTD) using the CLTD method

Instructor: Varkie C. Thomas, Ph.D., P.E.

Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP

ARCH-551 (Fall-2002) ARCH 552 (Spring-2003)

F12 - 1

Energy Efficient Building Design

College of Architecture

Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago

Wall CLTD selection


1. Use ASHRAE table 8.5, page 8.26 (page 26 note) to determine (a) principal mass of the
composite wall, and (b) ASHRAE code number of the wall construction.
2. Determine placement of the principal mass with respect to insulation and the outdoors.
This can be (a) inside, and (b) outside.
3. Calculate the overall resistance (R-value) of the composite wall.
4. Determine secondary material category of the composite wall. Category examples are (a.)
stucco (b) steel or lightweight siding, and (c) face brick
5. Use ASHRAE table 8.6A, 8.6B or 8.6C (page 27,28,29) to determine the wall type no.
6. Determine the latitude of the building location.
7. Select the appropriate ASHRAE table from 8.3A (24N), 8.3B (36N) or 8.3C (48N)
based on latitude (page 16-24 note).
8. Go to table for given wall type number.
9. Determine CLTD for (a) wall number and (b) hour of the day
10. Correct CLTD for (a.) indoor temperature = 78F (b) outdoor mean temperature = 85F.
(The CLTD tables are based on this condition. A correction is required for other
conditions)
11. CLTD (corrected) = CLTD (table) + (78-Tr) + (Tm-85).
Roof CLTD selection
1. From ASHRAE table 8.5, page 8.26 (page 26 note) determine (a) principal mass of the
composite roof, and (b) ASHRAE code number of this mass.
2. Determine placement of the principal mass with respect to insulation and the outdoors.
This can be (a) inside (b) outside (c) evenly placed or no insulation.
3. Calculate the overall resistance (R-value) of the composite roof.
4. Determine presence or absence of a suspended ceiling.
5. From ASHRAE table 8.2 page 8.25 (page 25 note) determine the roof type no.
12. Determine the latitude of the building location.
13. Select the appropriate ASHRAE table from 8.2A (24N), 8.2B (36N) or 8.2C (48N)
based on latitude (page 8.15,15 note).
14. Go to table for given roof type number.
15. Determine CLTD for (a) roof number and (b) hour of the day
16. Correct CLTD for (a.) indoor temperature = 78F (b) outdoor mean temperature = 85F.
(The CLTD tables are based on this condition. A correction is required for other
conditions)
17. CLTD (corrected) = CLTD (table) + (78-Tr) + (Tm-85).
Instructor: Varkie C. Thomas, Ph.D., P.E.

Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP

ARCH-551 (Fall-2002) ARCH 552 (Spring-2003)

F12 - 2

Energy Efficient Building Design

College of Architecture

Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago

ROOF AND WALL HEAT GAIN (CLTD METHOD)


In CLTD/SCL/CLF method the heat gain through wall and roof is
Q = U*A*(CLTD)
Q = Sensible Heat Gain through Wall or Roof
A = Surface Area of Wall or Roof
U = Overall U-Value for composite Wall or Roof
CLTD=Cooling load temperature difference from ASHRAE table for a given
1) Latitude
2) Wall or roof type
3) Wall or roof exposure orientation
4) Hour of day
ASHRAE tables are for latitude 24N, 36N or 48N, which cover U.S.A and Canada, for 16
predefined wall types and 14 predefined roof types.

Example

NW

Latitude : 24oN

Month : July

SW

NE

Building : 120'L x 120'W x 20'H

All Exterior Wall Areas = 40' x 20' = 800 ft2

SE

No Windows

Wall Type : Light Construction


Light Construction : CLTD Values for Hours 8 AM to 7 PM

Wall
Facing

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

11

14

16

19

21

24

26

29

30

30

NE

14

25

34

38

38

36

35

33

32

31

29

26

16

29

39

45

46

43

40

37

35

33

30

27

SE

17

25

31

34

35

34

33

32

31

29

26

13

18

22

25

26

26

26

23

SW

13

17

24

32

40

46

48

45

13

17

24

34

46

56

62

59

NW

13

17

22

30

39

48

54

53

SUM

46

90

132

164

186

202

222

248

276

300

308

289

Simultaneous peak of all walls = 6:00 PM

Instructor: Varkie C. Thomas, Ph.D., P.E.

Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP

ARCH-551 (Fall-2002) ARCH 552 (Spring-2003)

F12 - 3

Energy Efficient Building Design

College of Architecture

Latitude : 24oN

Example

Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago

Wall Type : Medium Construction

Month : July

Hours 11AM-10PM
Facing
11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

10

12

14

16

18

21

23

25

26

25

NE

15

20

25

29

30

31

31

31

31

30

28

26

17

24

30

34

36

36

36

35

34

32

30

28

SE

10

15

20

24

27

28

29

29

29

29

27

25

11

14

17

20

21

22

22

21

SW

12

16

21

27

32

36

37

36

12

16

22

30

37

44

47

46

NW

12

15

20

26

33

38

42

41

SUM

65

88

112

134

154

172

194

219

240

256

259

248

Simultaneous peak of all walls = 9:00 PM

Latitude : 24oN

Example

Wall Type : Heavy Construction

Month : July

Hours 1PM-12MIDNIGHT
Facing
13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

10

11

13

14

16

17

19

20

21

21

21

NE

18

21

23

24

26

27

27

27

27

26

25

24

20

24

26

28

30

30

31

31

30

29

28

26

SE

14

17

19

21

23

24

25

25

25

25

21

23

10

12

14

16

17

18

18

18

17

SW

10

12

15

18

22

25

28

29

29

28

10

11

11

13

16

20

25

30

33

36

36

35

NW

10

11

12

15

18

22

26

30

32

32

32

SUM

94

109

119

133

151

167

185

200

211

216

210

206

Simultaneous peak of all walls = 10:00 PM

Instructor: Varkie C. Thomas, Ph.D., P.E.

Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP

ARCH-551 (Fall-2002) ARCH 552 (Spring-2003)

F12 - 4

Energy Efficient Building Design

College of Architecture

Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago

NOTES: Wall CLTD values in the table are based on

Dark wall surface outside

Indoor room temperature = 78F (Troom).

Outdoor maximum temperature = 95F (Tmax)

Average outdoor temperature = 85F (Tavg)

Daily range = 21F

Outside surface film resistance = 0.333 hr.ft.F / Btu

Inside surface film resistance = 0.685 hr.ft.F / Btu

Tavg = Tmax ( Daily range / 2)


Tmax and daily range are available from ASHRAE weather data for cooling loads design
calculation.
ADJUSTMENT TO TABLE DATA (CLTD Corrected)
CLTD Corrected = CLTD table + (78-Troom) + (Tavg-85)
Example: Wall Type = 9; Tavg = 90F; Troom = 70F; Medium Construction; 9 PM; West Wall
CLTD Corrected = CLTD table + (78-70) + (90-85) = 47 + 8 + 5 = 60

EXAMPLE: ROOF
Latitude : 24oN

Example

Month : July

Hours 9AM-10PM

Roof
type

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

26

44

62

76

87

92

92

86

74

58

39

23

11

22

35

47

59

68

74

77

74

68

58

47

10

19

30

42

52

61

68

71

70

66

59

10

14

20

27

35

43

49

54

58

58

56

52

14

19

19

21

24

27

32

36

40

43

45

46

45

Roof Type 1 (light) peaks at 2:00 PM and Roof Type 14 (heavy peaks at 7 PM

Instructor: Varkie C. Thomas, Ph.D., P.E.

Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP

ARCH-551 (Fall-2002) ARCH 552 (Spring-2003)

F12 - 5

Energy Efficient Building Design

College of Architecture

Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago

NOTES: Roof CLTD values in the table are based on

Dark roof surface outside

Indoor room temperature = 78F (Troom).

Outdoor maximum temperature = 95F (Tmax)

Average outdoor temperature = 85F (Tavg)

Daily range = 21F

Outside surface film resistance = 0.333 hr.ft.F / Btu


Inside surface film resistance = 0.685 hr.ft.F / Btu
Tavg = Tmax ( Daily range / 2)
Tmax and daily range are available from ASHRAE weather data for cooling loads design
calculation.
ADJUSTMENT TO TABLE DATA (CLTD Corrected)
CLTD Corrected = CLTD table + (78-Troom) + (Tavg-85)
Example: Roof Type = 5; Tavg = 90F; Troom = 70F;
At 5:00 PM
CLTD Corrected = CLTD table + (78-70) + (90-85) = 71 + 8 + 5 = 84oF

Instructor: Varkie C. Thomas, Ph.D., P.E.

Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP

ARCH-551 (Fall-2002) ARCH 552 (Spring-2003)

F12 - 6

Energy Efficient Building Design

College of Architecture

Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago

EXAMPLE: WALL AND ROOF

WALLS and ROOF

100 ft

24oN Latitude

Example

Building: 100'L x 100'W x 300'H (No Glass)

300 ft

Calculate Heat Transfer for:

(1) Light Construction (Wall type = 3, Roof type = 3)


(2) Heavy Construction (Wall = 16, Roof = 14)

100 ft

July

LIGHT

Hour

CONSTRUCTION

July

Wall Type = 3 , Roof Type = 3

Hour

HEAVY

CONSTRUCTION

Wall Type = 16 , Roof Type = 14

No.

RF

No.

RF

17

20

14

29

30

15

18

13

26

27

14

16

12

24

25

12

14

10

21

23

11

12

18

21

16

11

16

19

29

11

10

14

19

10

11

39

22

10

11

12

19

11

14

45

35

11

13

11

21

12

16

46

13

13

47

12

17

10

24

13

19

43

18

17

59

13

20

10

27

14

21

40

22

24

68

14

10

24

11

32

15

24

37

25

34

74

15

11

26

11

36

16

26

35

26

46

77

16

13

28

10

13

40

17

29

33

26

56

74

17

14

30

12

16

43

18

30

30

26

62

68

18

16

30

14

20

45

19

30

27

23

59

58

19

17

31

16

25

46

20

26

23

20

50

47

20

19

31

17

30

45

21

21

19

17

39

37

21

20

30

18

33

44

22

17

16

14

30

29

22

21

29

18

36

42

23

13

12

11

23

22

23

21

28

18

36

39

24

10

10

17

16

24

21

26

17

35

37

Instructor: Varkie C. Thomas, Ph.D., P.E.

Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP

ARCH-551 (Fall-2002) ARCH 552 (Spring-2003)

F12 - 7

Energy Efficient Building Design

College of Architecture

Length (ft) =

Building

100

Width (ft) =

Wall Area (ft2) =

100

30,000

Wall U-value =

Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago

Height (ft) =

Roof Area (ft2) =

0.2

300
10,000

Roof U-value =

0.2

Calculate Heat Gains at: (1) 8:00 AM (2) 12:00 Noon (3) 4:00 PM (4) 8:00 PM (5) 12:00 Midnight
Heat Gain (btu/hr) = Area * U-value * CLTD

July

NORTH

Hr.No. CLTD
LIGHT

MBH

EAST
CLTD

MBH = 1000 btu/hr

SOUTH

MBH

WEST

ROOF

TOT

CLTD

MBH

CLTD

MBH

CLTD

MBH

MBH

CONSTRUCTION

30

16

96

138

12

16

96

46

276

13

78

13

78

47

94

622

16

26

156

35

210

26

156

46

276

77

154

952

20

26

156

23

138

20

120

50

300

47

94

808

24

10

60

10

60

54

17

102

16

32

308

HEAVY

Peaks at 4 PM

CONSTRUCTION

54

11

66

48

16

96

19

38

302

12

48

17

102

30

10

60

24

48

288

16

13

78

28

168

10

60

13

78

40

80

464

20

19

114

31

186

17

102

30

180

45

90

672

24

21

126

26

156

17

102

35

210

37

74

668

Envelope

Solar Radiation BTUH

Peaks at 8 PM

Solar

Heat Gain

Light Contruction MBH

Radiation

MBH

Heavy Construction MBH

BTUH

1000 MBH
300 BTUH
800 MBH

600 MBH

200 BTUH

400 MBH
100 BTUH
200 MBH

8:00

12:00

4:00

8:00

12:00

AM

Noon

PM

PM

Mdngt

Instructor: Varkie C. Thomas, Ph.D., P.E.

Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP

ARCH-551 (Fall-2002) ARCH 552 (Spring-2003)

F12 - 8

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