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Chapter 7
Water Quality
Dissolved Oxygen
The measurement of the rate at which this oxygen is used
by microorganisms decomposing organic matter.
Theoretical oxygen demand (ThOD)
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
Chemical oxygen demand (COD)
CaHbOc + O2
CO2 + H2O
CaHbNc Od + O2
Solution:
C6 H12O6 6O2
1 mol
1.67 mol
6CO2 6H 2O
6 mol
x ?mol
1.67 6
10.02 mol of O 2
1
mO2
mgO 2
10.02 32 321
L
5
Solution:
CH5 N 1.5O2
31 g
1.5x32 g
0.3 g
xg
CO2 H 2O NH3
1.5 0.3 32
x
0.4645 g O2 / L
31
1 mol of O2 = 22.4 L O2
1 L of Air = 0.21 L O2
1Lair
0.4645
22.4L
C ThOD
mol
32
mol 0.21LO2
C ThOD 1.55
Lair
Lsolution
NH3 2O2
17 g
2x32 g
0.3 g
xg
HNO3 H 2O
1Lair
Lair
0.3 2
22.4L
N ThOD
mol
2.06
1
mol 0.21LO2
Lsolution
Total Oxygen Demand
BOD Bottle
300 mL
Where:
DOI : Initial DO, mg/L
DOF : Final DO, mg/L
BOD 8 2 6 mg/L
Sample B:
BOD 8 0 ? mg/L
Note:
DOF 2 mg/L
DO 2 mg/L
Solution:
Assume that
Then,
Dilution Factor
800
D
100
8
800
D
400
2
D 200
11
ACCUMULATED
IN
Rate of DO
ACCUMULATED
CONSUMED
dz
V rV
dt
First-ordor reaction
dz
k1 z
dt
Where:
z : Dissolved oxygen, mg/L
z0: Initial dissolved oxygen, mg/L
t : Time
V: Volume of BOD bottle, mL
r: Reaction rate
z z0e k1t
12
L z y
L y z
L y L0e
y L(1 e
k1t
k1t
13
Sample
+
K2Cr2O7
+
H2SO4
Heating
3 hours
14
Solids
Solid Particle Size
10-3m
Dissolved
Can be removed by a
membrane
Consists of organic
and inorganic matters
Hardly/impossibly be
removed by
sedimentation
1 m
Colloidal
Can be removed by a
membrane
Consists of organic
and inorganic matters
Hardly/impossibly be
removed by
sedimentation
Suspended
Can be removed by a
membrane or glass-fiber
with nominal pore size of
1.2m
Consists of organic and
inorganic matters
Can be removed by
sedimentation
15
Solids (Cont.)
3 type of solid determinations
o Total solids (TS)
o Total suspended solids (TSS)
o Total dissolved solids (TDS)
TS TSS TDS
Solids (Cont.)
Experimental Procedure
Sample
(V mL)
Filter with
Glass fiber
( = 2m)
Retained on
the filter
Filtrate
m m
VSS (mg / L)
V
`
1
`
2
m m2
VDS (mg / L) 1
V
FDS
(m2)
FSS
(m`2)
Drying
Owen
180 oC
for 1h
103-105oC
for 1h
TDS
(m1)
TSS
(m`1)
Burning
Furnace of 530-550oC for
15-20 min
17
Solids (Cont.)
18
Solids (Cont.)
Example: A laboratory runs a solids test. The weight of the crucible
= 48.6212g. A 100 mL sample is placed in the crucible and the water is
evaporated. The weight of the crucible and dry solids = 48.6432 g. The
crucible is placed in a 600oC furnace for 24hr and cooled in a
desiccators. The weight of the cooled crucible and residue, or unburned
solids = 48.6300 g. Find the total, volatile and fixed solids.
Solution:
48.6432 48.6212g
TS
106 220 mg/L
100 mL
48.6300 48.6212g
FS
106 88 mg/L
100 mL
Nitrogen
Overview
o Nitrogen is the largest single component of the earths atmosphere
(78.08% by volume, 75.5% by weight) and their compounds play a
vital role in water resources, in the life processes of all living
organisms
o Nitrogen is an essential nutrient for biological growth, normally
comprising about 12-14% of the mass of cell protein.
o Forms of nitrogen in the environment range from organic and
ammonium nitrogen (oxidation state minus 3), through nitrogen gas
(zero), to nitrite (plus 3) and nitrate (plus 5).
o Organic and ammonium nitrogen are the main forms present in
municipal wastewater and are often measured together as Total
Nitrogen (Cont.)
Nitrification
Denitrification
21
Nitrogen (Cont.)
Measurement
22
Bacteriological Measurements
Waterborne Diseases
Typhoid
Cholera
Shigellosis
Enteroviral diseases
Giardiasis
Cryptosporidiosis
Salmonellosis
Hepatitis
Others
23
No coliforms
Have coliforms
The capture of gas in a tube where
lactose is fermented by coliform
organisms.
USA Standard
26
USA Standard
27
CAMBODIA
28
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Parameters
Temperature
pH
BOD5 ( 5 days at 200 C )
COD
Total Suspended Solids
Total Dissolved Solids
Grease and Oil
Detergents
Phenols
Nitrate (NO3 )
Chlorine ( free )
Chloride ( ion )
Sulphate ( as SO4 )
Sulphide ( as Sulphur )
Phosphate ( PO4 )
Unit
0C
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
29
Category
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
II
II
II
II
II
1- River
No
1
2
3
4
5
Parameter
pH
BOD5
Suspended Solid
Dissolved Oxygen
Coliform
Unit
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
MPN/100ml
Parameter
Unit
Standard Value
6.5 8.5
1 10
25 100
2.0 - 7.5
< 5000
Standard Value
pH
mg/l
6.5 8.5
COD
mg/l
18
Suspended Solid
mg/l
1 15
Dissolved Oxygen
mg/l
2.0 - 7.5
Coliform
MPN/100ml
< 1000
Total Nitrogen
mg/l
1.0 0.6
Total Phosphorus
mg/l
0.005 0.05
31
3- Costal Water
No
Parameter
Unit
Standard Value
pH
mg/l
7.0 8.3
COD
mg/l
28
Dissolved Oxygen
mg/l
2 - 7.5
Coliform
MPN/100ml
< 1000
Oil content
mg/l
Total Nitrogen
mg/l
1 1.0
Total Phosphorus
mg/l
0.02 0.09
32
Parameter
Carbon tetrachloride
Hexachloro-benzene
DDT
Endrin
Diedrin
Aldrin
Isodrin
Perchloroethylene
Hexachlorobutadiene
Chloroform
1,2 Trichloroethylene
Trichloroethylene
Trichlorobenzene
Hexachloroethylene
Benzene
Unit
g/l
g/l
g/l
g/l
g/l
g/l
g/l
g/l
g/l
g/l
g/l
g/l
g/l
g/l
g/l
Standard Value
< 12
< 0.03
< 10
< 0.01
< 0.01
< 0.005
< 0.005
< 10
< 0.1
< 12
< 10
< 10
< 0.4
< 0.05
< 10
33