FrenchGerman enmity

after the Battle of the Allia and accepting a sizeable ransom for the release of the city. Gaul itself had strategic importance both because of its geographic position
as well as a source of revenue, mercenaries and slaves.
The Germanic tribes, by contrast, remained more isolated
and fractious. Germany lay farther from the Roman domain and was well-protected by the strong natural barriers
of the Alps, the Rhine and Danube rivers, and the dense
forests. Therefore, the expanding Roman Empire turned
its attentions to Gaul rst, culminating in Julius Caesars
conquest of Gaul in 50 BC.
Because of its closer proximity to Rome and less
formidable geographic obstacles, Rome was able to consolidate its control of Gaul. For the next three centuries,
until the Crisis of the Third Century, Gaul was an integral part of the Roman Empire. Gaul gradually became Romanized, its people adopting Roman customs
and melding their own indigenous tongues with Latin
to produce Old French, which through the Middle Ages
evolved into French.
Germany, on the other hand, was never fully Romanized.
Western Germany, known to the Romans as Germania,
John Tenniel: Au Revoir!, Punch 6 August 1881
was not integrated into the Empire until the 1st century
AD, and the Romans gave up trying to conquer and RoFrenchGerman enmity[1] (French: Rivalit franco- manize the eastern half of Germany after the disastrous
allemande German: Deutschfranzsische Erbfeind- Battle of Teutoburg Forest.
schaft) was the idea of unavoidably hostile relations and
mutual revanchism between Germans and French people Cultural dierences between the Gauls and Germans
that arose in the 16th century and became popular with conspired with the dramatically dierent extent of Rothe FrancoPrussian War of 18701871. It was an im- manization to establish the two cultures as distinct and
portant factor in the unication of Germany and World discrete entities during the late Roman Empire and early
War I, and was nally overcome after World War II, when Middle Ages. The Franks, themselves a Germanic tribe,
under the inuence of the Cold War cordial French abandoned much of the linguistic and cultural legacy of
German relations became the key to European integra- their Germanic forbears after having conquered Gaul and
in time became distinct from other Germanic tribes east
tion.
of the Rhine.

The Carolingian Empire established in 800 by

Charlemagne achieved a transitory political unity,
but the death of Charlemagnes son Louis the Pious
marked its demise, as in 843 the Carolingian realm
was divided into three parts by the Treaty of Verdun.
Short-lived Middle Francia, the weak central part under
Emperor Lothair I, was soon split again. Its northern
Lotharingia part on both sides of the language border
became a bone of contention between the western and
eastern kingdoms that developed into the modern nations
of France and Germany.

Supposed origins

The rivalry and cultural dierences between Gauls and

Germans the pre-Roman cultures that gradually evolved
into France and Germany were noted by Julius Caesar
in his On The Gallic War.

Romans, Carthaginians and many other cultures frequently employed Gaul tribesmen as guides and translators. The Gauls frequently raided Roman territory, most
spectacularly in 390/387 BC (390 BC being the tradi- France maintained a much more outward-looking geopotional and 387 BC a probable year), seizing Rome itself litical role through the Middle Ages, ghting wars against
1

SUPPOSED ORIGINS

the Spanish and British that ultimately dened the nations identity as a politically integrated and discrete unit,
and occupying an important role as Europes largest,
most powerful and most populous Christian nation. For
these reasons, French gradually supplanted Latin as the
common language of international diplomacy and culture.
Germany, on the other hand, remained more inwardlooking.

able to marry his son Philip the Handsome to Joanna

of Castile, heiress to both the Crown of Castile and the
Crown of Aragon. His grandson, Emperor Charles V,
inherited the Low Countries and the Franche-Comt in
1506; when he by his mother also inherited Spain in 1516,
France was surrounded by Habsburg territories and felt
under pressure. The resulting tension between the two
powers caused a number of conicts, such as the Italian
Wars or the War of the Spanish Succession, until the
The rapid ascent of Prussia and later Germany during
the 19th and the early 20th centuries altered the bal- Diplomatic Revolution of 1756 made them allies against
Prussia.
ance of power between the two nations. This gave rise
to an existential change in the nature of their relation- The Thirty Years War (16181648), was a complex conship, increasingly dened by mutually hostile modern ict that took place in and around the Holy Roman
nationalism. Writers, historians and politicians in both empire, with religious, structural, and dynastic causes.
countries tended to project their enmity backwards, re- France intervened in this conict both indirectly, largely
garded all history as a single, coherent and unbroken nar- but not exclusively, on the side of various intervening
rative of ongoing conict, and reinterpreted the earlier Protestant powers, as well as directly from 1635 on. The
history to t into the concept of a hereditary enmity.
1648 Peace of Westphalia gave France limited control
over Alsace and Lorraine. The 1679 Treaties of Nijmegen consolidated this result by bringing the towns under French control. In 1681, France occupied Strasbourg.
1.1 France and Habsburg
Meanwhile, the expanding Muslim Ottoman Empire beMain article: FranceHabsburg rivalry
came a serious threat to Christian Austria. The VatiIn 1477, the Habsburg archduke Maximilian I of Austria, can initiated a so-called Holy League against the hereditary enemy of Christian Europe (Erbfeind christlichen
Namens). Far from joining or supporting the common
eort of Austria, Germany and Poland, France under
Louis XIV of France invaded the Spanish Netherlands
in September 1683, a few days before the Battle of Vienna. While Austria was occupied with the Great Turkish War (16831699), France initiated the War of the
Grand Alliance (16881697). The attempt to conquer
large parts of southern Germany ultimately failed, when
German troops were withdrawn from the Ottoman border
and moved to the region. However, following a scorched
earth policy that caused a large public outcry at the time,
French troops, under notorious General Ezchiel du Mas,
Comte de Mlac, devastated large parts of the Palatinate,
Charles Vs territories surrounding the Kingdom of France
Baden and Wrttemberg burning down and levelling numerous cities and towns in southern Germany.
son of Emperor Frederick III, married Mary the Rich,
In the course of the Seven Years War and in view of the
the only child of the Burgundian duke Charles the Bold.
rising Kingdom of Prussia, which had concluded the neuFrederick and Charles had arranged the marriage, shortly
trality Treaty of Westminster with the British Empire, the
before the duke was killed at the Battle of Nancy.
French under King Louis XV realigned their foreign polHis ancestors of the French House of Valois-Burgundy icy. The Diplomatic Revolution instigated by the Ausover the centuries had acquired a collection of territories trian chancellor Wenzel Anton Kaunitz in 1756 ended the
on both sides of the border of France with the Holy Ro- French-Habsburg enmity.
man Empire. It stretched from Burgundy proper in the
south to the Low Countries in the north, somewhat resembling of early medieval Middle Francia. Upon the 1.2 France and Prussia
dukes death, King Louis XI of France attempted to seize
his heritage as reverted efs but was defeated by Maxim- See also: French period
ilian, who by the 1482 Treaty of Senlis annexed the BurThe Diplomatic Revolution as an alliance between
gundian territories, including Flanders as well as French- France, the Habsburg Empire and Russia manifested in
speaking Artois and asserted the possession of the County 1756 in the Treaty of Versailles and the following Seven
of Burgundy (Franche-Comt).
Years War against Prussia and Great Britain. Although
Maximilian, Holy Roman Emperor from 1493, was also an overall German nation-state was on the horizon, the

1.3

Nineteenth century

3
crushed the Prussian armies. Within two weeks of Jena,
Napoleon had conquered almost all of Prussia except the
area around Knigsberg. The Prussian army, previously
thought invincible, had been fought to almost the point of
total liquidation. This humiliation led German philosophers (such as Clausewitz, Fichte, Arndt...) to play an
important role for the development of German nationalism.

The Continental System, led Napoleon to directly incorporate German-speaking areas such as Hamburg into his
First French Empire. Napoleon reshaped the map of Germany by the creation of the Confederation of the Rhine,
Ocers of the lite Prussian Gardes du Corps, wishing to pro- which included vassal States ruled directly by members
voke the War of the Fourth Coalition, ostentatiously sharpen their of the Bonaparte family (such as the Kingdom of Westswords on the steps of the French embassy in Berlin in the autumn
phalia, and the Grand Duchy of Berg) and allied States
of 1805.
who took advantage of the French protectorate to increase their territory and power (such as the Kingdom of
Bavaria and the Kingdom of Saxony).
The Napoleonic Wars, often fought in Germany and with
Germans on both sides, as in the Battle of the Nations
at Leipzig, also marked the beginning of what was explicitly called FrenchGerman hereditary enmity. Modern German nationalism was born in opposition to French
domination under Napoleon. In the recasting of the map
of Europe after Napoleons defeat, most of the Germanspeaking territories in the Rhineland adjoining France
were put under the rule of Prussia and remainder of ones
were ruled by Bavaria and Grand Duchy of Hesse.
French troops entering Berlin after their overwhelming victory
at Jena (1806). Symbolic beginning of the Franco-German
enmity.[2]

1.3 Nineteenth century

loyalties of the German population were primarily with

smaller states. The French war against Prussia was justied through its role as guarantor of the 1648 Peace of
Westphalia, and France was ghting on the side of the
majority of German states.
The civil population still regarded war as a conict between their authorities and distinguished between troops
less according to the side on which they fought than according to how they treated the local population. The personal contacts and mutual respect between French and
Prussian ocers did not stop entirely while they were
ghting each other, and the war resulted in a great deal
of cultural exchange between French occupiers and GerProclamation of the German Empire in Versailles
man population.
The perception of war began to change after the French
Revolution. The leve en masse for the Revolutionary
Wars and the beginning formation of nation states in Europe made war increasingly a conict between peoples
rather than a conict between authorities carried out on
the backs of their subjects.

During the rst half of the 19th century, many Germans

looked forward to a unication of the German states, but
most German leaders and the foreign powers were opposed to it. The German nationalist movement believed
that a united Germany would replace France as the dominant land power in Western Europe. This argument was
At the battle of Austerlitz (1805), Napoleon I put an aided by demographic changes: since the Middle Ages,
end to the millennium-old Holy Roman Empire the next France had had the largest population in Western Europe,
year. A year later, at the battle of Jena, French forces but in the 19th century, its population stagnated (a trend

SUPPOSED ORIGINS

that continued until the second half of the 20th century),

and the population of the German states overtook it and
continued to rapidly increase.
The eventual unication of Germany was triggered by the
FrancoPrussian War in 1870 and the French defeat. Finally, the Treaty of Frankfurt, reached after a lengthy
siege of Paris forced France to cede the German-speaking
Alsace-Lorraine territory (consisting of most of Alsace
and a quarter of Lorraine), of which most of the inhabitants spoke German dialects, and pay an indemnity of
ve billion francs to the newly declared German Empire.
Thereafter, the German Empire was widely viewed as
having replaced France as the leading land power in EuFrench occupation forces parading in front of Berlins Reichstag
rope.
at the end of World War II.

1.4

The World Wars

France regain Alsace-Lorraine and briey resume its old
position as the leading land power on the European continent. France was the leading proponent of harsh peace
terms against Germany at the Paris Peace Conference.
Since the war had been fought on French soil, it had destroyed much of infrastructure and industry in Northern
France, and France had suered the highest number of
casualties proportionate to population. Much of French
opinion wanted the Rhineland, the section of Germany
adjoining France and the old focus of French ambition,
to be detached from Germany as an independent country;
in the end, the Americans and the British forced them to
settle for a promise that the Rhineland would be demilitarized and heavy German reparation payments.

French troops observing the Rhine at Deutsches Eck, Koblenz,

during the Occupation of the Rhineland.

German Wehrmacht soldiers in front of the Arc de Triomphe du

Carrousel, occupied Paris, 1940

The desire for revenge (esprit de revanche) against Germany, particularly for the recovery of the lost provinces
of Alsace and Lorraine (whose importance was summed
up by the French politician Lon Gambetta in the phrase:
Never speak of them; never forget them!") remained
strong in France over the next 50 years and was the key
French war aim in World War I. The Allied victory saw

On the remote Eastern end of the German Empire, the

Memel territory was separated from the rest of East Prussia and occupied by France before being annexed by
Lithuania. To German failure to pay reparations under
the Treaty of Versailles in 1923, France responded with
the Occupation of the Ruhr area of Germany, the center
of German coal and steel production, until 1925. Also,
the French-dominated International Olympic Committee
banned Germany from the Olympic Games of 1920 and
1924, which illustrates the French desire to isolate Germany.
However, the UK and the US did not favor these policies,
which were seen as too pro-French. Germany soon recovered economically and then from 1933, under Adolf
Hitler, began to pursue an aggressive policy in Europe.
Meanwhile, France in the 1930s was tired, politically
divided, and above all dreaded another war, which the
French feared would again be fought on their soil for the
third time, and again destroy a large percentage of their
young men. Frances stagnant population meant that it
would nd it dicult to withhold the sheer force of numbers of a German invasion; it was estimated Germany
could put two men of ghting age in the eld for every French soldier. Thus in the 1930s the French, with
their British allies, pursued a policy of appeasement of
Germany, failing to respond to the remilitarization of the

5
Rhineland, although this put the German army on a larger
stretch of the French border.
Finally, however, Hitler pushed France and Britain too
far, and they jointly declared war when Germany invaded
Poland in September 1939. But France remained exhausted and in no mood for a rerun of 191418. There
was little enthusiasm and much dread in France at the
prospect of actual warfare. After the Phoney War when
the Germans launched their blitzkrieg invasion of France
in 1940, the French Army crumbled within weeks, and
with Britain retreating, an atmosphere of humiliation and
defeat swept France.
A new government under Marshal Philippe Ptain called
for an armistice, and German forces occupied most of
the country. A minority of the French forces escaped
abroad and continued the ght under General Charles de
Gaulle (the Free French or the Fighting French). On
the other hand, the French Resistance conducted sabotage operations inside German-occupied France. To support the invasion of Normandy of 1944, various groups
increased their sabotage and guerrilla attacks; organizations such as the Maquis derailed trains, blew up ammunition depots, and ambushed Germans, for instance at
Tulle. The 2nd SS Panzer Division Das Reich came under
constant attack and sabotage on their way across the coun- Charles de Gaulle and Konrad Adenauer in 1961
try to Normandy, suspected the village of Oradour-surGlane of harboring terrorists, arms and explosives, and
Kehl was turned into a suburb of Strasbourg. After the
wiped out the population in retaliation.
war, all citizens were expelled from Kehl. This state
There was also a free French army ghting with the Allies, continued until 1953, when the city was returned to the
numbering almost 500,000 men by June 1944, 1,000,000 Federal Republic of Germany and the refugees returned.
by December and 1,300,000 by the end of the war. By
In the 1950s, the French and West Germans launched a
the wars end, the French army occupied south-western
new period of FrancoGerman cooperation that led to the
Germany and a part of Austria.
formation of the European Union. Since then, France
When Allied forces liberated Normandy and Provence in and Germany (West Germany between 1949 and 1990)
August 1944, a victorious rebellion emerged in occupied have generally cooperated in the running of the European
Paris and national rejoicing broke out, as did a maelstrom Union and often in foreign-policy matters in general. For
of hatred directed at French people who had collaborated example, they jointly opposed the US invasion of Iraq in
with the Germans (most infamously, the shaving of the 2003, leading U.S. Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsheads of French girls who had gone out with German sol- feld to lump them together as "Old Europe.
diers). Some Germans taken as prisoners were killed by
the resistance.

2 Chronology
1.5

Post-war relations

There was debate among the other Allies as to whether

France should share in the occupation of the defeated
Germany because of fears that the long FrancoGerman
rivalry might interfere with the rebuilding of Germany.
Ultimately the French were allowed to participate and
from 1945 to 1955, French troops were stationed in the
Rhineland, Baden-Wrttemberg, and part of Berlin, and
these areas were put under a French military governor.
The Saar Protectorate was allowed to rejoin West Germany only in 1957.

843: Treaty of Verdun: division of the Holy Roman

Empire of Charlemagne into a Western Franconia
realm (foundation of France), a central realm (Lorraine), and an Eastern Franconia realm (foundation
of Germany).
1214: Battle of Bouvines
12501300: Philip IV of France's oensive territorial policy against the Holy Roman Empire
1477: After the death of Charles I, Duke of Burgundy, the territory of the Duchy of Burgundy was
annexed by France. In the same year, Charles

4
daughter Mary of Burgundy married Archduke
Maximilian of Austria, giving the Habsburgs control
of the remainder of the Burgundian Inheritance. Although the Duchy of Burgundy itself remained in the
hands of France, the Habsburgs remained in control of the other parts of the Burgundian inheritance,
notably the Low Countries and the Free County of
Burgundy.
161848: Thirty Years War
167278: FrancoDutch War between the Netherlands and France expands to a European conict in
167374
1688: War of the Grand Alliance
16881702 Esechiel du Mas, Comte de Melac
pursues a policy of death and destruction in SW
Germany Brulez le Palatinat, countless cities,
towns and villages were reduced to ashes
170114: War of the Spanish Succession between
the Houses of Bourbon and Habsburg
1718: War of the Quadruple Alliance
173335: War of the Polish Succession between the
Houses of Bourbon and Habsburg
174048: War of the Austrian Succession main
antagonists: France and Great Britain
1754 and 175663: Seven Years War Prussia,
Great Britain, and Hannover against France, Austria, the Russian Empire, Sweden, and Saxony
17921815: French Revolutionary Wars
179297: War of the First Coalition: Prussia
and Austria, since 1793 also Great Britain, Spain,
the Netherlands, Sardinia, Naples, and Tuscany
against French Republic. French occupation of the
Rhineland.
1794: Holy Roman Empire and France, French
occupation of Austrian Netherlands (17951806
Batavian Republic)

REFERENCES

1840: Rhine crisis: Rhine was a historic object of

frontier trouble, between France and Germany; in
1840, the Rhine crisis evolved, because the French
prime minister, Adolphe Thiers, started to talk
about the Rhine border.
1848: Revolutions of 1848 grip the German states
after French liberalism becomes popular with German peasants.
187071: FrancoPrussian War. The defeat of
Napoleon III led to the unication of Germany in
the German Empire under Prussian leadership.
191418: World War I, mostly fought in trenches in
France
192330: French Occupation of the Ruhr.
193940: Battle of France. Victory of Hitler over
the Allies (France, Great Britain et al). France was
conquered by Germany in only 1 month and 12 days.
194042: North part of metropolitan France is occupied by Germany per the Second Armistice at
Compigne.
194244: Following the Anglo-American landing in
French North Africa, the South part of France is occupied by Germany.
194445: Following the Allies landing in Normandy and Provence (including Free French forces),
a Vichy French exile government is created in western Germany, the Sigmaringen enclave.
1945: The defeat of Germany during World War
II led to the French occupation of parts of western
Germany (and Berlin)

3 See also
FranceGermany relations
International relations (18141919)

17991815: Napoleonic Wars

180306: War of the Third Coalition: France closes
out the Holy Roman Empire.
180607: War of the Fourth Coalition: Prussia, Electorate of Saxony, Saxony-Weimar, and
Brunswick against the French Empire. All Franco
Prussian battles were French victories of Napoleon
I (including Battle of JenaAuerstedt) ensuing this
was the occupation of Prussia per the Treaties of
Tilsit. Prussia was conquered by France in only 19
days.
1813: Battle of the Nations

4 References
[1] Julius Weis Friend: The Linchpin: FrenchGerman Relations, 19501990,
[2] Ren Girard, Achever Clausewitz, Carnets Nord, Paris,
2007

Daniel, Ute; Krumeich, Gerd et al. (2006),

Frankreich und Deutschland im Krieg (18.20.
Jahrhundert) : Zur Kulturgeschichte der europischen Erbfeindschaft.

Further reading
Albrecht-Carri, Ren. A Diplomatic History of Europe Since the Congress of Vienna (1958), 736pp;
basic survey
Clark, Christopher. The Sleepwalkers: How Europe
Went to War in 1914 (2013) excerpt and text search
Langer, William. An Encyclopedia of World History
(5th ed. 1973); highly detailed outline of events
MacMillan, Margaret. The War That Ended Peace:
The Road to 1914 (2013)
Rich, Norman. Great Power Diplomacy: 1814-1914
(1991), comprehensive survey
Scheck, Raael. Lecture Notes, Germany and Europe, 18711945 (2008) full text online, a brief
textbook by a leading scholar
Steiner, Zara. The Triumph of the Dark: European
International History, 19331939 (Oxford History
of Modern Europe) (2011) 1236pp
Taylor, A.J.P. The Struggle for Mastery in Europe
18481918 (1954) 638pp; advanced history and
analysis of major diplomacy
Wetzel, David. A Duel of Giants: Bismarck,
Napoleon III, and the Origins of the Franco-Prussian
War (2003)
Young, Robert France and the Origins of the Second
World War (1996)

External links
Aide-mmoire concerning the separation of Germanys industrial regions (8 September 1945)
Franco-German relations. CVCE.eu
France, Germany and the Struggle for the Warmaking Natural Resources of the Rhineland
FrenchGerman enmity in the New York Times
Fler, Peter: Der Rhein, Deutschlands Strom, nicht
seine Grenze

7 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

7.1

Text

FrenchGerman enmity Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French%E2%80%93German_enmity?oldid=675187357 Contributors:

Olivier, Leandrod, Cherkash, Naddy, Gobeirne, Matthead, DragonySixtyseven, Bodnotbod, NeilTarrant, Kelvinc, Guidod, JALockhart,
Angusmclellan, Carl Logan, Ground Zero, Str1977, Novodomus, Rjensen, Ultrogothe, Katieh5584, Victor falk, SmackBot, Hibernian,
Xx236, Kevlar67, Stor stark7, -Ilhador-, Gryon, UberCryxic, Rigadoun, Neddyseagoon, D. C. Brescia, Joseph Solis in Australia, Tawkerbot2, Adam Keller, CmdrObot, Ale jrb, Dub8lad1, Lazulilasher, Bobnorwal, Chardsie, Cydebot, Aldis90, Barticus88, Olahus, Skew-t,
Clich Online, Dappawit, R'n'B, JoDonHo, MarcoLittel, M-le-mot-dit, Warut, Angioman, Andy Marchbanks, Wikiisawesome, PeterHuntington, Mallerd, SieBot, Caltas, WRK, Zimm4973, Uncle Milty, Ansh666, Schpinbo, Hans Adler, Dthomsen8, Good Olfactory, Mr. IP, Kbdankbot, Addbot, VEB Text, Truaxd, Yobot, TaBOT-zerem, House1630, AnomieBOT, Der Statistiker, Acebulf, JagRoBot, Omnipaedista,
Auntieruth55, AustralianRupert, DITWIN GRIM, StoneProphet, Kwiki, LittleWink, Hugo bal, John of Reading, Dewritech, ZroBot,
UltimaRatio, ClueBot NG, HIDECCHI001, Dzlinker, Caypartisbot, Wheeke, Khazar2, Blaue Max, Madehub, Wikirictor, MalleusMalecarum1486, Lance The Scorpion and Anonymous: 73

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