Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CKM.BPK.EE/PK/09/01
TARIKH 28.12.2009
Table of content
INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................3
2.1
2.2
2.3.
2.4
3
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.3
REFERENCES....................................................................................................................................... 25
List of Figure
Figure 2: Cooling load profile of studied building ................................................................................6
Figure 3: Electricity cost for year 2007 ....................................................................................................7
Figure 4: Electricity cost for year 2008 ....................................................................................................8
Figure 5: Electricity cost for year 2009 ....................................................................................................8
Figure 6: Basic principle of absorption chiller,
http://www.raee.org/climatisationsolaire/doc/technical_overview_of_active_techni
ques.pdf .......................................................................................................................................................9
Figure 7: The design of solar thermal absorption cooling ............................................................ 10
Figure 8, The various type of absorption chiller................................................................................ 12
Figure 9: Collector Efficiency of Various Liquid Collectors. .......................................................... 14
Figure 10, cross section through a direct flow vacuum tube ..................................................... 15
Figure 11: Monthly variation of solar radiation, Assilzadeh et al, (2005), Journal of
Renewable Energy ............................................................................................................................... 18
Figure 12: Solar Fraction and Cooling load of the studied building. .......................................... 21
Figure 13: Purposed load profile between solar and direct fired absorption chiller. ......... 22
List of Tables
Table 1: Specification of absorption chiller ......................................................................................... 13
Table 2: Specification of Solar Collector ............................................................................................... 21
Table 3: System comparison for Klinik Kesihatan. ........................................................................... 23
List of Appendixes
Appendix 1: Natural gas tariff in Malaysia ........................................................................................... 26
Appendix 2 : Electricity tariff (Medium commercial )................................................................. 26
Appendix 3: Mean emission for electricity in Malaysia . Source: Energy Centre Malaysia,
http://www.ptm.gov.my ................................................................................................................... 27
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2 INTRODUCTION
High energy consumption in Government hospital building in Malaysia is crucial and
would highly impacted the yearly operating cost of the building. This problem should
have been encompassing in the early stage of infrastructure. Therefore, during the
preliminary design stage the builders, architect and engineer should included a
renewable energy and efficient design features in every building that they planning to
build.
From the energy audits for Governments hospitals building in Klang Valley carried out
by Green Technology Centre has annotate that nearly 60% of total energy consumption
were contributed by the air-conditioning system (PTM, 2009) . Hence this shown airconditioning represents the biggest single power consumer in public and commercial
sectors.
This study is involving an example of Government hospital building which will be
adapted sustainable design features to reduce energy consumption and reduce green
house gas emission in the building. The renewable energy technologies chosen for this
particular study are solar thermal absorption chiller and gas fired absorption chiller.
2.1 Objectives of Study
The aims of this project are to:
2.2
The Solar Thermal Absorption chiller will be employed in the Government hospital
building. The average solar radiation solar radiation in Malaysia is approximately around
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700 KJhr/m2 (Assilzadeh et al, 2005), hence we should take this opportunity to harness
the availability of power from sun to generate cooling equipment in the building as an
alternative energy sources rather than depending on conventional fossil fuel energy
generation.
The scope of this project is to compare the advantage and disadvantage of using Solar
Thermal Absorption Chillers and compared with the conventional electricity powered
chillers systems. There are a few key questions to be answer
Is there sufficient solar radiation to supply the Solar Thermal Absorption Chillers?
In the report, a comparative analysis will be conducted into the various types of solar
collector so that the most effective solar collector would be installed with the absorption
chillers. Analysis on pros and cons of various type of absorbent liquid will also be
included in the report.
2.3.
Calculate the size of solar collector base on the solar radiation availability
Briefly choose the solar collector type and the refrigeration type for the
system
2.4
The design approach for this project would be the technical and economic evaluation
which would include basic preliminary design of solar thermal absorption chiller with
suitable collector type for an efficient operation compared to conventional air-
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conditioning systems such as air-cooled chiller or the absorption chiller power by gas
engine.
ii.
iii.
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115.49
118.91
104.59
93.88
100.00
Tonne
80.24
80.00
60.00
40.00
20.00
0.00
08/21/09
08:00 AM
08/21/09
09:00 AM
08/21/09
10:00 AM
08/21/09
11:00 AM
08/21/09
12:00 PM
08/21/09
01:00 PM
08/21/09
02:00 PM
08/21/09
03:00 PM
08/21/09
04:00 PM
08/21/09
05:00 PM
Tonne
Time
From the data collected on 20 August to 22nd August 2009, the average cooling load
studied building is on average of 103 tonnes. Therefore, the sizing for solar thermal
absorption chiller or gas fired absorption chiller should be design to supply the cooling
load profile (Figure1) and meet the overall requirements of air-conditioning system. This
is to ensure that the design would be more energy efficient and air-conditioned area will
be supplied as per specification that has been determined in the early stage according to
clients project brief.
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kWh or RM
30000
38,765.00
35,694.00
30,873.00
31,433.00
25000
Total
electricity
kwh
20000
15000
10000
Electricity
Cost (RM)
5000
0
Jan
Jul
Figure 3, above illustrates the billing period of year 2007. The data received from the
end user starting from month of June 2007. The graph shows that the minimum
energy usage occurs in the month of September with 30873kWh. Average energy
usage for six months period was 34708kWh with the total of 208248kWh (RM67,
264.00). The highest energy usage occurs during the month of October which was
38765kWh. This scenario happens most probably due to high cooling demand of airconditioning and extension on operating hours from 8 hours to 10 hours daily.
However, this would only be the predicted reason against the profile shown. Detail
study need to be investigated in the future to make the best annotate on the scenario.
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30,000.00
25,000.00
20,000.00
15,000.00
10,000.00
Total
Electricity
kWh
5,000.00
0.00
jan Feb Mar April Mei Month
June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
Electricity
cost (RM)
Figure 3, illustrates the electricity cost and kWh consumed in year 2008, it can be seen
the maximum electricity usage were for the on month of October which is 37,804kWh
and cost RM15, 016. Again, the electricity profile in kWh had shown marginally pattern
and no abrupt changes in the energy consumption.
Total electricity usage (kWh) and cost (RM)
year 2009
60,000.00
50,000.00
Kwh or RM
40,000.00
30,000.00
Total
Electricity
usage kwh
20,000.00
Total
electricity
costRM
10,000.00
0.00
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Month
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Figure 5, illustrated the energy consumed by the studied building in year 2009. From the
figure above, the energy was increase dramatically on month of June due to new tariff
imposed from TNB which was from RM 0.323 per kWh to 0.408 per kWh.
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For this study an ideal framework of solar thermal absorption cooling is as per Figure 6.
Where the heat transmitted from the solar collector to the hot water storage tank by
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means a driving heat for the absorption chiller. However if the solar radiation is not
enough to generate the heat as for this case assume that the solar radiation might drop
below 700 kJ (the solar intensity is insufficient to start the absorption chiller) therefore
the gas boosted system will be operated. Then with the driving heat in the solar collector
the absorption chiller will start to operated with a basic concept as discussed above. The
heat from the evaporation then cooled by means of cooling tower and the chilled water
collected in the chilled water storage before the chilled water being distributed in for
number of air handling units.
P-28
Solar Collector
Hot Water Storage Tank
P-13
Cooling Tower
P-32
P-13
P-19
E-18
P-31
P-30
E-8
P-29
P-14
P-30
P-14
P-18
E-16
P-10
E-2
E-3
E-7
E-9
E-1
E-10
P-20P-33
P-26
P-34
P-20
P-20
P-25
P-21
E-15
E-12
Fan Coil
E-13
AHU1
E-19
E-14
AHU2
AHU3
AHU4
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There were many types of absorption liquid could be used for this system. However, two
major liquid normally available in the markets and they are the lithium bromide
water (LiBr-H2O) and ammonia-water (NH3-H20). These two solutions have their pros
and cons as below:
The coefficient of performance (COP) for the H2O_NH3 system is lower than for
the LiBr_H2O system. Generally, H2O_NH3 systems operate at a 10-15% lower
solar fraction2 than LiBr_H2O systems.
Therefore from this reviews, the suitable solution for this project will be the lithium
bromide water applications and with a driving heat of (80C to 100C) as per figure
7.
The percentage of a building's seasonal energy requirements that can be met by a solar energy
device(s) or system(s). (http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/S/AE_solar_fraction.html)
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The absorption chiller estimated to be installed with this particular building would be
approximately 100 RT (Refrigerant tonne). This is to match the current load profiled of
the purposed building. The specification of absorption chiller is per Table 1 below. As the
manufacturer could provide 108 tonne model, therefore in this studied building the
analysis will be based on 108 tonne absorption chiller.
Table 1: Specification of absorption chiller
Flat-plate collectors;
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
photovoltaic
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Base on the ASHRAE Handbook, of HVAC Systems Equipment the suitable solar collector
for this project will be the evacuated tube collector due to high efficiency for the airconditioning applications (Figure 8). The efficiency of collectors could be reach
approximately at 0.05 to 0.09 (m2.K/W)
6.2
Advantage
Disadvantage
cooling).
fluid
plate collectors
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14
area.
From this pros and cons of the evacuated tube we can conclude that the evacuated tube
have higher efficiency compared to flat plate, however, the cost is relatively high and not
suitable for a low temperature applications. Figure 9 illustrate the cross-section of the
evacuated tube with a direct flow concept.
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6.3
Depending on the flow rate of the hot water and the average solar radiation at the
proposed location two method can be used to determine the temperature namely:
i.
High Flow
The usual flow (high-Flow, referred as high flow means that the nominal
flowrate of the total field amounts to about 40-80 litres per hours per m2 of
the collector surface. This mode is chosen if all the collectors are parallelconnected (Figure 10). This avoids dead zones which gives only negligible
contribution to the collection of heat (Peuser.F.A et al, 2002). The formulae to
calculate the temperature different in the collector are as follow:
T Heatfkux /( Flowrate heatcapaci ty )
For example
Solar radiation: 1000 W/m2
Efficiency of the collector is 60%
Heat capacity of 60/40 mixture water/antifreeze: 3.7 KJ(kg.K)
600 J /( s m2)
14.6 K
40kg
3700 J / kg K
3600 s m2
By using the usual flow method the temperature different is small for this case
the temperature different is 14.6K (14.6C)3.
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Figure 10 Collector Field Layout with On-Roof Installation (parallel) downloadcenter.wagnersolar.com/download.php- Germany
ii.
Low Flow
The low flow mode is characterized by a nominal flow rate of 12-20 litres per
hour per collector m2. This mode requires that, at least partly, a serial connection
(Figure 11) is applied, so each collector receives a minimal of flow.
By the formulae as above the temperature different is approximately 29.2K to
48.6K
Therefore for this study the most suitable method for the applications is the low
flow due to the methods on installing the collector will be serial method due to
high temperature required to generate the absorption chiller (80C-110C).
Figure 11 Collector Field Layout with On-Roof Installation (series) downloadcenter.wagnersolar.com/download.php- Germany
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Figure 12: Monthly variation of solar radiation, Assilzadeh et al, (2005), Journal of
Renewable Energy
Refer to Figure 12, the average solar radiation = 700KJ/hr-m2 (by taking 60% of
efficiency = 420KJ/hr m2)
The solution is 100% water and does not required antifreeze (assume 10,000kg)
Specific heat of water = 4.178(KJ/kg/K) (Engineering toolbox,2008).
420,000 J /( s m2)
36.2 K
10000kg
4178 J / kg K
3600s m2
The maximum temperature for the solar collector as per maximum solar radiation for Malaysia
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6.3 Solar insolation5 for Kuala Lumpur for studied evacuated tubes.
Analysis done to size up number of evacuated tube to meet the current cooling load of
studied building. The average solar insolations were base on NASA approved website of
US Government and manufacturers data. From this website and manufacturers data it
is that estimated 100 sets of evacuated tubes could supply 30 tonne of cooling, therefore
for 100 tonne of cooling the number of evacuated tubes needed will be 400 sets. The
calculation for solar insolation could provide cooling were as the table and formula
below.
The amount of electromagnetic energy (solar radiation) incident on the surface of the earth. ref :
http://www.apricus.com/html/solar_collector_insolation.htm
5
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The average solar insolations were estimated for each hour starting from 8.00am to
5.00pm daily. Each hour, the solar fraction analysis were estimates to evaluate the
performance of solar collector to provide cooling. According to this analysis, the peak
solar for cooling with 400 sets of collectors is at 2.00pm which could produce 144.85
tonne of cooling. The manufacturers data was according to Table 2 below shown that the
gross area of purposed solar collector is 4.08m2 .The area need to install the collector for
air-conditioning of this building would be 400sets x 4.08m2 =1,632 m2. Therefore, this
would be crucial for the studied building to provide area for the collector. Further
analysis and discussion with the architect need to be done in other to coordinates this
new installation. However, to surmount problems associated with the available roof area,
for the preliminary of first this first project on solar absorption chiller only the common
area will air-conditioned as the cooling load will be much lesser.
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20
100.00
80.00
Solar
Insolation
(Tonne)
60.00
40.00
20.00
Cooling
Load
(Tonne)
0.00
Time
Figure 14: Solar Insolation and Cooling load of the studied building.
Figure 13, illustrates the solar fraction (how much solar could produce cooling) versus
the cooling load of the building. From this analysis, it is noted that the system need a
back-up power to overcome the problems associated with lower solar fraction which in
this case it would be at 8.00am to 11.00am. Henceforth, if the propose project area could
supply a natural gas to fire the absorption chiller, this would be a best practice to adapt.
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However, if natural gas is not accessible, therefore the hybrid system shall be used.
Hybrid system shall be the VRV system or water cooled package which would not
involved major impact on the structured of the whole building. Figure 13, illustrated the
proposed load profile for proposed project area with availability of natural gas which
could operates in hybrid mode with the solar collectors.
100
80
60
40
Solar
20
Direct Fired
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Hour end
Figure 15: Purposed load profile between solar and direct fired absorption chiller.
7 EVALUATION OF OPTIONS
The evaluation was done by making a comparison different types of cooling airconditioning i.e solar absorption chiller and an air-cooled chiller, air-cooled split unit,
water cooled chiller and direct fired absorption chiller. The outcomes of the evaluation
discussed as per subject below:
7.1
Economic Evaluation
From Table 2, the analysis done on comparing the energy cost, operating cost and
maintenance cost of the whole project. The life cycle cost analysis done for 20 years
duration in which the capital expenditure and operation expenditure are incorporated
throughout the years. Investments cost incurred on adapting the solar thermal
absorption chiller would be RM27,000 per ton of cooling and the gas fired absorption
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chiller would be RM10,700 per ton of cooling. This can be seen that the life cycle cost of
gas fired system is cheaper by more that half the life cycle cost of the solar absorption
chiller. Henceforth, to be more viable and holistic approach the absorption chiller would
be more practical to be adapt in the building were there are waste heat and natural gas is
available.
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7.2
Social Evaluation
Generally the solar absorption chiller is more sustainable systems which use less usage
of electricity power. The scope of this project will be the installation of the solar cooling
for the existing building. This project however would become as a benchmark of new
design features for the government offices in Malaysia. If the project is successful, might
be in the future it would increase a capacity building of new renewable technology
implementation for the building in Malaysia. New technology most probably needed a
competent worker to install the systems, thus, this project would create job
opportunities in Malaysia and would increase the market forces in the photovoltaic
industries. Most importantly, in the aspect on improving the productivity of the
employees, cleaner air from the STAC would achieve the indoor-air quality, hence
improving the quality of work.
Solar thermal Absorption chiller will be feasible to adapt due to the high of energy saving
approximately i.e 50% saving compared to conventional air-cooled package unit that is
normally installed in the Government hospital building in Malaysia. The payback period
is approximately 9 years of the total investment if the solar absorption chiller
implemented in the studied building. However, if natural gas is available in the proposed
area, the payback period will be achieve in 3 years time with the application of gas-fired
absorption chiller. Although, the installation costs is very high, the CO2 emission
reduction could be achieve at 50% compared to conventional systems. It is
recommended to implement the solar absorption chiller in the hospital building and shall
be hybrid with the electric power air-conditioning system to make sure that the system
will operates continuously. Recommendations shall include the actual project done in
one of the Government hospital building in Malaysia. From there, to obtain an actual
data such as solar fraction of receives from the collectors on the proposed area would be
more accurate and reliable. Furthermore the funding in research and development of this
particular system should be a priority.
9 REFERENCES
Azni Zain Ahmed, 2008, Integrating Sustainable Energy in Buildings: A Case Study in
Malaysia, FAU Conference, Copenhagen, Denmark, 14-15 May;
www.fau.dk/Azni%20FAU%20Conference%20Paper.doc , viewed 16 June 2009
Engineering Toolbox, http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/water-thermal-propertiesd_162.html , Viewed 23/06/09
GROSSMAN, G., 2002 Solar-powered systems for cooling, dehumidification and airconditioning. Solar Energy, 72, 53-62.
F. Assilzadeh, S.A. Kalogirou, Y. Alia, K. Sopian 2005, 'Simulation and optimization of a
LiBr
solar absorption cooling system with evacuated tube collectors', Renewable
energy, vol. 30, pp. 1143-59.
Rhnalpnergie-Environnement, 2008, Basic principle of Solar Cooling.
http://raee.org/climatisationsolaire/gb/presentation.htm retrieved 7 June 2008
The
2007
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Appendixes:
Appendix 1: Natural gas tariff in Malaysia
http://www.st.gov.my/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2492&Itemid=1
Appendix 2
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Appendix 3: Mean emission for electricity in Malaysia . Source: Energy Centre Malaysia,
http://www.ptm.gov.my
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