Chapter 09

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Chapter 9 - Axisymmetric Elements
Axisymmetric Elements
Introduction
In previous chapters, we have been concerned with line or onedimensional elements (Chapters 2 through 5) and twodimensional elements (Chapters 6 through 8).
In this chapter, we consider a special two-dimensional element
called the axisymmetric element.
This element is quite useful when symmetry with respect to
geometry and loading exists about an axis of the body being
analyzed.
Problems that involve soil masses subjected to circular footing
loads or thick-walled pressure vessels can often be analyzed
using the element developed in this chapter.
Introduction
We begin with the development of the stiffness matrix for the
simplest axisymmetric element, the triangular torus, whose
vertical cross section is a plane triangle.
We then present the longhand solution of a thick-walled
pressure vessel to illustrate the use of the axisymmetric
element equations.
This is followed by a description of some typical large-scale
problems that have been modeled using the axisymmetric
element.
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Derivation of the Stiffness Matrix
In this section, we will derive the stiffness matrix and the body
and surface force matrices for the axisymmetric element.
However, before the development, we will first present some
fundamental concepts prerequisite to the understanding of the
derivation.
Axisymmetric elements are triangular tori such that each
element is symmetric with respect to geometry and loading
about an axis such as the z axis.
Hence, the z axis is called the axis
of symmetry or the axis of
revolution.
Each vertical cross section of the
element is a plane triangle.
The nodal points of an axisymmetric
triangular element describe
circumferential lines.
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In plane stress problems, stresses exist only in the x-y plane.
In axisymmetric problems, the radial displacements develop
circumferential strains that induce stresses r , , z and rz
where r, , and z indicate the radial, circumferential, and
longitudinal directions, respectively.
Triangular torus elements are often used to idealize the
axisymmetric system because they can be used to simulate
complex surfaces and are simple to work with.
For instance, the axisymmetric problem of a semi-infinite halfspace loaded by a circular area (circular footing) can be
solved using the axisymmetric element developed in this
chapter.
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For instance, the axisymmetric problem of a domed pressure
vessel can be solved using the axisymmetric element
developed in this chapter.
For instance, the axisymmetric problem of stresses acting on
the barrel under an internal pressure loading.
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For instance, the axisymmetric problem of an engine valve stem
can be solved using the axisymmetric element developed in
this chapter.
For instance, an axisymmetric specimen loaded under tensioncompression.
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Because of symmetry about the z axis, the stresses are
independent of the coordinate.
Therefore, all derivatives with respect to vanish, and the
displacement component v (tangent to the direction), the
shear strains r and z and the shear stresses r and z are
all zero.
Consider an axisymmetric ring element and its cross section to
represent the general state of strain for an axisymmetric
problem.
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The displacements can be expressed for element ABCD in the
plane of a cross-section in cylindrical coordinates.
We then let u and w denote the displacements in the radial and
longitudinal directions, respectively.
The side AB of the element is displaced an amount u, and side
CD is then displaced an amount u + (u/ r) in the radial
direction.
The normal strain in the radial direction is then given by: r
u
r
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The strain in the tangential direction depends on the tangential
displacement v and on the radial displacement u.
However, for axisymmetric deformation behavior, recall that the
tangential displacement v is equal to zero.
The tangential strain is due only to the radial displacement.
Having only radial displacement u, the new length of the arc AB
is (r + u)d, and the tangential strain is then given by:
r u d rd
rd
u
r
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Consider the longitudinal element BDEF to obtain the
longitudinal strain and the shear strain.
The element displaces by
amounts u and w in the
radial and longitudinal
directions at point E.
The element displaces
additional amounts:
(w/z)dz along line BE and
(u/r)dr along line EF.
Furthermore, observing lines EF and BE, we see that point F
moves upward an amount (w/r)dr with respect to point E
and point B moves to the right an amount (u/z)dz with
respect to point E.
The longitudinal normal
strain is given by:
w
z
The shear strain in the r-z
plane is:
u w
rz
z r
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Summarizing the strain-displacement relationships gives:
u
r
u
r
w
z
rz
u w
z r
The isotropic stress-strain relationship, obtained by simplifying

the general stress-strain relationships, is:
r
1

E
z
1
1
2
0
rz
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
z
0
0.5 rz
0
The procedure to derive the element stiffness matrix and
element equations is identical to that used for the plane-stress
in Chapter 6.
Step 1 - Discretize and Select Element Types
An axisymmetric solid is shown discretized below, along with a
typical triangular element.
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The procedure to derive the element stiffness matrix and
element equations is identical to that used for the plane-stress
in Chapter 6.
Step 1 - Discretize and Select Element Types
The stresses in the axisymmetric problem are:
Step 2 - Select Displacement Functions
The element displacement functions are taken to be:
u(r , z ) a1 a2r a3 z
w (r , z ) a4 a5 r a6 z
The nodal displacements are:
ui
w
i
di
u
d d j j
d w j
k u
k

w k
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The function u evaluated at node i is: u(ri , zi ) a1 a2ri a3 zi
The general displacement function is then expressed in matrix
form as:
a1
a
2
a a r a z 1 r z 0 0 0 a3
i 1 2 3

a4 a5 r a6 z 0 0 0 1 r z a4
a5

a6
By substituting the coordinates of the nodal points into the
equation we can solve for the a's:
ui 1 ri

u j 1 r j
u 1 r
m
m
zi a1

z j a2
zm a3
a x u
w i 1 ri

w j 1 r j
w 1 r
m
m
zi a4

z j a5
zm a6
a x w
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Performing the inversion operations we have:
i
1
i
[x]
2A
i
1
j m
j m
j m
1
2A 1
ri
rj
zi
zj
rm
zm
2 A ri z j zm r j zm zi rm zi z j
where A is the area of the triangle
i
i
1
i
[x]
2A
i
1
j m
j m
j m
i r j zm z j rm
i z j zm
i rm r j
j ri zm zi rm
j zm zi
j ri rm
m ri z j zi r j
m zi z j
m r j ri
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The values of a may be written matrix form as:
i
a1
1

a2
i
a 2 A
3
i
j m ui

j m u j
j m um
i
a4
1

a5
i
A
2
a
i
6
j m wi

j m w j
j m w m
Expanding the above equations:
u 1
a1

z a2
a
3
Substituting the values for a into the above equation gives:

i j m ui
1
u 1 r z i j m u j
2A

i j m um
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We will now derive the u displacement function in terms of the
coordinates r and z.
i ui j u j mum
z i u i j u j m um
i ui j u j mum
Multiplying the matrices in the above equations gives:
1
u 1 r
2A
u(r , z )
1
i i r i z u i j j r j z u j
2A
m m r m z um
We will now derive the w displacement function in terms of the
coordinates r and z.
i w i j w j mw m
z i w i j w j mw m
i w i j w j mw m
Multiplying the matrices in the above equations gives:
1
w 1 r
2A
w (r , z )
1
i i r i z w i j j r j z w j
2A
m m r m z w m
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The displacements can be written in a more convenience form
as:
u ( r , z ) Ni u i N j u j N m u m
w ( r , z ) N i w i N j w j N mw m
where:
1
i i r i z
2A
1
Nj
j j r j z
2A
1
Nm
m m r m z
2A
Ni
The elemental displacements can be summarized as:
u ( r , z ) Ni ui N j u j Nmum
w (r , z ) Ni w i N j w j Nmw m
N i
{ }
0
0
Ni
{ } [N ]{d }
Nj
0
0
Nj
Nm
0
ui
w
i
0 uj

Nm w j
um

w m
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In another form the equations are:
N
0
Ni
N 0i
Nj
0
0
Nj
Nm
0
0
Nm
The linear triangular shape functions are illustrated below:

Nj
Ni
Nm
1
1
r
So that u and w will yield a constant value for rigid-body
displacement, Ni + Nj + Nm = 1 for all r and z locations on the
element.
The linear triangular shape functions are illustrated below:

Nj
Ni
Nm
1
1
r
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element.
For example, assume all the triangle displaces as a rigid body in
the x direction: u = u0
u0
u0 u0 N i N j N m
0

Ni 0 N j 0 Nm 0 u0
Ni N j Nm 1
{ }

0 Ni 0 N j 0 Nm 0
u0

0
element.
For example, assume all the triangle displaces as a rigid body in
the z direction: w = w0
0 w w N N N
0
0 i
j
m
w
0

N i 0 N j 0 N m 0 0
Ni N j Nm 1
{ }

0 Ni 0 N j 0 Nm w 0
0

w 0
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Step 3 - Define the Strain-Displacement and
Stress-Strain Relationships
Elemental Strains: The strains over a two-dimensional
element are:
u
r
a2

r
w
a6

{ } z
a1
a3 z
u

a2
r
rz
r
r
u w a3 a5

z r
Elemental Strains: The strains over a two-dimensional
element are:
u
a1
r
0
1
0
0
0
0
r
w
2
0 0 0 0 0 1

a3
z
{ } z
1

z
u
1
0 0 0 a4

r
rz
r
r
a
0
0
1
0 1 0 5
u w

a6
z r
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Substituting our approximation for the displacement gives:
u
u,r Ni ui N j u j Nmum
r
r
u,r Ni ,r ui N j ,r u j Nm,r um
where the comma indicates differentiation with respect to that

variable.
The derivatives of the interpolation functions are:
Ni ,r
N j ,r
1
i i r i z i
2 A r
2A
j
2A
Nm,r
m
2A
Therefore:
u
1
i ui j u j m um
r 2 A
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In a similar manner, the remaining strain terms are
approximated as:
w
1
i w i j w j mw m
z 2 A
z
iz
u
1 i
ui j j j u j
i
r 2 A r
r
r
r
z
m m m um
r
r
u w
1
i ui i w i j u j j w j m u m mw m
2A
z r
We can write the strains in matrix form as:
ui
i
0
j
0
m
0
r
v
0
i
0
j
0
m i

uj
z 1
2A i i z 0 j j z 0 m m z 0 v
j
i
j
m

r
r
r
r
r
r
u
rz
i
i
j
j
m
m m
v m
{ } [B ]{d }
{ } Bi
Bj
di

Bm d j

d m
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We can write the strains in matrix form as:

r

{ } z Bi

rz
ui
w
i
u
B j Bm j
w
j
um

w m
Stress-Strain Relationship: The in-plane stress-strain
relationship is:
r
r

z
z
{ } [D ][B ]{d }
[
D
]

xy
rz
0
0
1

1
0
0
E
[D ]
0 1
0
1 1 2 0
0
0
0.5
0
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Step 4 - Derive the Element Stiffness Matrix and Equations
The stiffness matrix can be defined as:

[k ] [B ]T [D][B ]dV
V
For a circumferential differential element the integral becomes:

[k ] 2 [B ]T [D][B ] r dr dz
A
After integrating along the circumferential boundary, the [B]

matrix is a function of r and z.
Therefore, [k] is a function of r and z and is of order 6 x 6.

We can evaluate [k] by one of three methods:
1. Numerical integration (Gaussian quadrature) as
discussed in Chapter 10.
2. Explicit multiplication and term-by-term integration.
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3. Evaluate [B] for a centroidal point r , z of the element
r r
ri r j rm
3
zz
zi z j zm
3
B r , z B

3. Evaluate [B] for a centroidal point r , z of the element
As a first approximation: [k ] 2 rA B D B
T
If the triangular subdivisions are consistent with the final

stress distribution (that is, small elements in regions of
high stress gradients), then acceptable results can be
obtained by Method 3.
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Distributed Body Forces
Loads such as gravity (in the direction of the z axis) or

centrifugal forces in rotating machine parts (in the direction of
the r axis) are considered to be body forces.
The body forces can be found by:
fb 2 N
Rb
r dr dz
Zb
Where Rb = 2r for a machine part moving with a constant

angular velocity about the z axis, with material mass density
and radial coordinate r, and Zb is the body force per unit
volume due to the force of gravity.
The body forces can be found by:
fb 2 N
Rb
r dr dz
Zb
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Considering the body force at node i, we have

N
T
T R
fbi 2 Ni b r dr dz Ni 0i
Zb
A
0
Ni
Multiplying and integrating yields
fbi
2 Rb
Ar
3 Zb
The origin of the coordinates is the centroid of the element, and

Rb is the radially directed body force per unit volume evaluated
at the centroid of the element.
The body forces at nodes j and m are identical to those given

for node i. Hence, for an element, we have
Rb

Zb
2 Ar Rb
fb

3 Zb
Rb

Zb
Rb 2 r
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Surface Forces
Surface forces can be found by
fs Ns T dS
T
Where again [Ns] denotes the shape function matrix evaluated

along the surface where the surface traction acts.
For example, along the vertical face jm
of an element, let uniform loads pr, and
pz, be applied along surface r = rj.
Surface Forces
For instance, for node j, substituting Nj gives

zm
0
j j r j z
pr
2 r j dz
0
j j r j z pz
f 21A
sj
zj
Evaluated at r = rj and z
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Surface Forces
Integrating the equations explicitly along with similar

evaluations for fsi and fsm the total distribution of surface force
to nodes i, j, and m is
0
0

2 r j zm z j pr
fs

2
pz
pr

pz
Steps 5 - 7
Steps 5 through 7, which involve assembling the total stiffness

matrix, total force matrix, and total set of equations; solving for
the nodal degrees of freedom; and calculating the element
stresses, are analogous to those of Chapter 6 for the CST
element.
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Steps 5 - 7
The stresses are not constant in each element.

They are usually determined by one of two methods that we use
to determine the LST element stresses.
1. Either we determine the centroidal element stresses, or
2. We determine the nodal stresses for the element and
then average them.
The latter method has been shown to be more accurate in
some cases.
Example 1
For the element of an axisymmetric body rotating with a

constant angular velocity = 100 rev/min, evaluate the
approximate body force matrix.
Include the weight of the material, where the weight density
w = 0.283 lb./in.3. Dimensions are inches.
Zb 0.283 lb./in.3
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Example 1
Let evaluate the approximate body force matrix.

The body forces per unit volume evaluated at the centroid of the
element are:
Rb 2 r
100rpm 2
0.187lb./in.3
rad
rev
1min 0.283 lb./in.3

2.333in.
60 sec 32.2 ft.2 12in.
s
ft.
2 0.5in.2 2.333in.
2 Ar
2.44in.2
3
3
Example 1
Let evaluate the approximate body force matrix.

The body forces per unit volume evaluated at the centroid of the
element are:
Rb
0.457
0.187

0.691
0.283
Zb
0.457
0.187
2 Ar Rb
lb.
3
fb
2.44in.
3
lb.
3 Zb
0.283 in.
0.691
Rb
0.187
0.457

0.283
0.691
Zb
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Example 2
For the long, thick-walled cylinder under internal pressure p

equal to 1 psi, determine the displacements and stresses.
Example 2
First discretize the cylinder into four triangular elements.

A horizontal slice of the cylinder represents the total cylinder
behavior.
A coarse mesh of elements
is used for simplicity's sake
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Example 2
The governing global matrix equation is:

F1r
u1
F
w
1z
1
F2r
u2

F2 z
w 2
F3 r
u3
K
F3 z
w 3
F4 r
u4

F4 z
w 4
F5 r
u5

F5 z
w 5
[K] is a matrix of order 10 x 10
Example 2
Assemblage of the Stiffness Matrix

The [K] matrix is assembled in the usual manner by
superposition of the individual element stiffness matrices.
For simplicity's sake, we will evaluate [B] for a centroidal point
r , z of the element.
[k ] 2 rA B D B
T
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Example 2
Assemblage of the Stiffness Matrix: Element 1

zz
r r
ri 0.50

r j 1.00 in.

rm 0.75
i
0
1
B
i
z
2A i i
r
r
i
0
j
r
jz
r
zi 0.00

z j 0.00 in.
z 0.25
m
m
r
mz
r
0
m
Example 2

r r
zz
ri 0.50

r j 1.00 in.

rm 0.75
zi 0.00

z j 0.00 in.
z 0.25
m
i r j zm z j rm (1.0)(0.25) (0.0)(0.75) 0.25in.2

j ri zm zi rm (0.75)(0.0) (0.25)(0.5) 0.125in.2
m ri z j zi r j (0.5)(0.0) (0.0)(1.0) 0
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Example 2

r r
zz
ri 0.50

r j 1.00 in.

rm 0.75
zi 0.00

z j 0.00 in.
z 0.25
m
i z j zm 0.25in2
i rm r j 0.25in.2
j zm zi 0.25in2
j ri rm 0.25in.2
m zi z j 0
m r j ri 0.5in.2
Example 2

r r
zz
ri 0.50

r j 1.00 in.

rm 0.75
r 0.5
A
1
0.5 0.75in.
2
1
(0.5)(0.25) 0.0625in.2
2
zi 0.00

z j 0.00 in.
z 0.25
m
1
(0.25) 0.0833in.
3
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Example 2

zz
r r
ri 0.50

r j 1.00 in.

rm 0.75
zi 0.00

z j 0.00 in.
z 0.25
m
0
0.25
0
0
0
0.25
0
0.25
0
0.25
0
0.5 1
1
B
0.125 0.0556
0
0.0556
0
0.0556 0 in.
0.5
0
.025 0.25 0.25 0.25
Example 2

zz
r r
ri 0.50

r j 1.00 in.

rm 0.75
1

E
D
1 1 2 0

1
0
0
0
0
1
0
zi 0.00

z j 0.00 in.
z 0.25
m
0
0
0.5
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Example 2

r r
zz
ri 0.50

r j 1.00 in.

rm 0.75
zi 0.00

z j 0.00 in.
z 0.25
m
0
0.7 0.3 0
0.3 0.7 0
0
D 57.7 106 0 0 0.7 0 psi
0
0 0.2
0
Example 2

r r
zz
ri 0.50

r j 1.00 in.

rm 0.75
B D 4 x 4
6x 4
T
57.7 106
0.125
zi 0.00

z j 0.00 in.
z 0.25
m
0.158 0.0583 0.0361 0.05

0.075
0.175 0.075 0.05
0.192 0.0917
0.114 0.05
0.05
0.175 0.075
0.075
0.0167
0.0166 0.0388
0.1
0.35
0.15
0
0.15
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Example 2

zz
r r
ri 0.50

r j 1.00 in.

rm 0.75
i=1
zi 0.00

z j 0.00 in.
z 0.25
m
j=2
m=5
29.45 31.63
2.26 29.37 31.71
54.46
29.45
61.17 11.33
33.98 31.72 95.15
11.33
72.59 38.52 20.31 49.84 lb.
(1)
6 31.63
k 10
33.98 38.52 61.17

22.66 95.15 in.
2.26
29.37 31.72 20.31 22.66
56.72
9.06
49.84 95.15
9.06 190.31
31.71 95.15
Example 2

zz
r r
ri 1.00

r j 1.00 in.

rm 0.75
i
0
1
B
z
2A i i i
r
r
i
zi 0.00

z j 0.50 in.
z 0.25
m
j
r
jz
r
m
r
mz
r
0
m
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Example 2

r r
zz
ri 1.00

r j 1.00 in.

rm 0.75
zi 0.00

z j 0.50 in.
z 0.25
m
i r j zm z j rm (1.0)(0.25) (0.5)(0.75) 0.125in.2

j ri zm zi rm (0.75)(0.0) (0.25)(1.0) 0.25in.2
m ri z j zi r j (1.0)(0.5) (0.0)(1.0) 0.5in.2
Example 2

r r
zz
ri 1.00

r j 1.00 in.

rm 0.75
zi 0.00

z j 0.50 in.
z 0.25
m
i z j zm 0.25in2
i rm r j 0.25in.2
j zm zi 0.25in2
j ri rm 0.25in.2
m zi z j 0.5in2
m r j ri 0
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Example 2

r r
zz
ri 1.00

r j 1.00 in.

rm 0.75
r 1.0
A
1
0.5 0.9167in.
3
zi 0.00

z j 0.50 in.
z 0.25
m
1
(0.5) 0.25in.
2
1
(0.5)(0.25) 0.0625in.2
2
Example 2

r r
zz
ri 1.00

r j 1.00 in.

rm 0.75
i=2
85.75
46.07
52.52
(2)
6
k 10
12.84
118.92
33.23
46.07
74.77
12.84
j=3
zi 0.00

z j 0.50 in.
z 0.25
m
m=5
52.52 12.84 118.92 33.23

12.84 41.54
45.32 33.23
85.74
46.07 118.92 33.23 lb.
41.54
46.07
74.77
45.21 33.23 in.
45.32 118.92 45.21 216.41
0
33.23
33.23 33.23
0
66.46
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Example 2

zz
r r
ri 1.00

r j 0.50 in.

rm 0.75
i
0
1
B
i
z
2A i i
r
r
i
0
j
r
jz
r
zi 0.50

z j 0.50 in.
z 0.25
m
m
r
mz
r
0
m
Example 2

r r
zz
ri 1.00

r j 0.50 in.

rm 0.75
zi 0.50

z j 0.50 in.
z 0.25
m
i r j zm z j rm (0.5)(0.25) (0.5)(0.75) 0.25in.2

j ri zm zi rm (1.0)(0.25) (0.5)(0.75) 0.125in.2
m ri z j zi r j
(1.0)(0.5) (0.5)(0.5) 0.25in.2
CIVL 7/8117
Example 2

r r
zz
ri 1.00

r j 0.50 in.

rm 0.75
zi 0.50

z j 0.50 in.
z 0.25
m
i z j zm 0.25in2
i rm r j 0.25in.2
j zm zi 0.25in2
j ri rm 0.25in.2
m zi z j 0
m r j ri 0.5in.2
Example 2

r r
zz
ri 1.00

r j 0.50 in.

rm 0.75
r 0.5
A
1
0.5 0.75in.
2
1
(0.5)(0.25) 0.0625in.2
2
zi 0.50

z j 0.50 in.
z 0.25
m
1
z 0.5 (0.25) 0.417in.
3
41/62
CIVL 7/8117
42/62
Example 2

zz
r r
ri 1.00

r j 0.50 in.

rm 0.75
i=3
zi 0.50

z j 0.50 in.
z 0.25
m
j=4
m=5
38.52 31.63
11.33 20.31
72.58
38.52 61.17
2.26
33.98 22.66
31.63
2.26
54.46
29.45
29.37
k (3) 106
33.98 29.45
61.17
31.72
11.33
20.31 22.66 29.37
31.72
56.72
31.72 95.15
9.06
49.84 95.15
49.84
95.15
31.72 lb.
95.15 in.
9.06
190.31
Example 2

zz
r r
ri 0.50

r j 0.75 in.

rm 0.50
i
0
1
B
z
2A i i i
r
r
i
zi 0.00

z j 0.25 in.
z 0.50
m
j
r
jz
r
m
r
mz
r
0
m
CIVL 7/8117
Example 2

r r
zz
ri 0.50

r j 0.75 in.

rm 0.50
zi 0.00

z j 0.25 in.
z 0.50
m
i r j zm z j rm
(0.75)(0.5) (0.25)(0.5) 0.25in.2
j ri zm zi rm
(0.5)(0.5) (0.0)(0.5) 0.25in.2
m ri z j zi r j
(0.5)(0.25) (0.0)(0.75) 0.125in.2
Example 2

r r
zz
ri 0.50

r j 0.75 in.

rm 0.50
zi 0.00

z j 0.25 in.
z 0.50
m
i z j zm 0.25in2
i rm r j 0.25in.2
j zm zi 0.5in2
j ri rm 0
m zi z j 0.25in.2
m r j ri 0.25in.2
43/62
CIVL 7/8117
44/62
Example 2

r r
zz
ri 0.50

r j 0.75 in.

rm 0.50
r 0.5
A
1
0.25 0.5833in.
3
zi 0.00

z j 0.25 in.
z 0.50
m
1
(0.5) 0.25in.
2
1
(0.5)(0.25) 0.0625in.2
2
Example 2

r r
zz
ri 0.50

r j 0.75 in.

rm 0.50
i=1
j=5
zi 0.00

z j 0.25 in.
z 0.50
m
m=4
21.90 66.45 21.14

20.39
0.75
41.53
21.92 47.57 36.24 21.14
0.75 26.43
0 66.45
36.24 lb.
36.24 169.14
( 4)
6 66.45
k 10
0
42.28
21.14 21.14 in.
21.14 21.14
20.39
0.75 66.45
21.14
41.53 21.90
36.24 21.14 21.90

47.57
0.75 26.43
CIVL 7/8117
45/62
Example 2
Using superposition of the element stiffness matrices, where we

rearrange the elements of each stiffness matrix in order of
increasing nodal degrees of freedom, we obtain the global
stiffness matrix as:
Example 2
1
K 10
95.99
51.35
36.63
2.26
20.39
0.75
95.82
52.86
5
52.86
51.35
36.63
2.26
20.39
0.75
95.82
108.74
11.33
33.98
33.98
26.43
67.96
116.3
11.33
158.34
84.59
52.52
12.84
139.2
83.07
33.98
84.59
135.94
12.84
41.54
67.98
52.52
12.84
158.33
84.59
31.63
11.33
139.2
12.84
41.54
84.59
135.94
2.26
33.98
67.98
33.98
31.63
2.26
95.99
51.35
95.82
26.43
11.33
33.98
51.35
108.74
67.96
67.96
139.2
67.98
139.2
67.98
95.82
67.96
498.99
116.3
83.07
128.4
83.07
128.4
52.86
116.3
83.07 lb.
128.4 in.
52.86
116.3
489.36
128.4
CIVL 7/8117
46/62
Example 2
The applied nodal forces are given as:

pr 0.785
p 0
z
2 ri z j zm 0 0
fs

lb.
2
0 0
pr 0.785

pz 0
F1r F4 r
2 0.5in. 0.5in.
1psi 0.785 lb.
2
Example 2
The resulting equations are:
10
95.99
51.35
36.63
2.26
0
lb.

in.
0
20.39
0.75
95.82
52.86
51.35
36.63
2.26
20.39
0.75
95.82
108.74
11.33
33.98
33.98
26.43
67.96
11.33
158.34
84.59
52.52
12.84
139.2
33.98
84.59
135.94
12.84
41.54
67.98
52.52
12.84
158.33
84.59
31.63
11.33
139.2
12.84
41.54
84.59
135.94
2.26
33.98
67.98
33.98
31.63
2.26
95.99
51.35
95.82
26.43
11.33
33.98
51.35
108.74
67.96
67.96
139.2
67.98
139.2
67.98
95.82
67.96
498.99
116.3
83.07
128.4
83.07
128.4
52.86
116.3
52.86
0.785
u1
w
116.3
1

0
83.07 u2

0
128.4 w2

u3
0
83.07
lb.

w
128.4
0
3
52.86 u4
0.785

w
116.3 4
0
0 u5
489.36
w5
CIVL 7/8117
Example 2
The nodal displacements are:

u1 0.0322
w 0.00115
1
u2 0.0219

w 2 0.00206
u3 0.0219
6
10 in.

w
0.00206
3
u4 0.0322

w 4 0.00115
u5 0.0244

0.0
w 5
Example 2
The results for nodal displacements are as expected because

radial displacements at the inner edge are equal (u1 = u4) and
those at the outer edge are equal (u2 = u3).
47/62
CIVL 7/8117
Example 2
In addition, the axial displacements at the outer nodes and

inner nodes are equal but opposite in sign (w1 = -w4 and w2 =
-w3) as a result of the Poisson effect and symmetry.
Example 2
Finally, the axial displacement at the center node is zero

(w5 = 0), as it should be because of symmetry.
48/62
CIVL 7/8117
Example 2
Determine the stresses in each element as: D B d

For element 1:
0
0.7 0.3 0
0.3 0.7 0
0
D 57.7 106 0 0 0.7 0 psi
0
0 0.2
0
0
0.25
0
0
0
0.25
0
0.25
0
0.25
0
0.5 1
1
B
0.125 0.0556
0
0.0556
0
0.0556 0 in.
0.5
0
.025 0.25 0.25 0.25
Example 2

For element 1:
u1
w
0.338
r
1

u2 0.0126
z
psi
[D ] B
0.942
w

2
xy
u5 0.1037

w 5
49/62
CIVL 7/8117
Example 2

For element 2:
u2
w
0.105
r
2

u3 0.0747
z
D
B
[
]

w 0.690 psi

3
xy
u5
0.0

w 5
Example 2

For element 3:
u3
w
0.337
r
3

u4 0.0125
z
psi
[D ] B
0.942
w

4
xy
u5 0.1037

w 5
50/62
CIVL 7/8117
Example 2

For element 4:
u1
w
r
0.470
1

0.1493
u5
D
B
[
]
psi

1.426
xy
u4
0.0

w 4
Example 2

For element 1:
r 0.338

z 0.0126

psi
0.942
xy 0.1037
For element 3:
r 0.337

z 0.0125

psi
0.942
xy 0.1037
51/62
CIVL 7/8117
Example 2

For element 4:
r 0.470

z 0.1493

psi
1.426
xy
0.0
For element 2:
r 0.105

z 0.0747

psi
0.690
xy
0.0
Example 2
Add color plot of stresses
52/62
CIVL 7/8117
Example 2
The figure below shows the exact solution along with the results
determined here and the other results.
Example 2
Observe that agreement with the exact solution is quite good

except for the limited results due to the very coarse mesh
used in the longhand example.
53/62
CIVL 7/8117
Example 2
Stresses have been plotted at the center of the quadrilaterals

and were obtained by averaging the stresses in the four
connecting triangles.
Applications
Consider the finite element model of a steel-reinforced concrete

pressure vessel.
54/62
CIVL 7/8117
Applications
The vessel is a thick-walled cylinder with flat heads.
Applications
An axis of symmetry (the z axis) exists such that only one-half

of the r-z plane passing through the middle of the structure
need be modeled.
55/62
CIVL 7/8117
Applications
The concrete was modeled by using the axisymmetric triangular

element developed in this chapter.
Applications
The steel elements were laid out along the boundaries of the
concrete elements so as to maintain continuity (or perfect
bond assumption) between the concrete and the steel.
56/62
CIVL 7/8117
Applications
The vessel was then subjected to an internal pressure as

shown in the figure.
Applications
Note that the nodes along the axis of symmetry should be

supported by rollers preventing motion perpendicular to the
axis of symmetry.
57/62
CIVL 7/8117
Applications
The figure below shows a finite element model of a highstrength steel die used in a thin-plastic-film-making process
Applications
The die is an irregularly shaped disk. An axis of symmetry with

respect to geometry and loading exists as shown.
58/62
CIVL 7/8117
Applications
The die was modeled by using simple quadrilateral axisymmetric elements. The locations of high stress were of primary
concern.
Applications
The figure shows a plot of the von Mises stress contours for the
die. The von Mises (or equivalent, or effective) stress is often
used as a failure criterion in design.
59/62
CIVL 7/8117
Applications
The figure shows a stepped 4130 steel shaft with a fillet radius
subjected to an axial pressure of 1,000 psi in tension.
Applications
Fatigue analysis for reversed axial loading required an accurate

stress concentration factor to be applied to the average axial
stress of 1,000 psi.
60/62
CIVL 7/8117
Applications
The figure below shows the resulting maximum principal stress

plot using a computer program.
Problems
18. Do problems 9.2, 9.3, and 9.5 on pages 476 - 485 in your
textbook A First Course in the Finite Element Method by
D. Logan.
61/62
CIVL 7/8117
End of Chapter 9
62/62

Chapter 09

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CIVL 7/8117

Chapter 9 - Axisymmetric Elements

Chapter 9 - Axisymmetric Elements

Chapter 9 - Axisymmetric Elements

Chapter 9 - Axisymmetric Elements

Chapter 9 - Axisymmetric Elements

Chapter 9 - Axisymmetric Elements

Chapter 9 - Axisymmetric Elements

Chapter 9 - Axisymmetric Elements

Chapter 9 - Axisymmetric Elements

Chapter 9 - Axisymmetric Elements

The isotropic stress-strain relationship, obtained by simplifying

Chapter 9 - Axisymmetric Elements

Chapter 9 - Axisymmetric Elements

Chapter 9 - Axisymmetric Elements

where A is the area of the triangle

Chapter 9 - Axisymmetric Elements

Substituting the values for a into the above equation gives:

Chapter 9 - Axisymmetric Elements

Chapter 9 - Axisymmetric Elements

Chapter 9 - Axisymmetric Elements

The linear triangular shape functions are illustrated below:

The linear triangular shape functions are illustrated below:

Chapter 9 - Axisymmetric Elements

Chapter 9 - Axisymmetric Elements

Chapter 9 - Axisymmetric Elements

where the comma indicates differentiation with respect to that

Chapter 9 - Axisymmetric Elements

Chapter 9 - Axisymmetric Elements

We can write the strains in matrix form as:

Chapter 9 - Axisymmetric Elements

The stiffness matrix can be defined as:

For a circumferential differential element the integral becomes:

After integrating along the circumferential boundary, the [B]

Therefore, [k] is a function of r and z and is of order 6 x 6.

Chapter 9 - Axisymmetric Elements

Therefore, [k] is a function of r and z and is of order 6 x 6.

Therefore, [k] is a function of r and z and is of order 6 x 6.

If the triangular subdivisions are consistent with the final

Chapter 9 - Axisymmetric Elements

Loads such as gravity (in the direction of the z axis) or

Where Rb = 2r for a machine part moving with a constant

Chapter 9 - Axisymmetric Elements

Considering the body force at node i, we have

Multiplying and integrating yields

The origin of the coordinates is the centroid of the element, and

The body forces at nodes j and m are identical to those given

Chapter 9 - Axisymmetric Elements

Surface forces can be found by

Where again [Ns] denotes the shape function matrix evaluated

For instance, for node j, substituting Nj gives

Chapter 9 - Axisymmetric Elements

Integrating the equations explicitly along with similar

Steps 5 through 7, which involve assembling the total stiffness

Chapter 9 - Axisymmetric Elements

The stresses are not constant in each element.

For the element of an axisymmetric body rotating with a

Chapter 9 - Axisymmetric Elements

Let evaluate the approximate body force matrix.

1min 0.283 lb./in.3

60 sec 32.2 ft.2 12in.

Let evaluate the approximate body force matrix.

Chapter 9 - Axisymmetric Elements