Retaining Wall Calculation Note

CDR Contract No.
4354: HYDRO AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT OF SOUTH

LEBANON IRRIGATION AND WATER SUPPLY SCHEME CONVEYOR 800
CALCULATION NOTE: RANDOM STONE RETAINING WALLS AT SM2 EMBANKMENT
RESERVOIR
Contents
Calculation Note for Random Stone Retaining Walls at South Marjaayoun 2
Embankment Reservoir......................................................................................4
1. Introduction...............................................................................................4
2. Computation Parameters..........................................................................4
2.1 Wall Properties....................................................................................4
2.2 Loads...................................................................................................5
2.3 Soil Parameters...................................................................................5
3. Random Stone Retaining Wall Design Method..........................................6
3.1 Calculation of Horizontal Thrust..........................................................7
3.1.1 Horizontal Active Soil Thrust............................................................8
3.1.2 Horizontal Active Surcharge Thrust..................................................9
3.2 Overturning Analysis...........................................................................9
3.3 Sliding Analysis.................................................................................10
3.4 Eccentricity of Resultant Forces Analysis..........................................11
3.5 Allowable Bearing Pressure Analysis.................................................11
4. Random Stone Retaining Wall Calculations.............................................13
4.1 Constants..........................................................................................13
4.2 Geometry of the Wall........................................................................13
4.3 Stability Check..................................................................................14
4.3.1 Combination 1................................................................................15
4.3.1.1 Soil Parameters...........................................................................15
4.3.1.2 Horizontal Thrust.........................................................................15
4.3.1.3 Overturning Analysis...................................................................16
4.3.1.4 Sliding Analysis............................................................................18
Page 1 of 88
CDR Contract No. 4354: HYDRO AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT OF SOUTH

RESERVOIR
4.3.1.5 Eccentricity of Resultant Forces Analysis....................................19

4.3.1.6 Allowable Bearing Pressure Analysis...........................................19
4.3.2 Combination 2................................................................................21
4.3.2.1 Soil Parameters...........................................................................21
4.3.3 Seismic Calculation........................................................................27
4.3.3.1 Soil Parameters...........................................................................27
5. Appendixes.............................................................................................33
5.1 Appendix I Plan and Sections..........................................................33
5.2 Appendix II Partial Factors Applied on Actions, Soil Parameters and
Resistance.................................................................................................34
5.3 Appendix III Laboratory Test Results...............................................36
5.3.1 Angle of Friction of Soil...................................................................37
5.3.2 Unit Weight of Soil..........................................................................40
5.3.3 Specific Gravity of Rock..................................................................45
5.3.4 Field Classification and Description of Rock and Soil......................52
5.4 Appendix IV - Allowable Bearing Pressure Calculation......................69
Page 2 of 88

RESERVOIR
5.5 Appendix V Internal Stability Check................................................73

5.6 Appendix VI - Stability Analysis.........................................................77
5.7 Appendix VII Formulas for Seismic Calculations.............................81
5.7.1 Horizontal Active Soil Thrust..........................................................81
5.7.2 Horizontal Active Surcharge Thrust................................................82
5.7.3 Dynamic Active Earth Pressure Coefficient for Soil........................82
5.7.4 Overturning moment......................................................................83
5.7.5 Resisting Force...............................................................................84
Page 3 of 88

RESERVOIR
Calculation Note for Random Stone

Retaining Walls at South
Marjaayoun 2 Embankment
Reservoir
1.Introduction
This chapter introduces the stability design required for the random stone
walls at South Marjaayoun 2 embankment reservoir.
The design of random stone walls depends mainly on its massive weight to
resist failure from overturning and sliding forces, ensuring that this weight is
uniformly distributed to the soil beneath the wall to avoid its collapse.
The wall design was done referring to the British Standard BS EN1997-1
(Eurocode 7: Geotechnical Design Part I: General Rules), BS EN1998-5
(Eurocode 8: Design of Structures for Earthquake Resistance Part V:
Foundations, Retaining Structures and Geotechnical Aspects), the technical
specification volume 2.2 section 6 and the final detailed design report for
Conveyor 800 Project, Section 5.9.
Eurocode adopt a common design philosophy based on the use of
separate partial factors rather than global factors of safety; this is a
substantial departure from much traditional geotechnical design practice as
embodied in BS Codes such as BS 8004.
2.Computation Parameters
The design of earth retaining walls requires the consideration of the
interaction between the ground and the structure. To perform the design of
the earth retaining walls a set of equilibrium calculations is to be done. Wall
properties, loads and soil characteristics are the main parameters to be taken
into consideration in designing the retaining walls.
2.1
Wall Properties
Random stone walls used for retaining the fill will be stone masonry walls
comprised of rock materials packed with mortar joints. According to Technical
Page 4 of 88

RESERVOIR
Specification Volume 2.2 Section 6, each stone shall be of minimum mass 500
kg and minimum dimension 600 mm.
The density of the designed wall was measured to be 2.4 Ton/m3 according to
laboratory test results (Appendix III).
The following figure represents the geometrical parameter of the retaining
wall:
Figure 01 - Geometrical Parameters of Wall
2.2
Loads
The pressures acting on the retaining wall are:

1. Uniform surcharge pressure Q acting on the entire ground surface
behind the wall. Q is assumed to be 0.5 Ton/m2.
2. At rest earth pressure exerted on the back of the wall.
3. Bearing pressure of the soil supporting the retaining wall.
2.3
Soil Parameters
According to laboratory test results (Appendix III), the soil parameters used for
the design of the retaining wall are:
1 Soil density:
4. Friction angle of soil:
s = 1.8 Ton/m3.
= 38o.
Page 5 of 88

RESERVOIR
5. Allowable bearing pressure: qa = 35 Ton/m2 (Calculated in Appendix IV).

2 Water density:
w = 0 Ton/m3, since the wall is provided
with weep holes (4in PVC Pipes) embedded in each concrete layer and
distributed at 2 meter apart in vertical and horizontal directions, then no
water is collected behind the wall.
3.Random Stone Retaining Wall Design Method

The failure of the retaining wall is a result of the instability of the earth mass,
such as overturning or a rotational failure, a translational failure and bearing
failure. Where the distributing moments on the wall exceed the restoring
moments in the rotational failure and the distributing forces exceed the
restoring forces in translational failure.
According to BS EN1997-1, two separate calculations shall, in principle, be
performed:
1 Combination 1: A1 + M1 + R1
6. Combination 2: A2 + M2 + R1
Where set A includes the partial factors applied on actions or the effects of
actions (Appendix II, Table A.3), set M includes the partial factors applied for
soil parameters (Appendix II, Table A.4) and set R includes the partial
resistance factors (Appendix II, Tables A.13 and A.14).
Moreover, since the designed wall is located in an area affected by
earthquakes, another calculation must be performed to ensure the
functionality of the wall during and after an earthquake, without suffering
significant structural damage. This calculation was done according to BS
EN1998-5.
The two calculations according to BS EN1997-1 are used for static conditions,
whereas the calculation according to BS EN1998-5 is used for seismic
conditions.
The forces acting on the wall are mainly due to the soil retained behind the
wall along with the surcharge above it producing a horizontal thrust.
Page 6 of 88

RESERVOIR
3.1
Calculation of Horizontal Thrust
The total horizontal thrust exerted on the retaining wall is the summation of
horizontal active soil thrust and horizontal active surcharge thrust as shown in
the following figure:
Figure 02 - Horizontal Thrust
Pha=Phs +Phq
Where:
Pha:
Horizontal thrust
Phs:
Horizontal active soil thrust
Phq:
Horizontal active surcharge thrust
Page 7 of 88

RESERVOIR
3.1.1
Horizontal Active Soil Thrust
The retained soil will create earth pressure on the retaining wall that is known
as the active soil pressure resulting in a horizontal active soil thrust calculated
by the following equations:
2
K H
Phs= G o d (For StaticConditi ons)
2
Where
Phs:
Ko:
At rest earth pressure coefficient for soil
[Ton/ml]
K o=1sin '
where tan () = tan () / , is the angle of friction of soil and

is the partial factor for angle of shear resistance (Appendix II,
Table A.4)
Phs=
[Ton/m3]
d:
Design soil density
Partial factor for weight density (Appendix II, Table A.4)
s:
Soil density
G:
Partial factor on permanent actions (Appendix II, Table A.3)
H:
Height of Wall
( 1+K v ) K s H 2
2
= x s
[Ton/m3]
[m]
( For Seismic Conditions )( Appendix VII)
Where
Page 8 of 88

RESERVOIR
K:
Dynamic active earth pressure coefficient for soil
K=
cos 2 ()
sin(+)sin()
cos cos (+) 1 +
cos (+)
where
tan =
Kh
1K v
: Angle of friction between the soil and the wall = 2/3
Kh:
Horizontal seismic coefficient
Kv:
Vertical seismic coefficient = 2/3 Kh
3.1.2
Horizontal Active Surcharge Thrust
The uniform surcharge pressure acting on the entire ground surface behind
the wall exerts a horizontal active surcharge pressure calculated by the
following equations:
Phq=Q K o QH(For Static Condition s)

Where
Phq:
[Ton/ml]
Q:
Surcharge Pressure
[Ton/m2]
Q:
Partial factor on variable actions (Appendix II, Table A.3)
Phq=( 1+K v ) KQH (For Seismic Conditions)( Appendix VII)

3.2
Overturning Analysis
Overturning of the retaining wall is calculated by considering moments about

the toe of the wall (Point O, Figure 02), and shall satisfy the following:
M r >M o
Where:
Page 9 of 88

RESERVOIR
Mr:
Resisting moment per linear meter of wall length
[Ton.m/ml]
Mo:
Overturning moment per linear meter of wall length
[Ton.m/ml]
The resisting moment (Mr) is calculated according to the following equations:
M r= G W T x CG (For Static Conditions)

Where:
WT: Weight of the retaining wall per linear meter of wall length
[Ton/ml]
W T = GW A
Where GW is the density of the retaining wall [Ton/m3] and A is the
cross sectional area of the wall [m2]
xCG:
Lateral distance from WT to the toe of the wall
[m]
M r=W T x CG(For Seismic Conditions)

The overturning moment (Mo) is calculated according to the following
equations:
M o=M os +M oq (For StaticConditions)

Where:
Mos: Soil thrust overturning moment per linear meter of wall length
[Ton.m/ml]
M os=Phs
( H3 h)
Where h is the inclination height
[m]
Page 10 of 88

RESERVOIR
Moq:
length
Surcharge thrust overturning moment per linear meter of wall
M oq=Phq
H
h
2
( )
[Ton.m/ml]
M o=M os +M oq+W T ( K v x CG+K h y CG ) ( For Seismic Conditions )( Appendix VII)

Where:
YCG:
Vertical distance from WT to the toe of the wall
[m]
The moment due to passive pressure is neglected. The reason is because with
a rotation type failure mode, the wall may not move enough laterally to
induce passive earth pressures.
3.3
Sliding Analysis
Sliding of the retaining wall occurs when the driving force (Pha) is greater than
the resisting force (Phr) according to the following equation:
Phr >Pha
Phr=' G W T (For StaticConditions)
Where:
:
Design friction coefficient
tan '
Kv
W
Phr=
Where:
Page 11 of 88

RESERVOIR
Characteristic friction coefficient
tan
The horizontal passive soil thrust is a favorable action since it increases the
stability of the wall against sliding. However it was neglected since there
might be excavation behind the wall.
In some situations, there may be adhesion between the bottom of the
retaining wall and the bearing soil. This adhesion is often neglected because
the wall is designed for active pressures, which is typically developed when
there is wall translation. Translation of the wall will break the adhesive forces
between the bottom of the wall and the bearing soil and therefore adhesion is
often neglected.
3.4
Eccentricity of Resultant Forces Analysis
The eccentricity (e) of the resultant forces acting on the base of the wall from
center of the base must fall in the middle one third of the wall base as shown
in the following equation:
B
B
e
6
6
Where:
B:
Width at the base of the wall
e:
Eccentricity of resultant forces
[m]
[m]
B
e= x where x is the difference in the opposing moments
2
divided by WT
x =
M r M o
WT
[m]
Page 12 of 88

RESERVOIR
3.5
Allowable Bearing Pressure Analysis
Failure of the soil under the base of the retaining wall occurs when the
bearing pressure () under the base of the wall is greater than the design
allowable bearing pressure of soil (qa), or when there is tension at the base.
Hence, the following equations shall be satisfied:
'
max <q a
min >0
Where:
'
q a=
qa
(For StaticConditions)
R
Where:
qa:
Allowable bearing pressure of soil
[Ton/m2]
: Partial bearing resistance factor (Appendix II, Table A.13)
q'a=q a (For Seismic Conditions)
G W T
6e
1
(For Static Conditions)
B
B
WT
6e
1
( For Seismic Conditions )
B
B
( )
( )
Page 13 of 88

RESERVOIR
4.Random Stone Retaining Wall Calculations

The random stone retaining wall of South Marjaayoun 2 embankment
reservoir can be divided into 5 sections according to retained fill height.
The sections named as A-A, B-B, C-C, D-D and E-E.
4.1
Constants
Density of the retaining wall:

Surcharge Pressure:
Soil Density:
Angle of Friction of Soil:
Allowable Bearing Pressure:
4.2
GW = 2.40 Ton/m3
Q = 0.50 Ton/m2
s = 1.80 Ton/m3
= 38
qa = 35.00 Ton/m2
Geometry of the Wall
Referring to Figure 01 and Appendix I, the retaining wall geometry can be

summarized in the following table:
Page 14 of 88

RESERVOIR
Section
A-A
B-B
C-C
D-D
E-E
Height of Wall (H) [m]
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
10.50
Height of the Top Section of the

Wall (H') [m]
5.68
5.68
5.68
5.68
5.68
Inclination Height (h) [cm]
0.35
0.40
0.50
0.55
0.60
Width at the Middle of the Wall (W)

[m]
3.50
3.50
3.50
3.50
3.50
Width at the Base of the Wall (B)

[m]
3.48
4.00
5.00
5.50
6.00
Inclination Width (b) [m]
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.00
1.05
Thickness at the Top of the Wall (T)

[m]
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
Thickness at the Base of the Wall (t)

[m]
0.94
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
Lateral Distance from WT to the Toe

of the Wall (xCG) [m]
2.43
2.82
3.56
3.92
4.28
Vertical Distance from WT to the Toe

of the Wall (yCG) [m]
2.51
2.81
2.98
3.27
3.36
Cross Sectional Area of Wall (A) [m2]
16.10
20.34
26.05
31.53
35.13
4.3
Stability Check
According to BS EN1997 and BS EN1998, three separate calculations shall be

performed for checking the stability of the retaining wall:
1 Combination 1: A1 + M1 + R1
7. Combination 2: A2 + M2 + R1
8. Seismic Calculation
Page 15 of 88

RESERVOIR
4.3.1
4.3.1.1
Combination 1
Soil Parameters
The soil parameters integrated in all the calculations depend mainly on the
combination chosen. For combination 1, set M1, the partial factors for soil
parameters are as follows according to table A.4 (Appendix II):
Weight Density:
Angle of Shear Resistance:
=1
=1
'
And hence the design soil parameters are as follows:
Soil Density:
Friction Coefficient:
At Rest Earth Pressure
d = s=1.80
4.3.1.2
tan
=38 . 00
'
'
1
=tan
tan '=tan
Coefficient for Soil:
Ton/m3
'
'=tan =0.78
'
K o=1sin =0.38
Horizontal Thrust
The horizontal thrust exerted on the retaining wall is a combination of

horizontal active soil thrust and horizontal active surcharge thrust:
Pha=Phs +Phq
Where:
Pha:
Horizontal thrust
Phs:
Phq:
Where:
Page 16 of 88

RESERVOIR
G K o d H
Phs=
2
Knowing that:
G
=
1.35 (A lateral earth load is an unfavorable
action as it causes the wall to have a greater tendency to
overturn, according to table A.3, Appendix II)
Ko
0.38
1.80 Ton/m3
Height of Wall [m]
Phq=Q K o QH
Knowing that:
Q
=
1.5 (Surcharge is an unfavorable action as it
increases the tendency of the wall to overturn, according to
table A.3, Appendix II)
Q
0.5 Ton/m2
Substituting the corresponding values of each section in the above equations,

the following table provides the horizontal thrust:
Section
Horizontal Active Soil
Thrust (Phs) [Ton/ml]
Horizontal Active
Surcharge Thrust (Phq)
[Ton/ml]
Horizontal Thrust (Pha)
[Ton/ml]
A-A
B-B
C-C
D-D
E-E
22.88
29.89
37.82
46.70
51.48
2.02
2.31
2.59
2.88
3.03
24.90
32.19
40.42
49.58
54.51
Page 17 of 88

RESERVOIR
4.3.1.3
Taking into consideration the moments about the toe of the retaining wall
(Point O, Figure 02), the overturning moments shall satisfy the following:
M r >M o
Where:
M r= G W T x CG
Knowing that:
G
=
1 (The weight of the wall is a favorable action as
increasing the weight of the wall increases its stability,
according to table A.3, Appendix II)
WT
GW A
[Ton/ml]
GW
2.40 Ton/m3
Cross sectional area of the wall [m2]
xCG
[m]
M o=M os +M oq
Knowing that:
M os
M oq
h
Phs
H
h
3
( )
Phq
[Ton.m/ml]
( H2 h)
[Ton.m/ml]
Inclination height [m]
Page 18 of 88

RESERVOIR
The following table represents the values of the resisting and overturning
moments corresponding to the different sections available:
Section
A-A
B-B
C-C
D-D
E-E
Weight of Wall per Linear

Meter of Wall Length (WT)
[Ton/ml]
38.64
48.82
62.52
75.67
84.32
Soil Thrust Overturning

Moment per Linear Meter
of Wall Length (Mos)
[Ton.m/ml]
45.45
67.80
94.64
130.11
149.46
Surcharge Thrust
Overturning Moment per
Linear Meter of Wall
Length (Moq) [Ton.m/ml]
6.36
8.31
10.38
12.84
14.08

Length (Mo) [Ton.m/ml]
51.81
76.11
105.02
142.95
163.54
Resisting Moment per

Length (Mr) [Ton.m/ml]
93.88
137.47
222.84
296.54
360.63
As summarized in the above table, the resisting moment is much greater than
the overturning moment for all the sections and thus the geometry of the wall
is sufficient for resisting overturning using combination 1 calculation.
4.3.1.4
Sliding Analysis
The Sliding of the retaining wall occurs when the driving force (Pha) is greater
than the resisting force (Phr) according to the following equation:
Phr >Pha
Where:
Phr=' G W T
Knowing that:
Page 19 of 88

RESERVOIR
G
=
0.78
Substituting the corresponding values in the above equation, the following

table is obtained:
Section
A-A
B-B
C-C
D-D
E-E

[Ton/ml]
24.90
32.19
40.42
49.58
54.51
Resisting Sliding Force

(Phr) [Ton/ml]
30.19
38.14
48.85
59.12
65.88
The resisting force is greater than the driving force for all the above sections
and thus the geometry of the wall is sufficient for resisting sliding using
combination 1 calculation.
Page 20 of 88

RESERVOIR
4.3.1.5
The eccentricity of the resultant force can be calculated as follows:
B
e= x
2
[m]
Where:
x =
Width at the Base of the Wall [m]
M r M o
WT
The obtained eccentricity results in the following table should satisfy the
following condition:
Section
B
B
e
6
6
A-A
B-B
C-C
D-D
E-E
() [m]
1.09
1.26
1.88
2.03
2.34
Eccentricity (e) [m]
0.65
0.74
0.62
0.72
0.66
(B/6) [m]
0.58
0.67
0.83
0.92
1.00
The eccentricity for all the sections almost satisfies the above condition, thus
the line of action of forces falls within the middle third of the base as
calculated for combination 1.
4.3.1.6
The bearing pressure should satisfy the following conditions:
max <q'a
min >0
Where:
Page 21 of 88

RESERVOIR
'
q a=
qa
R
Knowing that:
1 (According to table A.13, Appendix II)
qa
35 Ton/m2
G W T
6e
1
B
B
( )
Knowing that:
G
=
1.35 (The weight of the wall is an unfavorable
action as increasing the weight of the wall increases the
bearing pressure, according to table A.3, Appendix II)
The table below summarizes the obtained results:
Section
A-A
B-B
C-C
D-D
E-E
Minimum Bearing
Pressure (min) [Ton/m2.ml]
-1.86
-1.89
4.41
3.98
6.40
Maximum Bearing
Pressure (max) [Ton/m2.ml]
31.81
34.84
29.35
33.16
31.54
The bearing pressure almost satisfies the above conditions for all the sections
and thus the allowable bearing pressure of the soil beneath the wall is enough
for resisting bearing pressures using combination 1 calculation.
Page 22 of 88

RESERVOIR
4.3.2
4.3.2.1
Combination 2
Soil Parameters
The soil parameters integrated in all the calculations depend mainly on the
combination chosen. For combination 2, set M2, the partial factors for soil
parameters are as follows according to table A.4 (Appendix II):
Weight Density:
Angle of Shear Resistance:
=1
=1.25
'
And hence the design soil parameters are as follows:
Soil Density:
d = s=1.80
=tan tan '=tan
Friction Coefficient:
At Rest Earth Pressure
'
Coefficient for Soil:
4.3.2.2
Ton/m3
1
tan
=32. 01
'
'
'=tan =0.63
K o=1sin ' =0.47
Horizontal Thrust

Pha=Phs +Phq
Where:
Pha:
Horizontal thrust
Phs:
Phq:
Where:
Page 23 of 88

RESERVOIR
G K o d H
Phs=
2
Knowing that:
Ko
0.47
1.80 Ton/m3
Height of Wall [m]
Phq=Q K o QH
Knowing that:
Q
1.3 (According to table A.3, Appendix II)
0.5 Ton/m2

Section
Horizontal Active
[Ton/ml]
[Ton/ml]
4.3.2.3
A-A
B-B
C-C
D-D
E-E
20.73
27.07
34.26
42.30
46.63
2.14
2.44
2.75
3.05
3.21
22.86
29.51
37.01
45.35
49.84
M r >M o
Page 24 of 88

RESERVOIR
Where:
M r= G W T x CG
Knowing that:
G
WT
=
=
GW A
[Ton/ml]
GW
2.40 Ton/m3
xCG
[m]
M o=M os +M oq
Knowing that:
M os
M oq
h
Phs
H
h
3
( )
Phq
[Ton.m/ml]
H
h
2
( )
[Ton.m/ml]
Section
A-A
B-B
C-C
D-D
E-E

[Ton/ml]
38.64
48.82
62.52
75.67
84.32
41.17
61.42
85.72
117.86
135.38

Page 25 of 88

RESERVOIR

[Ton.m/ml]
Surcharge Thrust
6.74
8.80
11.00
13.60
14.93

47.91
70.22
96.73
131.46
150.30

93.88
137.47
222.84
296.54
360.63
is sufficient for resisting overturning using combination 2 calculation.
4.3.2.4
Sliding Analysis
Phr >Pha
Where:
Phr=' G W T
Knowing that:
G
0.63

table is obtained:
Section
A-A
B-B
C-C
D-D
E-E
22.86
29.51
37.01
45.35
49.84
Page 26 of 88

RESERVOIR
[Ton/ml]
(Phr) [Ton/ml]
24.15
30.51
39.08
47.29
52.70
and thus the geometry of the wall is sufficient for resisting sliding using
combination 2 calculation.
4.3.2.5
B
e= x
2
[m]
Where:
B=
x =
M r M o
WT
Section
B
B
e
6
6
A-A
B-B
C-C
D-D
E-E
() [m]
1.19
1.38
2.02
2.18
2.49
0.55
0.62
0.48
0.57
0.51
(B/6) [m]
0.58
0.67
0.83
0.92
1.00
The eccentricity for all the sections satisfies the above condition, thus the line
of action of forces falls within the middle third of the base as calculated for
combination 2.
4.3.2.6

Page 27 of 88

RESERVOIR
'
max <q a
min >0
Where:
'
q a=
qa
R
Knowing that:
qa
35 Ton/m2
G W T
6e
1
B
B
( )
Knowing that:
G

Section
A-A
B-B
C-C
D-D
E-E
Minimum Bearing
0.55
0.81
5.26
5.23
6.95
Maximum Bearing
21.63
23.60
19.75
22.29
21.16
The bearing pressure satisfies the above conditions for all the sections and
thus the allowable bearing pressure of the soil beneath the wall is enough for
resisting bearing pressures using combination 2 calculation.
Page 28 of 88

RESERVOIR
4.3.3
4.3.3.1
Seismic Calculation
Soil Parameters
The soil parameters integrated in all seismic calculations are used by their
characteristic values as described in section 4.1 of this calculation note.
Moreover, seismic coefficients will be used in the below calculations. These
coefficients are as follows according to the final detailed design report for
Conveyor 800 Project, Section 5.9:
Horizontal seismic coefficient:
Vertical seismic coefficient:
K h=0.13
2
K v = K h=0.09
3
And hence the remaining soil parameters are as follows:
Characteristic Friction
=tan =0.78
Coefficient:
Angle of friction between

the soil and the wall:
2
= =25.33
3
Angle Used for Computing K:
=tan
Dynamic Active Earth
Kh
=8 . 10
1K v
( )
Pressure Coefficient for Soil:
K=
cos 2 ()
cos cos (+) 1 +
sin(+)sin()
cos (+)
=0.30
Page 29 of 88

RESERVOIR
4.3.3.2
Horizontal Thrust

Pha=Phs +Phq
Where:
Pha:
Horizontal thrust
Phs:
Phq:
Where:
Phs=
( 1+K v ) K s H 2
2
Knowing that:
Kv
0.09
0.30
1.80 Ton/m3
Height of Wall [m]
Phq=( 1+K v ) KQH

Knowing that:
Q
0.5 Ton/m2

Section
A-A
B-B
C-C
D-D
E-E
14.55
19.01
24.06
29.70
32.75
Page 30 of 88

RESERVOIR
Horizontal Active
[Ton/ml]
[Ton/ml]
4.3.3.3
1.16
1.32
1.49
1.65
1.73
15.71
20.33
25.54
31.35
34.48
M r >M o
Where:
M r=W T x CG
Knowing that:
WT
GW A
[Ton/ml]
GW
2.40 Ton/m3
xCG
[m]
M o=M os +M oq+W T ( K v x CG+K h y CG )

Knowing that:
M os
M oq
Phs
( H3 h)
Phq
[Ton.m/ml]
H
h
2
( )
[Ton.m/ml]
Page 31 of 88

RESERVOIR
Kh
0.13
yCG
Vertical distance from WT to the toe of the wall
[m]
Section
A-A
B-B
C-C
D-D
E-E

[Ton/ml]
38.64
48.82
62.52
75.67
84.32

[Ton.m/ml]
28.91
43.13
60.20
82.76
95.07
Surcharge Thrust
3.64
4.76
5.94
7.35
8.06

53.30
77.63
109.68
147.98
171.21

93.88
137.47
222.84
296.54
360.63
is sufficient for resisting overturning under seismic conditions.
4.3.3.4
Sliding Analysis
Page 32 of 88

RESERVOIR
Phr >Pha
Where:
Kv
W
Phr =
Knowing that:
0.78

table is obtained:
Section
A-A
B-B
C-C
D-D
E-E

[Ton/ml]
15.71
20.33
25.54
31.35
34.48

(Phr) [Ton/ml]
22.55
28.49
36.49
44.16
49.21
and thus the geometry of the wall is sufficient for resisting sliding under
seismic conditions.
4.3.3.5
B
e= x
2
[m]
Where:
x =
M r M o
WT
Page 33 of 88

RESERVOIR
B
B
e
6
6
Section
A-A
B-B
C-C
D-D
E-E
() [m]
1.05
1.23
1.81
1.96
2.25
0.69
0.77
0.69
0.79
0.75
(B/6) [m]
0.58
0.67
0.83
0.92
1.00
The eccentricity for all the sections almost satisfies the above condition, thus
the line of action of forces falls within the middle third of the base as
calculated under seismic conditions.
4.3.3.6
max <q'a
min >0
Where:
'
q a=q a
Knowing that:
qa
35 Ton/m2
WT
6e
1
B
B
( )

Section
Minimum Bearing
A-A
B-B
C-C
D-D
E-E
-2.11
-1.97
2.15
1.95
3.46
Page 34 of 88

RESERVOIR

Maximum Bearing
24.30
26.38
22.86
25.56
24.64
The bearing pressure almost satisfies the above conditions for all the sections
and thus the allowable bearing pressure of the soil beneath the wall is enough
for resisting bearing pressures under seismic conditions.
Page 35 of 88

RESERVOIR
5.Appendixes
5.1
Appendix I Plan and Sections
The following figures show the plan layout and the different sections of the
retaining wall:
Page 36 of 88

RESERVOIR
Page 37 of 88

RESERVOIR
5.2
Appendix II Partial Factors Applied on Actions, Soil

Parameters and Resistance
The following tables represent the partial factors on actions or the effects of
actions (Table A.3), the partial factors for soil parameters (Table A.4), the
partial resistance factors for retaining structures (Table A.13) and the partial
resistance factors for slopes and overall stability (Table A.14).
The tables are presented in Annex A of BS EN1997.
Page 38 of 88

RESERVOIR
Page 39 of 88

RESERVOIR
5.3
Appendix III Laboratory Test Results
The values of the angle of friction of soil and the unit weight of the retaining
wall and of the retained soil were computed according to tests done in our
laboratory.
The test results are listed below:
Page 40 of 88

RESERVOIR
5.3.1
Angle of Friction of Soil
Page 41 of 88

RESERVOIR
Page 42 of 88

RESERVOIR
Page 43 of 88

RESERVOIR
5.3.2
Unit Weight of Soil
Page 44 of 88

RESERVOIR
Page 45 of 88

RESERVOIR
Page 46 of 88

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Page 47 of 88

RESERVOIR
Page 48 of 88

RESERVOIR
5.3.3
Specific Gravity of Rock
Page 49 of 88

RESERVOIR
Page 50 of 88

RESERVOIR
Page 51 of 88

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Page 52 of 88

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Page 53 of 88

RESERVOIR
Page 54 of 88

RESERVOIR
5.3.4
Field Classification and Description of Rock and

Soil
Page 55 of 88

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Page 56 of 88

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Page 58 of 88

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Page 59 of 88

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RESERVOIR
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RESERVOIR
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RESERVOIR
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RESERVOIR
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Page 69 of 88

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Page 70 of 88

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Page 71 of 88

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Page 72 of 88

RESERVOIR
5.4
Appendix IV - Allowable Bearing Pressure Calculation
The allowable bearing pressure (qa) was calculated according to the following
equation of BS EN1997:
'
'
q a=c ' N c b c sc ic +q N q b q sq iq +0.5 d B N b s i

Since the cohesion of soil (c) is equal to 0, the equation of qa will be:
'
'
q a=q N q bq sq iq +0.5 d B N b s i
Where:
d:
Design soil density = 1.80 Ton/m3
Design angle of friction of soil = 38
q:
Design effective overburden pressure at the level of wall base
[Ton/m2]
'
q = d t
where t is the thickness of buried soil at the wall base

[m]
Nq,:
Bearing capacity factors
N q=e
'
tan
'
tan (45+ )
2
2
N =2(N q 1) tan
bq,:
Inclination of base factors
bq =b (1 tan ')2
sq,:
'
where is the inclination of the wall
[m]
Shape factors
s q=s =1
(For foundations where the length is much

greater than the width)
Page 73 of 88

RESERVOIR
iq,:
Load inclination factors

2
F
i q=(1 H )
FV
FH
i =(1 )
FV
Where FH/FV is the ratio of horizontal forces to vertical forces
F H =F hs+F hq
[Ton/ml]
K o d H 2
Fhs =
2
[Ton/ml]
Fhq =K o QH
[Ton/ml]
Ko:
At Rest Earth Pressure Coefficient for Soil = 0.38
Q:
Surcharge Pressure = 0.5 Ton/m2
H:
Height of Wall
FV =W T =GW A
B:
WT:
Weight of the retaining wall per linear meter

of wall length
[Ton/ml]
GW:
Density of the retaining wall = 2.40 Ton/m3
A:
Cross sectional area of the wall
[m]
[Ton/ml]
[m2]
Effective foundation width
[m]
'
B =B2e
B:
Width at the base of the wall
e:
Eccentricity of resultant forces
[m]
[m]
Page 74 of 88

RESERVOIR
M M Fo
B
e= x where x = Fr
is the difference in the
2
WT
opposing moments divided by WT
[m]
M Fr =F V x CG
M Fo=F hs
[Ton.m/ml]
( H3 h)+F ( H2 h)
hq
[Ton.m/ml]
xCG:
Lateral distance from WT to the toe of the wall [m]
h:
Inclination height
[m]
Substituting the above values, the following table summarizes the results of
the allowable bearing pressure (qa) for each different wall section:
Page 75 of 88

RESERVOIR
Section
A-A
B-B
C-C
D-D
E-E
1.8
1.8
1.8
Design Effective Overburden Pressure

Design Effective Overburden Pressure (q')
[Ton/m2]
1.69
1.8
Horizontal Active Soil Force (Fhs) [Ton/ml]
16.95
22.14
28.02
34.59
38.14
Horizontal and Vertical Forces
Horizontal Active Surcharge Force (Fhq)

[Ton/ml]
Horizontal Force (FH) [Ton/ml]
1.35
1.54
1.73
1.92
2.02
18.29
23.68
29.75
36.51
40.15
Vertical Force (FV) [Ton/ml]
38.64
48.82
62.52
75.67
84.32
Factors
Bearing Capacity Factor (Nq)
48.93
48.93
48.93
48.93
48.93
Bearing Capacity Factor (N)
74.90
74.90
74.90
74.90
74.90
Inclination of Base Factor (bq)
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
Inclination of Base Factor (b)
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
Shape Factor (sq)
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
Shape Factor (s)
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
Load Inclination Factor (iq)
0.28
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27
Load Inclination Factor (i)
0.15
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
Effective Foundation Width

Overturning Moment per Linear Meter of
Wall Length (MFo) [Ton.m/ml]
37.91
55.76
77.02
104.94
120.10
Resisting Moment per Linear Meter of Wall

Length (MFr) [Ton.m/ml]
93.88
137.47
222.84
296.54
360.63
() [m]
1.45
1.67
2.33
2.53
2.85
0.29
0.33
0.17
0.22
0.15
Effective Foundation Width (B') [m]
2.90
3.35
4.66
5.06
5.71
59.10
60.28
67.54
Allowable Bearing Pressure

Allowable Bearing Pressure (qa) [Ton/m2]
43.73
46.08
Page 76 of 88

RESERVOIR
As a result, a minimum value for the allowable bearing pressure was assumed
to be 35 Ton/m2.
Moreover, as recommended by the Engineer, the wall is laid on soil
replacement fill with an average of depth 3.5 meters beneath heel of wall, and
thus the allowable bearing pressure is achieved.
Page 77 of 88

RESERVOIR
5.5
Appendix V Internal Stability Check
Internal stability check should be studied to avoid the failure of the retaining
wall and to ensure that all the stones comprising the wall are acting together.
Knowing that the minimum thickness of the stones used in the construction of
the retaining wall is 60cm, it is enough to study the stability of the retaining
wall against sliding across the joints, i.e. every 60cm. Moreover, since the
stones in each row are of variable thicknesses, this will create keys between
rows that will produce additional sliding resistance.
Referring to this calculation note, combination 1 has shown to be the most
critical regarding stability against sliding, so the internal stability checks
against sliding can be performed only on this combination.
Considering (i) to be the height from the top of the wall, the resisting force
against sliding at height (i), (Phr(i)), must be greater than the sliding force at
the same height, (Pha(i)), according to the following equation:
Phr (i) >P ha(i )

Where:
Phr (i) =' G W T (i)

Knowing that:
G
=
W T (i)
GW
=
=
GW A (i )
[Ton/ml]
2.40 Ton/m3
A(i)
=
Cross sectional area from the top of the wall to
height i from top of wall
[m2]
0.78
Pha(i)=P hs(i)+ Phq(i)

Page 78 of 88

RESERVOIR
G K o d i
Phs(i)=
2
Knowing that:
G
=
1.35 (A lateral earth load is an unfavorable
action as it causes the wall to have a greater tendency to
overturn, according to table A.3, Appendix II)
Ko
0.38
1.80 Ton/m3
Phq(i) = Q K o Qi
Knowing that:
Q
=
1.5 (Surcharge is an unfavorable action as it
increases the tendency of the wall to overturn, according to
table A.3, Appendix II)
Q
0.5 Ton/m2
The sliding force is independent of the geometry of the section but yet
depends on the height at which the force is calculated. Consequently the
sliding force results are the same for all sections at each height.
Whereas the resisting force depends on the area of section from top of wall to
height i, and for simplicity the calculation will be applied only for the smallest
area.
Substituting the corresponding values in the above equations, the following
table is obtained:
Page 79 of 88

RESERVOIR
Sections AA, B-B, C-C,

D-D & E-E
A(i)
WT(i)
Phr(i)
Phs(i)
Phq(i)
Pha(i)
[m2]
[Ton/ml]
[Ton/ml]
[Ton/ml]
[Ton/ml]
[Ton/ml]
i = 0.6 m
0.59
1.41
1.10
0.17
0.17
0.34
i = 1.2 m
1.31
3.15
2.46
0.67
0.35
1.02
i = 1.8 m
2.21
5.30
4.14
1.51
0.52
2.03
i = 2.4 m
3.27
7.86
6.14
2.69
0.69
3.38
i = 3.0 m
4.51
10.82
8.46
4.20
0.86
5.07
i = 3.6 m
5.92
14.20
11.09
6.05
1.04
7.09
i = 4.2 m
7.49
17.98
14.05
8.24
1.21
9.45
i = 4.8 m
9.24
22.17
17.32
10.76
1.38
12.14
i = 5.4 m
11.15
26.77
20.91
13.62
1.56
15.17
i = 6.0 m
13.22
31.73
24.79
16.81
1.73
18.54
i = 6.6 m
15.31
36.75
28.71
20.34
1.90
22.24
i = 7.2 m
17.71
42.51
33.21
24.21
2.08
26.28
i = 7.8 m
20.59
49.42
38.61
28.41
2.25
30.66
i = 8.4 m
23.59
56.62
44.24
32.95
2.42
35.37
i = 9.0 m
26.89
64.54
50.42
37.82
2.59
40.42
i = 9.6 m
30.49
73.18
57.17
43.04
2.77
45.80
The resisting force is greater than the driving force at all the heights, thus the
internal stability of the wall is sufficient for resisting sliding.
As mentioned in the method statement of the earth embankment reservoirs,
the construction of the wall must be followed by successive backfilling behind
the rock layers, and thus precautions must be taken into consideration
so that the compaction procedure does not affect the internal
stability of the wall. To ensure that, roller must be kept at a distance
d from the back of the wall, where d is calculated as per the
Page 80 of 88

RESERVOIR
following equation (According to Reinforced Concrete Designers

Handbook, 10th Edition, By Reynolds and Steedman):
F s=
KoN
d +0.5 b
Knowing that:
Fs
Sliding Force due to Roller
[Ton/ml]
Weight of Roller
Ko
Active Earth Pressure Coefficient for Soil
Width of Roller
[Ton]
[m]
The roller to be used during compaction will be of maximum weight of 9 Ton,

and a width of 2 m, and thus (N) will be taken as 9 Ton and (b) as 2 m.
According to the above table, the minimum difference between the resisting
sliding force (Phr) and the sliding force (Pha) is found to be 1.44 Ton/ml
(Excluding the last layer which will be compacted using plate compactor only),
and thus (Fs) will be taken as 1.44 Ton/ml.
Substituting the values of Fs, Ka, N and b in the above equation we obtain d
equal to 1.38m.
Thus by maintaining the compactor at a distance of 1.5m behind the back of
the wall, its internal stability will be ensured during construction phase, where
the rest of the material will be compacted with plate compactor.
Page 81 of 88

RESERVOIR
5.6
Appendix VI - Stability Analysis
Stability analysis was performed using the software TALREN 4 in compliance

with the European code.
The factor of safety obtained is 1.80 which is higher than the required factor
of 1.5 for overall stability.
The results of the analysis are shown below:
Page 82 of 88

RESERVOIR
Page 83 of 88

RESERVOIR
Page 84 of 88

RESERVOIR
Page 85 of 88

RESERVOIR
5.7
Appendix VII Formulas for Seismic Calculations
According to BS EN1998-5 (Eurocode 8: Design of Structures for Earthquake

Resistance Part V: Foundations, Retaining Structures and Geotechnical
Aspects), chapter 7, paragraph 7.3.2.2 (Pages below), the seismic action is
represented by a set of horizontal and vertical static forces equal to the
product of the gravity forces and a seismic coefficient, where these forces are
considered as acting upward or downward so as to produce the most
unfavorable effect.
The gravity forces acting on the retaining wall are the surcharge (Q) and the
weight of the wall (WT), as a result, the horizontal force representing the
seismic action is Kh WT and the vertical forces are Kv Q and Kv WT.
Knowing that the design of the wall was performed according to combination 1
and 2 and then checked for seismic calculations, then increasing any of the
unfavorable actions and coefficients used in seismic calculations will not affect
the design of the wall.
5.7.1
Horizontal Active Soil Thrust

Aspects), the total design force acting on the retaining structure (Ed) is given
by:
1
2
Ed = ( 1K v ) K H
2
(Defined below in Equation E.1, Annex E)
Where:
H:
Wall height
: Soil unit weight
[m]
[Ton/m3] (Defined below in
Equation E.5, Annex E)
Kv:
Vertical seismic coefficient
K:
Earth pressure coefficient (static + dynamic)
section 5.6.3)
(Defined below in
Page 86 of 88

RESERVOIR
Since the horizontal active soil thrust is considered as unfavorable action,

then despite the direction of the vectors of seismic acceleration coefficients,
using the formula
Phs =
( 1+K v ) K s H 2
2
(Defined above in section 3.1.1), will ensure a safe design as the value of the
unfavorable action is being increased.
5.7.2
Horizontal Active Surcharge Thrust
The vertical force representing the seismic action (Kv Q) is considered acting
downward so as to increase the unfavorable horizontal active surcharge
thrust, thus the total surcharge load is (1+Kv)Q and the horizontal active
surcharge thrust defined in section 3.1.2 was calculated according to the
following formula:
Phq=( 1+K v ) KQH

5.7.3
Dynamic Active Earth Pressure Coefficient for

Soil

Aspects), Annex E, Equation E.2 (Pages below), the dynamic active earth
pressure coefficient for soil may be computed from the Mononobe and Okabe
formula as follows:
sin2 ( +'d )
K=
cos sin2 sin( d ) 1 +
'
d
'
d
sin( + d )sin( )
sin( d )sin(+ )
Where:
'd :
Design value of the angle of shearing resistance of soil
Page 87 of 88

RESERVOIR
'
d =tan
tan '
'
( )
'
: Angle of Shearing Resistance
'
: Partial Factor for the Angle of Shearing Resistance
: Design Value of the Friction Angle between the soil and the wall
d=tan
tan
'
( )
: Friction Angle between the Ground and the Retaining Wall
: Angle defined as
tan =
Kh
(Since increasing
1Kv
increases the
value of K, then for more safety we used the value of the

maximum
defined
tan =
resulting from a maximum tan
, and thus we
Kh
)
1K v
Kh:
Horizontal seismic coefficient
Kv:
Vertical seismic coefficient
: Inclination Angle of the Back of the Wall from the Horizontal Line
: Inclination Angle of the Backfill Surface from the Horizontal Line
Substituting the following values:
Page 88 of 88

RESERVOIR
'
= ' = =
d
d
' =1
=90
(In our case

increasing
is slightly greater than 90, but since

decreases the value of K, then using a value of
= 90 will be more safe)
=0
The above formula may be written as:
sin2 (90 +)
K=
sin (+)sin(0)
cos sin 90 sin(90 ) 1+
sin (90 )sin(90 +0 )
2
Knowing that
sin ( 90x )=cos x
, then the latter formula is simplified to:
cos 2 ()
K=
sin(+)sin()
cos cos (+) 1 +
cos (+)
5.7.4
Overturning moment
The overturning moment is the sum of the moments due to the horizontal
active soil thrust, horizontal active surcharge thrust and horizontal and
vertical seismic forces resulting from the weight of the wall.
Since the overturning moment is unfavorable action, then the moments due to
the seismic forces are taken positive, thus the vertical force (Kv WT) is
considered acting downward, whereas the horizontal force (Kh WT) is
considered acting opposing the toe of the wall.
Page 89 of 88

RESERVOIR
As a result, the overturning moment (Mo) defined in section 3.2 above is:
M o=M os +M oq+W T ( K v x CG+K h y CG )

5.7.5
Resisting Force
The force resisting sliding is equal to the product of the gravity force due to
the weight of the wall and a friction coefficient for soil. Under seismic state,
the weight of the wall produces additional vertical force (Kv WT) and horizontal
force (Kh WT). In this case, the vertical seismic force was considered acting
upward and the horizontal force acting toward the toe of the wall since the
resisting force is a favorable action.
As a result, the resisting force (Phr) defined in section 3.3 above is:
Kv
W
Phr=
Page 90 of 88

RESERVOIR
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Page 95 of 88

Retaining Wall Calculation Note

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CDR Contract No.

4354: HYDRO AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT OF SOUTH

CDR Contract No. 4354: HYDRO AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT OF SOUTH

4.3.1.5 Eccentricity of Resultant Forces Analysis....................................19

CDR Contract No. 4354: HYDRO AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT OF SOUTH

5.5 Appendix V Internal Stability Check................................................73

CDR Contract No. 4354: HYDRO AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT OF SOUTH

Calculation Note for Random Stone

CDR Contract No. 4354: HYDRO AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT OF SOUTH

Figure 01 - Geometrical Parameters of Wall

The pressures acting on the retaining wall are:

CDR Contract No. 4354: HYDRO AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT OF SOUTH

5. Allowable bearing pressure: qa = 35 Ton/m2 (Calculated in Appendix IV).

3.Random Stone Retaining Wall Design Method

CDR Contract No. 4354: HYDRO AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT OF SOUTH

Calculation of Horizontal Thrust

Figure 02 - Horizontal Thrust

Horizontal active soil thrust

Horizontal active surcharge thrust

CDR Contract No. 4354: HYDRO AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT OF SOUTH

Horizontal Active Soil Thrust

Horizontal active soil thrust

At rest earth pressure coefficient for soil

where tan () = tan () / , is the angle of friction of soil and

Design soil density

Partial factor for weight density (Appendix II, Table A.4)

Partial factor on permanent actions (Appendix II, Table A.3)

( For Seismic Conditions )( Appendix VII)

CDR Contract No. 4354: HYDRO AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT OF SOUTH

Dynamic active earth pressure coefficient for soil

: Angle of friction between the soil and the wall = 2/3

Horizontal seismic coefficient

Vertical seismic coefficient = 2/3 Kh

Horizontal Active Surcharge Thrust

Phq=Q K o QH(For Static Condition s)

Horizontal active surcharge thrust

Partial factor on variable actions (Appendix II, Table A.3)

Phq=( 1+K v ) KQH (For Seismic Conditions)( Appendix VII)

Overturning of the retaining wall is calculated by considering moments about

CDR Contract No. 4354: HYDRO AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT OF SOUTH

Overturning moment per linear meter of wall length

The resisting moment (Mr) is calculated according to the following equations:

M r= G W T x CG (For Static Conditions)

Lateral distance from WT to the toe of the wall

M r=W T x CG(For Seismic Conditions)

M o=M os +M oq (For StaticConditions)

Where h is the inclination height

CDR Contract No. 4354: HYDRO AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT OF SOUTH

Surcharge thrust overturning moment per linear meter of wall

M o=M os +M oq+W T ( K v x CG+K h y CG ) ( For Seismic Conditions )( Appendix VII)

Vertical distance from WT to the toe of the wall

Design friction coefficient

CDR Contract No. 4354: HYDRO AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT OF SOUTH

Characteristic friction coefficient

Eccentricity of Resultant Forces Analysis

Width at the base of the wall

Eccentricity of resultant forces

CDR Contract No. 4354: HYDRO AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT OF SOUTH

Allowable Bearing Pressure Analysis

Allowable bearing pressure of soil

: Partial bearing resistance factor (Appendix II, Table A.13)

q'a=q a (For Seismic Conditions)

CDR Contract No. 4354: HYDRO AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT OF SOUTH

4.Random Stone Retaining Wall Calculations