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+
+
.
(2.1)
+ Q = c
x
y
z
t
Here, qx , qy and qz are components of heat flow through the unit area; Q =
Q(x, y, z,t) is the inner heat-generation rate per unit volume; is material density;
c is heat capacity; T is temperature and t is time. According to Fouriers law the
components of heat flow can be expressed as follows:
qx = k
T
,
x
qy = k
T
,
y
qz = k
T
,
z
(2.2)
T
T
.
(2.3)
k
+
k
+
k
+ Q = c
x
x
y
y
z
z
t
13
14
(2.4)
(2.5)
Differentiation of the temperature-interpolation equation gives the following interpolation relation for temperature gradients:
T
N1 N2
...
x x
Tx
N N
2
...{T } = [B]{T }.
=
(2.6)
T
N1 N2
...
z
z z
15
Applying the divergence theorem to the first three terms, we arrive at the relations:
T
Ni Ni Ni
Ni dV
c
{q}dV
t
x y z
V
QNi dV
{q}T{n}Ni dS,
(2.8)
{q}T = qx qy qz ,
{n}T = nx ny nz ,
where {n} is an outer normal to the surface of the body. After insertion of boundary
conditions into the above equation, the discretized equations are as follows:
T
Ni Ni Ni
Ni dV
c
{q}dV
t
x y z
V
QNi dV
{q}T {n}Ni dS
(2.9)
S1
qs Ni dS
S2
S3
h(T Te )Ni dS
( T 4 qr )Ni dS.
S4
(2.10)
The discretized finite element equations for heat transfer problems have the following form:
[C]{T } + ([Kc ] + [Kh] + [Kr ]){T }
= {RT } + {RQ} + {Rq} + {Rh} + {Rr },
(2.11)
16
[C] =
c[N]T [N]dV ,
[Kc ] =
k[B]T [B]dV ,
[Kh ] =
h[N]T [N]dS,
S3
[Kr ]{T } =
T 4 [N]T dS,
S4
{RT } =
{q}T{n}[N]T dS,
(2.12)
S1
{RQ } =
Q[N]T dV ,
{Rq } =
qs [N]T dS,
S2
{Rh } =
S3
{Rr } =
qr [N]T dS.
S4
(2.13)
(2.14)
17
(2.15)
(2.16)
(2.17)
Interpolation functions (usually called shape functions) Ni (x, y) should satisfy the
following conditions:
(2.18)
T (xi , yi ) = Ti , i = 1, 2, 3.
Solution of the above equation system provides expressions for the shape functions:
2
1
x
Fig. 2.1 Triangular finite element
18
2
t
1
L
x
Ni =
1
(ai + bi x + ci y),
2
(2.19)
ci = xi+2 xi+1 ,
1
= (x2 y3 + x3y1 + x1y2 x2 y1 x3 y2 x1 y3 ),
2
where is the element area.
The conductivity matrix of the triangular element is determined by integration
over element area A (assuming that the element has unit thickness),
[kc ] =
A
k[B]T [B]dxdy.
(2.20)
N1
x
[B] =
N1
y
N2 N3
x x
1 b1 b2 b3
.
=
N2 N3 2 c1 c2 c3
(2.21)
Since the temperature differentiation matrix does not depend on coordinates, integration of the conductivity matrix is simple;
2
b1 + c21 b1 b2 + c1c2 b1 b3 + c1 c3
k
[kc ] =
(2.22)
b1 b2 + c1 c2 b22 + c22 b2 b3 + c2 c3 .
4
b1 b3 + c1 c3 b2 b3 + c2c3 b23 + c23
The heat-flow vector {rq } is evaluated by integration over the element side, as
shown in Figure 2.2
Problems
19
{rq } =
L
qs [N]T dL =
1
0
qs [N1 N2 ]T Ldt.
(2.23)
Problems
2.1. Calculate matrix [kh ] describing convection boundary conditions
[kh ] =
h[N]T [N]dL
L
x
Assume that its size is L = 1 and that shape functions can be represented as Ni =
a1 (a2 + x)(a3 + y).
2.3. For the square element of the previous problem, estimate the heat-generation
vector
{rQ } = Q[N]T dV .
V
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