Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Introduction
Structure
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Definition
1.2 Need for estimation and costing
Learning Objecyives
After studing this unit, student will be able to
Have an idea of the introduction to estimating and costing.
1.0 Introduction
In the civil engineering field, the construction activity contains the
following three steps.
1. Plans : Preparation of drawings plan, section, elevation, with full
dimension and detailed, specifications meeting the requirements of the proposed
structure.
2. Estimation : Preparation of an estimate is for arriving the cost of
the structure to verify the available funds or to procure the required funds for
completion of the proposed structure.
3. Execution (construction) : It is a grounding the proposed structure,
for construction as per the provision contained in drawings and estimation..
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Construction Technology
The plans contains size of room and dimensions of the work and the estimate
contains the quantity and quality aspects of the structure.
1.1 Definition
Estimation and costing there are two basic points involved in
construction of structures are :
1. Quantity : The quantity aspects is with reference to the measurement
in the drawings (plan, elevation, section)
2. Quality : The quality aspects is with reference to the specifications,
i.e properties of materials, workmanship etc.
Note : The estimation and costing of any structure is defined as the
process of determination of quantities of items of work, and its cost for
completion.
2. Estimate of a project is therefore, a forecast of its probable cost.
UNIT
Measurement of Materials
and Works
Structure
2.0 Introduction
2.1 Units of measurements
2.2 Rules For Measurement
2.3 Different methods of tasking out quantities
Learning Objectives
After the studying this unit student will be able to
To measure various quantities as per rules.
2.0 Introduction
The units of differents works depends on their nature, size and shape.
.In general, the units of different items of works are based on the following
principle.
1. Massive or volumetric items of work such as earth work, concerete
for foundations, R.R Masonry , Brick Masonry etc. The measurements of
length, breadth , height or depth shall be taken to compute the volume or cubical
contents.
2. Shallow, thin and surface work shall be taken in square unit or in
area. The measurements of length and breadth or height shall be taken to
compute the area, Ex. Plastering, white washing etc.
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Construction Technology
3. Long and Thin work shall be taken in linear or running units and
linear measurement shall, be taken. Ex : Fencing, Rainwater pipes,
ornamental borders etc.
4. Single units of work are expressed in numbers. Ex. Doors, Windows,
Rafters, Trusses etc.
Unit of
payment
10.00cum
10.00cum
1.00cum
1.00cum
1.00 rmt
1.00rmt
10.00cum
10.00cum
10.00cum
10.00cum
for
1.00cum
1.00cum
1.00cum
1.00cum
1.00cum
1.00cum
1.00cum
2.
3.
4.
5.
1.00cum
155
10.00sqm
10.00sqm
6.
1.0.00sqm1.00sqm
10.00sqm
7.
10.00sq m.
10.00sq m.
8.
1.00Rmt
1.00Rmt
ness
9.
1.00No
1.00No
10
1.00 No
1.00No
11.
1.00Rmt
1.00Rmt
12.
1.00Rmt
1.00Rmt
13.
Kg/unit
kg/unit
14.
1.00cum
1.00cum
15.
1.00cum
1.00cum
10.00sqm
1.00sqm
10.00cum
1.00cum
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Construction Technology
157
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Construction Technology
For long walls add to the center length one breadth of wall, which
gives the length of the wall out-to-out ,multiplying this length by the breadth and
height and get the quantities,. Thus for finding the quantities of earth work in
excavation, for the length of trench out-to-out add to the centre length one
breadth of foundaiton. Adopt the same process for foudation conceret and for
eacth footing. It should be noted that each footing is to be taken separately and
the breadth of the particular footing is to be added to the centre length.
Long wall length out-to-out = centre to centre length + half breadth on
one side + half breadth on the other side = centre to centre length + one breadth.
For short or cross walls sub tract ( instead of adding) from the centre
length one breadth of wall, which gives the length in-to-in, and repeat the same
process as for the long walls, subtracting one breadth instead of adding.
Short wall length in-to-in= Centre to centre length - one breadth.
That is, in case of long wall add one breadth and in case of short wall
substract one breadth from the centre length to get the corresponding lengths.
It will be noticed that by taking dimensions in this ways, the long walls
are gradually decreasing in length from foundation to superstructure, while the
short walls are increasing in length.
This method is simple and accurate and there is no chance of any mistake.
This method may be named as long wall and short wall method, or general
method.
2.3.2 Centre line method
In this method known as centre line method. This method is easy and
quick in calculations. In this method sum total length of centre lines of all walls,
long and short has to be found out. This method is well suitable for walls of
similar cross sections. In this method the total centre line multiplied by breadth
and depth of concerned item gives the total quantity of each item. In this method,
the length will remain same for excavation in foundation for concrete in foundation,
for all footings and for super structure (with slight difference where there are
cross walls or number of junctions). It requires special attention and consideration
at the junctions, meeting points of partition or cross walls, etc.
For rectangular, circular polygonal (hexagonal, octagonal etc) building
having no inter or cross walls, this method is quite simple. For each junction half
breadth of the respective items or footings is to be deducted from the total
centre length. Thus in the case of a building with one partition wall or cross wall
having two junctions, for earthwork in foundation trench and foundation concrete
deduct one breadth of trench or concrete from the total centre length (half breadth
159
for one junction and the breadth ( 2 x 1/2 = one) for two junctions. For footings,
similarly deduct one breadth of footing for two junctions from the total centre
length and so on. If two walls come from opposite directions and meet a wall at
the same point, than there will be two junctions.
In the case of a building having different type of walls, suppose the other
(main) walls are of A type and inter cross walls are of B type, then all A type
walls shall be taken jointly first , and then all B type walls should be taken
together separately. In such cases no deductions of any kind need be made for
A type walls, but when B type walls are taken, for each junction deducting of
half breadth of A type wall (main wall) shall have to be made from the total
centre length of walls.
It may be noted that at corners of the building where two walls are
meeting no substraction or addition is required.
Note : Student should practice method I first and when they have become
sufficiently acquainted with method I, then only they should take up the method
II.
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Construction Technology
UNIT
Types of Estimates
Structure
3.0 Introduction
3.1 Detailed estimate
3.2 Preliminary or approximate estimate
3.3 Problems in preliminary estimate
Learning Objectives
After studying this unit student will be able to
Understand the definition of detailed estimate, stages of preparation
of estimate, Data required for an estimate and types of estimate.
3.0 Introduction
An estimate is a probable cost of a work. It is usually prepared before
the construction is taken up. The primary object of an estimate is to know
beforehand the cost of the work. The actual cost of the work is known after the
completion of the work. If the estimate is prepared carefully and correctly there
will not be much difference in the estimated cost and actual cost. The estimator
should be fully acquainted with the methods of construction, skilled and
experienced for accurate estimating.
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Construction Technology
Detailed Estimate
S.no Description of work No Length Breadth Height/Depth Quantity Remarks
Abstract estimate
S.No. Description of work Quantity Rate Per Amount
163
Summary
Detailed estimate consists of taking the detailed measurements of length,
breadth, height and calculating the quantities.
Data required for estimate : Drawings, specifications and rates.
Types of preliminary estimates : Plinth area estimate, cubic rate
estimate and estimate per unit base.
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Construction Technology
UNIT
Learning Objectives
After studying this unit student will be able to
Prepare detailed estimates of single roomed, Building roomed, Double
roomed buildings, for load bearing walls and Framed structures. Detailed Estimate of Primary School Building, Compound walls and steps. Detailed estimate
Dog legged and Open Well STair case. Preparational estimate for ground and
first floor.
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4.0 Introduction
To estimate the cost of any building or a structure, drawings,
specifications and rates are required. Regarding the detailed estimate by long
wall and short wall method and centre line method, the drawings consisting of
plan elevation and section are sufficient. The estimator should be able to take all
the dimensions from the drawings. The length and breadth are taken from the
plan, while the height or depth are taken from the section and elevations. In long
wall and short wall method the walls are taken separately, while in the centre line
method, the centre line lengths of all the walls are combined. The accuracy of
estimate depends upon the skill of the estimator in studying the drawings. The
long wall and short wall method is useful for load bearing type structure, but it
cannot be applied for framed structure.
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Construction Technology
3.0
0.5
0.7
0.9
1.2
E L E V A T I O N
0.3
0.6
0.3
S E C T I O N
167
For earth work in excavation Length of Short Wall = 4.3 1.2 = 3.1 m.
In cement concrete in foundation the length and width of the long wall
and short wall are the same, but the height is different from that of the foundation
For R.R. masonry First footing Length of long wall = 6.3 + 0.9 = 7.2 m.
Length of Short Wall = 4.3 -0.9 = 3.4 m.
Similarly for second footing & Third footing, Length of Long Walls are
7.0 and 6.8 and for short walls are 3.6 m and 3.8 m respectively.
Detailed estimate of a single roomed building by centre line method
Centre to centre length of long wall = 6.0 + 2x0.3/2 = 6.3 m.
Centre to centre length of short wall = 4.0 + 2x0.3/2 = 4.3 m.
Total centre line length = 2(6.3 + 4.3) = 21.2 m.
B
m
H
m
Quantity
m3
Earth work in 1
excavation
21.2
1.2
1.2
30.528
C.C. bed in 1
foundation
21.2
1.2
0.3
7.63
R.R. masonry
in foundation
and plinth
1
21.2
0.9
0.6
11.45
Second footing 1
21.2
0.7
0.3
4.45
Basement
21.2
0.5
1.2
12.72
First footing
28.62
4
Brick work in 1
super structure
Detailed Estimate
21.2
0.3
19.08
Remarks
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Construction Technology
Quantity Remarks
m3
Earth work in
excavation in
foundation
Long Walls
21.6
L=6.3+1.2=7.5
Short Walls
8.93
L=4.31.2=3.1
Total 30.53
2
5.4
L=6.3+1.2=7.5
Short Walls
2.68
L=4.31.2=3.1
Total 8.08
3
R.R. Masonry in
foundation
& basement c.m (1:8)
First footing
Long Walls
7.78
L=6.3+0.9=7.2
Short WaLLS
3.67
L=4.30.9=3.4
11.45
Second footing
Long Walls
0.7 0.3
2.94
L=6.3+0.7=7.0
Short WaLLS
1.51
L=4.30.7=3.6
4.45
Basement
Long Walls
8.16
L=6.3+0.5=6.8
Short Walls
4.56
L=4.30.5=3.8
169
12.72
Total R.R. masonry 28.62
of
4
6.6
0.3 3
11.88
L=6.3+0.3=6.6
Short Walls
0.3 3
7.2
L=4.30.3=4.0
19.08
No. L
Quantity Remarks
m3
Earthwork in
excavation
Long Walls
11.8 1.2
1.2
33.98
L= 10.6 +
1.2 = 11.8
Short Walls
4.1
1.2
17.71
1.2
Total 51.69
2
C.C. bed in
foundation
Long Walls
11.8 1.2
0.3
8.5
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Construction Technology
Short Walls
4.1
1.2
0.3
4.43
12.93
R.R. masonry in
foundation &
plinth
First footing
Long Walls
11.5 0.9
0.6
312.42
L = 10.6 +
0.9 = 11.5
Short walls
4.4
0.6
7.13
L = 5.3 - 0.9
= 4.4
0.9
19.55
Second footing
Long Walls
11.3 0.7
0.3
4.75
L = 10.6 +
0.7 = 11.3
Short Walls
4.6
0.3
2.9
L = 5.3 -0.7
= 4.6
0.7
7.65
Third footing &
plinth
Long Walls
11.1 0.5
1.2
13.32
L = 10.6 +
0.5 = 11.1
Short walls
4.8
1.2
8.64
L = 5.3 - 0.5
= 4.8
0.5
21.96
R.R. masonry Total
49.16
Brick work in
super structure
Long Walls
10.9
0.3
19.62
Short Walls
0.3
13.5
33.12
L = 10.6 + 0.3 =
10.9
L = 5.3 - 0.3 =
5.0
171
No. L
35.9 1.2
35.9 1.2
36.2 0.9
Second footing
36.4 0.7
Basement
36.6 0.5
1
1
36.8 0.3
Brickwork in
superstructure
Quantity
Remarks
3.0
0.5
0.7
0.9
1.2
E L E V A T I O N
5m x 5 m
S E
5m x 5m
C T I O N
0.3
0.6
0.3
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Construction Technology
6.0 x 5.0 m
5.0 x 5.0 m
5.0 x 4.0 m
3.0m
5.0 x 4.0 m
0.3
0.6
0.9
0.9
0.3
1.2m
173
m3
5m
4m
5m
4m
5m
4m
5m
4m
Basement
56.43
Basement
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Construction Technology
0.23 x 0.23
R.C.C Column
3.0 m
1.2 m
G.L
G.L
6.0 x 5.0 m
0.9 m
5.0 x 5.0 m
R.C.C.
Footing
5.0 x 4.0 m
6.0 x 4.0 m
0.3 m
0.3 m
R.C.C.
1.2 m
P L A N
S E C T I O N
S. Description of work
No.
1
175
No. L
Quantity Remarks
m3
Earthwork in excavation
Columns
1.2
In between columns
63
0.6
L=12x3+
9x3=63
71.44
2
1.2
In between columns
63
0.6
R.R. masonry in
foundation
First footing
63
Second footing
63
Brickwork in
superstructure
63
0.23 3
43.47
Deductions Doors
0.23 2
-2.76
Windows
1.2
1.2
9
Trapezoidal section
Stem
H=0.9+1.2+
3.0=5.1
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Construction Technology
63
R.C.C. in
lintels&sunshades
Lintels
63
Sunshades
45.6 0.7
0.07 2.23
L=2(12.9+
9.9)=45.6
3.68
8
63
R.C.C. Slab.
L=12.9+1.0+
1.0=14.9
26.25
B=9.9+1.0+
1.0=11.9
L=2(12.9+9.9)
=45.6
External plastering
20 mm
Thick
45.6
3.12 142.27
Doors
Windows
1.2
1.2 -11.52
H=3.0+0.12
Deductions
-12
10 Internal Plastering
12 mm thick
Rooms 6mx5m
22
132
L=2(6+5)=22
Rooms5mx4m
18
108
L=2(5+4)=18
240
11 Sand filling in rooms
Rooms 6mx5m
1.2 72
Rooms 5mx4m
177
1.2
48
120
0.1
Rooms5mx4m
0.1
4
10
13 Flooring in rooms
Rooms 6mx5m
60
Rooms5mx4m
40
100
14 Fabrication &
placement of
steel
(8.76+4.35+3.68+26.25)x1.25x87.5/100x1000 78.5x100/100x1000
tonnes 4.22 t
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Construction Technology
179
les
Ti
1.5 m
s
Tile
2.0 m
0.9 m
ELEVATION
0.9 m
0.6 m
0.9 m
0.6 m
0.9 m
0.3 m
0.9 m
0.3 m
1.2 m
References
W
W
D - Door 1.00 m x 2.00 m
W - Window 1.2 m x 1.2 m
Room
3.0 x 3.0 m
Room
3.0 x 3.0 m
P L A N
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Construction Technology
1650
250
1650
150
Floor
E L E V A T I O N
S E C T I O N
2500
1000
P L A N
- A A
Sloping side
22
181
0.28
Tota l
0.4
2.464
11.264
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Construction Technology
300
152
8
C
300
152
3
4
B
300
152
8
8
SECTION AT AA
No. of Treads
Each Riser
Each Tread
Note :
1. All dimensions are in Milli meters
2. Follow the written dimensions only
OPEN WELL TYPE STAIRCASE
Scale 1:50
DRG. No. 18
Fig 4.6 Open well Stair case
183
Flight No. A
Horizontal distance of treads = 0.3x8=2.4 m.
Height of risers = 0.15x9=1.35 m.
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Construction Technology
3.05 m
Roof slab
3.05 m
C.C. flooring
0.902
Elevation
E L E V A T I O N
Fig 4.7 Two storied residential building
R.C.C Mix
1:4:1
Sand filling
C.C. floring
1:4:8
185
Ground floor
Number of columns = 15
Height of columns in ground flo or & first floor =
0.90+0.9+3.05+0.1+3.05+0.1+0.8=8.9 m.
Height of column in ground floor = 0.9+9+3.05+0.1=4.95 m.
Height of column in first floor = 3.05+0.1+0.8=3.95 m.
Length
of
brickwork,
lintels
and
beams
4.21x4+4.20x4+3.05x2+3.00x2+2.00x2+4.00x2+3.34x2 = 64.42 m.
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Construction Technology
187
188
Construction Technology
189
190
Construction Technology
= 3.85+4.81= 8.66 m.
191
1.5 m
0.45
1.0 m
0.6
0.6 m
Front View
Side View
0.3 m
0.9 m
0.3
0.23
0.3
0.3
1.0 m
Top view
4.0 m
0.23
6.0m
0.23
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Construction Technology
Summary
To estimate the cost of a building or a structure the steps involved are
1. Taking out the measurement of various items and calculate the
quantities as per the detailed estimate.
2. Determining the cost of the calculated quantities as per Abstract
estimate.
The methods of calculating quantities are Long wall and short wall method
and Centre line method.
Length of Long wall = Centre to centre length of the long wall + width
Length of short wall = Centre to centre length of the short wall width
In centre line method, the length = Total centre line length (number of
junctions)xwidth/2
For a double room building, the total centre line length = sum of the
centre line lengths of two long walls and three short walls. The number
of junctions = 2.
For a building with number of rooms, the total centre line length = sum
of the centre to centre lengths of three long walls, three short walls of length 5.3
m. and three short walls of length 4.3 m. Number of junctions = 6.
The long wall short wall method and the centre line method are not
applicable. The lengths of the R.R. masonry, Brickwork in superstructure, Plinth
beam, lintels and beams under slab are obtained by adding the internal dimensions
of the rooms.
The roof for the primary school building is a gable roof, having its slope
in two directions. The roof under consideration is the roof having its width = 3.0
m. and its length = 6.0 m.
Length of the gable rafter = square root of [(width/2)2 + (Rise)2]
Number of gable rafters = Length of the roof/ spacing of the rafters.
Area of the tiled surface = 2x(Length of the roof )x Width of the sloping
side.)
Number of risers = Height of the flight/ rise.
Number of treads = Number of risers 1.
Treads length = Number of treads x Tread.
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Construction Technology
UNIT
Learning Objectives
After studying this unit student will be able to
Prepare the unit ratio of various items of works. Find the cost of
materials, specifications of various of various items of works.
5.0 Introduction
To estimate the cost of the building, the quantities of various items of
work are calculated from the drawings. The unit rates of various items of work
are calculated from the specifications of the various types of materials. The rates
are calculated as per the rates in the standard schedule of rates. The unit rates of
various items of work increase considerably with the specifications. The
195
specifications indicate the quality of the work while the drawings are used for
the quality of the work.
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Construction Technology
197
Plastering
The following specifications should be followed in plastering
1. The materials of mortar, cement and sand used in plastering should
be as per specifications.
2. The joints of the brickwork shall be raked for a depth of 18 mm. on
the surface.
3. Ceiling plastering should be completed before the start of wall
plastering.
4. The thickness of the plastering should not be less than 12 mm. for
internal plastering and 20 mm. for external plastering.
5. The plastering work shall be checked for horizontality with a straight
edge and for verticality with a plumb bob.
6. Any defective plastering shall be cut in rectangular shape and replaced.
7. The plastering should be watered for at least 10 days.
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Construction Technology
123
Skilled catregory
1 Bar bender 330
2 Black smith / Tin smith / Rivetor 315
3 Blaster ( Licensed ) 355
4 Carpenter Cl- I 315
5 Electrician ( Licensed ) 355
6 Fitter Cl- I 315
7 Floor Polisher / Tile Layer 315
8 Foreman 355
9 Gauge reader 300
10
Maistry / Work Inspector with Non-technical Qualification
SSLC/SSC/HSC
300
11 Mason Cl- I / Brick layer Cl- I 315
12 Mechanic Cl- I 315
13 Operator Air compressor / DG set 315
14 Operator Batching plant 355
15 Operator Bus/Ambulance/ Lorry/ Tanker 315
16 Operator Concrete / Asphalt mixer 315
17 Operator Concrete / Asphalt paver 315
18 Operator Concrete pump / Placer/ ice plant 315
Common SoR 2012 : 13
280
Sl
No.
Category of worker
S. Rate
for
2012-13
123
19 Operator Core drilling machine 355
20 Operator Crane/ Tower crane/ Cable way 355
21 Operator Drilling jumbo / Loco / Winch 315
22 Operator Grouting/ Guniting/ Shotcreting 315
23 Operator Jackhammer/Pneumatic tamper 315
24 Operator Pump / Ventilation fan 315
25 Operator Lathe/Drilling/Shearing machine 355
26 Operator Bending / Planing machine 315
27 Operator Road roller 315
28 Operator Shovel / Scraper / Dozer 355
29 Operator Spillway / Sluice gate 315
30 Operator Crusher / Conveyor / Mucker 315
31 Operator Tipper / Dumper / Transit mixer 355
32 Operator Concrete vibrator 315
33 Operator Vibratory plain / pad foot roller 315
34 Operator Wagon drill / Drifter 355
35 Painter Cl- I 350
36 Plumber / Pipe fitter 350
37 Sarang / Khalasi 315
38 Spun pipe moulder 315
39 Stone chiseller CI- I / Stone cutter Cl- l 315
40 Struct. steel Fabricator / Marker / Erector 355
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200
Construction Technology
201
202
Construction Technology
203
283
Sl
No.
Category of worker
S. Rate
for
2012-13
123
12 Telephone / Wireless Operator 350
13 Typist / Job Typist 350
14
CAD operator with Diploma in Engineering/General degree with
CAD certificate
500
15 Jeep Driver 355
16 Data Processing Operator 500
Note : 1. The wage should not be less than the minimum wages of
schedule of employment,
Subject to out turn. 2. 25% extra over the corresponding labour
rates in respect of the work to be
Done during night time subject to issue of certificate accordingly by
the concerned estimate.
Sanctioning authority for providing in the data and by concerned
Executive Engineer in charge of the work for payment. The night time
allowance is applicable only to the works done under Greater
Hyderabad Municipal Corporation, Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal
Corporation and Vijayawada Municipal Corporation limits only.of
various government agencies.
Transport cost includes cost of transporting the material from source
to the site. In S.S.R., the cost of transporting on a mettaled road is
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Construction Technology
205
Cost of
sand
Total cost
Mix
-ing
charges
1:2
9.5 bags
0.66
Rs.85
2831.50
1:3
7.2
0.75
Rs.85
2288.50
1:4
5.76
0.8
Rs.85
1946.00
1:5
4.79
0.83
Rs.85
1713.20
1:6
4.11
0.857
1553.00
1:8
3.19
0.89
Rs.813.
45
1334.55
1:10
2.62
0.91
Rs.668.
10
1199.00
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Construction Technology
Particulars
Quantity
Rate
Cost
Materials Cement
2.74 bags
Rs. 255/bag
Rs. 698.70
Sand
0.475 m3
Rs. 375/m3.
Rs. 178.15
Coarse aggregate
0.95 m3
Rs. 588/bag
Rs. 558.60
0.05 No.
Rs. 350/No.
Rs. 17.50
Mason
0.15 No.
Rs. 315/No.
Rs. 47.25
Men mazdoor
1.2 NO.
Rs. 250/No.
Rs. 300
Women mazdoor
1.8 No.
Rs. 250/No.
Rs. 450
Waterman
0.4 No.
Rs. 250/No.
Rs. 100
Rs.182.95
Total
Rs.2533.15
Amount
Quantity
Rate
6.25 bags
207
Sand
0.434 m3
Rs. 375/m3
Rs. 162.75
Coarse aggregate
0.868 m3
Rs. 2760.30
Labour
Head mason
0.05
Rs. 350/No.
Rs. 17.50
Mason
0.3
Rs. 315/No.
Rs. 94.50
Men mazdoor
1.2 No.
Rs. 250/No.
Rs. 300.00
Women mazdoor
2.0 NO.
Rs. 250/No.
Rs. 500.00
Waterman
0.6 No.
Rs. 250/No.
Rs. 150.00
Rs. 1062.00
20% local
allowance
Rs. 212.40
Rs. 1274.40
Centering
Cost of
Total Cost
charges
materials and
including
labour
materials and
labour
Lintel
Rs.1215
Rs. 4034.70
Rs. 5249.70
Slab
Rs. 5568.00
Beam
Rs. 1637
Rs. 4034.70
Rs. 5671.70
Column
Rs.929
Rs. 4034.70
Rs. 4963.70
208
Construction Technology
Quantity
Rate
Bricks
500 Nos.
Cement
1.32 bags
Sand
0.274 m3.
Rs. 490/m3.
Amount
Brick masonry in
superstructure including cost
of materials and labour
Materials
Rs. 134.30
Rs. 2981.55
Labour
Head mason
0.05 No.
Rs. 350/No.
Rs. 17.50
Mason
1.0 No.
Rs. 315/No.
Rs. 315.00
Men mazdoor
0.7 NO.
Rs. 250/No.
Rs. 175.00
Women mazdoor
1.0 No.
Rs. 250/No.
Rs. 250.00
Waterman
0.2 No.
Rs. 250/No.
Rs. 50.00
209
Total
Rs. 807.50
Add 20%
Rs.161.50
Rs. 969.00
Rs. 3950.55
Amount
Materials
Stone including bond 1.25 m3.
stone and wastage
Rs.535.60/m3
Rs. 669.5
Cement
1.8 bags
Rs. 459
Sand
0.36 m3.
Rs. 490/m3.
Rs. 176.40
Rs. 1304.90
Labour
Head mason
0.05 No.
Rs. 350/No.
Rs. 17.50
Mason
1.6 No.
Rs. 315/No.
Rs. 504.00
Men mazdoor
1.6 No.
Rs. 250/No.
Rs. 400.00
Women mazdoor
0.8 No.
Rs. 250/No.
Rs. 200.00
Waterman
0.15 No.
Rs. 250/No.
Rs. 37.50
Rs.1159.00
Add 20%
allowance
Rs. 231.80
Rs. 1390.80
Rs. 2695.70
210
Construction Technology
211
212
Particulars
Construction Technology
Amount
Materials
Stone aggregate
2.40 m3.
Rs. 1161.80/m3.
Rs. 2788.40
Sand (coarse)
1.20 m3.
Rs. 490/m3.
Rs. 588.00
Cement
18 bags
Rs. 4590.00
Rs.1530.00
Rs. 9496.40
Labour etc.
Head mason
no.
Rs. 350/day
Rs. 262.50
Mason
10 Nos.
Rs. 315/day
Rs. 3150.00
Men mazdoor
5 Nos.
Rs. 250/day
Rs. 1250.00
Women mazdoor
5 Nos.
Rs. 250/day
Rs.1250.00
Waterman
2 Nos.
Rs. 250/day
Rs.500.00
Rs. 6412.50
Rs.1282.50
Rs. 7695.00
Side forms
Lump sum
Rs. 300.00
Rs. 9496.40
Rs. 7695.00
Lump sum
Rs. 300.00
Total cost
Rs.17491.00
213
Rs.225.65
Rs.45.20
Rs.270.85
Stiles
2.00
0.10 0.04
0.032
Top rail
1.00
0.10 0.04
0.004
Frieze rail
1.00
0.10 0.04
0.004
Lock rail
1.00
0.15 0.04
0.006
Bottom
rail
1.00
0.10 0.04
0.004
Particulars
Thick
ness
Quantity/ Rate
Nos.
Materials:timber
Amount
214
Construction Technology
Planks for 1
panels
1.55
0.6
0.025
0.023
0.073
Ad d
5%
for
wastage 0.00365
0.0767 m3 Rs.1054 Rs.8090.80
86.00/m3
Brass
accessories
Tower bolt 1No.
30 cm.
1 No.
1 No.
Rs.121.00/ Rs.121.00
No.
Handle 10 2.no
cm.
2 Nos.
Rs.337.00/ Rs.674.00
No..
Hinges
6 Nos.
6.no
Door
stopper
Rs.
Rs. 729.00
729.00/
No.
Rs.146.00
1 No.
Rs.
146.00/
No.
Rs.2590.00
accessories
1 No.
Aldrop 30 1 No.
cm.
1 No.
Cost Of
Labour
Head
1/15
carpenter No.
1/15 No.
Carpenter 4 Nos.
4 Nos.
Helpers
2 Nos.
215
Rs. 2140.00
Summary
Specification defines the nature and class of work, materials to be used
in the work, workmanship etc.
Cost of materials at the source : The amount required to purchase
the materials at the source of its production is the cost of materials at the source.
Cost of materials at the site = Cost of materials at the source + Seignories
+ Taxes + Royalties + Transport + Loading + unloading etc.
Cost of transport on metal led road is given in the S.S.R.
Distance on cart track = 1.1 x Distance on metal led road
Distance on sand track = 1.4 x Distance on metal led road
Standard Schedule of Rates (S.S.R.) : Standard schedule of rates
consists of the rates of materials, machinery, hiring charges and wages of labour.
It is prepared by the board of chief engineers and approved for that year.
Lead and Lift : The horizontal distance between the source of the
material to the work site is known as the lead. The vertical height through which
the material is lifted is known as the lift.
Lead Statement : The statement in detail of the cost of materials at the
site is known as the lead statement.
Quantity of materials in Plain cement concrete (1:5:10) :
Quantity of cement = 1.52 x 1/16 = 0.095 cu m. = 0.095 x 1440/50 =
2.74 bags
Quantity of sand = 1.52 x 5/16 = 0.475 cu m.
216
Construction Technology
217
4. Find the unit rate for brick work in cement mortar (1:6) using standard
size of bricks.
5. Find the unit rate of plastering 12 mm. and 20 mm. thick with a
proportion of (1:5) cement mortar.
O.J.T. Questions
1. Prepare a unit rate of brickwork in cement mortar for 1.0 cu m.
using modular bricks.
2. Prepare a unit rate of R.C.C. (1:2:4) for 1.0 cu m. in slabs, beams
and columns.
3. Find the cost of a door (1.00m. x 2.00 m.) in country wood
4. Find the cost of a window (1.2 m x 1.2 m) in Sal wood.
218
Construction Technology
UNIT
Earthwork Calculations
Structure
6.0 Introduction
6.1 Trapezoidal, Prismoidal, Mid ordinate
6.2 Taking out quantities from L.S. and C.S. in cutting and embankment
Learning Objectives
After studying this unit student will be able to
Calcualate the quantities of earth work in banking and cutting by
Trapezoidal and Prismoidal Rule
6.0 Introduction
All types of roads, railways and irrigation works are constructed over
earthwork. To understand the calculation of earthwork involved in these structures,
these methods of calculation have to be studied in detail.
Cross section of earthwork is in the form of a trapezium. The quantity of
earthwork may be calculated by the following methods.
219
To t a l M e a n
sectional sectional
a r e a area
Bd+Sd2
Length
between
stations
L
Quantity
=(Bd+Sd2)
x LBanking
Cutting
220
Construction Technology
1:S
d1
Sd1
Sd2
1:S
Sd1
B
1:S
1:S
d2
Sd2
B
d1
L
Fig 6.1
221
222
Construction Technology
6.2. Taking out quantities from L.S. and C.S. in cutting and
embankment
Example : Reduced level (R.L.) of ground along the centre line of a
proposed road from chainage 10 to chainage 20 are given below. The formation
level at the 10th chainage is 107 m. and the road is in downward gradient of 1 in
150 up to the chainage 14 and then the gradient changes to 1 in 100 downward.
Formation width of the road is 10 metre and side slopes of banking are 2:1.
Length of the chain is 30 metre. Calculate the quantity of earthwork.
Chainage : 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20
R.L. of ground : 105.00, 105.60, 105.44, 105.90, 105.42, 104.30
105.00 , 104.10, 104.62, 104.00, 103.30
R.L. formation : 107.00, 106.80, 106.60, 106.40, 106.20,105.90.
105.60 105.30 105.00 104.70 104.40
Height of bank : 2.00, 1.20, 1.16, 0.50, 0.78, 1.60, 0.60, 1.20,
0.38, 0.70, 1.10
Chainage Height Mean
Central
or Depth height area
or depth Bd
Side
area
Sd2
Length in Quantity =
Total
area
between [(Bd+S(d)2]xL
Bd+Sd2 chainage Banking
Cutting
10
2.00
11
1.20
1.60
16.00
5.12
21.12
30
633.6
12
1.16
1.18
11.80
2.78
14.58
30
437.4
13
0.50
0.83
8.30
1.38
9.68
30
290.4
14
0.78
0.64
6.40
0.82
7.22
30
216.6
15
1.60
1.19
11.90
2.83
14.73
30
441.9
16
0.60
1.10
11.00
2.42
13.42
30
402.6
223
17
1.20
0.90
9.00
1.62
10.62
30
318.6
18
0.38
0.79
7.90
1.25
9.15
30
274.5
19
0.70
0.54
5.40
0.58
5.98
30
179.4
20
1.10
0.90
9.00
1.62
10.62
30
318.6
Total
3513.6 cu m.
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Construction Technology
Find the volume of banking and cutting if the formation width is 10 m. and the
side slopes are 2:1 in banking and 11/2 : 1 in cutting.
Chainage distance = 40 m. Let the height of embankment be zero at a
distance of x mts.
Length of cutting =( 40-x) . (x/0.3) =[(40-x)/0.4]
0.3x 0.7x= 12 x=17.14 say 17.0 m.
0.4x=12-
(40-x)
40
Fig 6.2
Summary
Earthwork calculations are required for various engineering works as
roads, railways, irrigation and water supply and sanitary works.
The various methods of calculation of earthworks are Mid sectional
area method, mean sectional area method, trapezoidal rule and
prismoidal rule.
Prismoidal formula is not applicable for even number of areas.
Banking : If the earthwork is above the ground level it is banking.
225
Area
101
1,000 m2
102
12,800m2
103
95,200 m2
104
147,600 m2
105
872,500 m2
106
1350,000 m2
107
1985,000 m2
108
2286,000 m2
109
2512,000 m2
Taking 101 as the bottom level of the reservoir and 109 as the top level,
calculate the capacity of the reservoir.
O.J.T. Questions
1. Prepare a detailed estimate for earthwork for a portion of road from
the following data.
226
Construction Technology
R.L. of formation
114.50
115.000
100
114.75
200
115.25
300
115.20
400
116.10
500
116.85
600
118.00
700
118.25
800
118.10
900
117.80
1000
117.75
1100
117.90
1200
117.50
Formation width of road is 10 m. wide. The side slopes are 2:1 in banking
and 11/2:1 in cutting.
UNIT
Detailed Estimates
Structure
7.0 Introduction
7.1 Estimate of gravel roads
7.2 Cement concrete road
7.3 Septic tank with soak pit
Learning Objectives
After studying this unit student will be able to
Calculate the quantities of material required for gravel and cement
concrete roads. Calculate the quantities of Septic Tank.
7.0 Introduction
A road consists of sub base, base course and wearing course. The sub
base consists of earthwork prepared as per the height of formation. Over this
sub base a base course of stone ballast or brick ballast of 12 cm. Thickness
compacted to 8 cm. is laid. Finally a wearing coat is laid over this base course.
The wearing course may be of cement concrete, bitumen or gravel. Depending
upon the wearing course provided the roads are classified as cement concrete
roads, bituminous roads and gravel roads. Depending upon the cost involved
the appropriate road required is decided. In order to estimate the cost of the
228
Construction Technology
road, we should be able to prepare the detailed estimate of the various types of
roads and calculate the materials required. In the sixth unit we studied about
calculation of earthwork involved in the formation of roads. In this unit we shall
find the quantities of the base course and wearing course.
3.15m
3.15m
1.0 m
1.0 m
Saeing coat
Inter coat
Top coat
Fig 7.1 Cross section road
Gravel
S.No. Particulars of
work
229
B Hor D Quantity
m3
m
m2
No. L
m
Metal ling
Preparation of sub
(a)
1000 4
0.15
600
(b)
Inter coat
444
(c)
Top coat
444
Layer of gravel
185
1000
0.9
0.2
360
1000
0.9
0.133
120
S.no Particular
1
480
For consolidating kankar an allowance of 1/3 is to be provided while
taking loose thickness of kankar.
Eg. For 0.10 m. thickness loose kankar taken = 0.1 + 0.1 x 1/3 = 0.
133 m.
Similarly for 0.15 m thickness loose kankar = 0.15 x 1.33 = 0.20 m.
230
Construction Technology
10 cm Thick cc .Track
Rammed kankar
60 cm
60 cm
10 cm cc
15 cm kankar
90 cm
90 cm
Rammed kankar
Earthwork in
excavation
septic tank
Soak pit upto
3.0 m
Soakpit
Lowerportion
No. Length
m
1
1
1.7
2.8
(22/28)x(2.0)2
1.95
3
9.28
9.42
(22/28)x(1.4)2
0.2
0.3
19
Floor&
Foundation
2.8
1.7
0.2
0.95
Sloping floor
0.9
0.05
0.09
Cementconcrete
1:3:6
231
First class
brickwork in
1:4 c.m. in
septic tank
First step
Long walls
2.6
0.3
0.6
0.94
Short wall
0.9
0.3
0.6
0.32
2.4
0.2
1.15
1.1
0.9
0.2
1.15
0.42
Short wall
2.78
4
2nd class
brickwork in
1:6 cement
mortar in
soak pit
Upper portion
Lower portion
Precast
R.C.C. work
Coverslab
septictank
Coverslab
Soak pit
Baffle wall
septictank
12 mm
cement plaster
1:3 in septic
tank
(22/7) x 1.20
(22/7) x 1.20
(22/7) x 1.20
2.4
(22/
28)x(1.40)2
0.2
0.2
0.2
1.3
0.04
0.5
0.38
0.2
0.15
0.53
2.5
1.88
0.075
0.234
0.075
0.115
0.45
0.018
0.367
232
Construction Technology
Long walls
1.7
6.8
Short walls
0.9
1.7
3.06
9.86 sq m.
20 mm
c e m e n t
plaster
1:3 in floor of
septic tank
1.80 sq m.
Baffle wall
Section
0.4 m
0.9
In let
Out let
2.0 m
Plan
Fig. 7.3 Septic Tank
Summary
Structure of a road : The structure of a road from base to the top is as
follows. Earthwork formation , sub base, base course and wearing course.
Types of roads : Gravel road, cement concrete road, bituminous road.
Structure of a gravel road : Soling coat of boulders about 15 cm
thick, inter coat and top coat 8 cm to 10 cm thick and wearing course of gravel
5 cm thick.
233
O.J.T. Questions
1. Calculate the materials required for proposed construction of gravel
road and cement concrete road over an existing formation.