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Agenda
How Much Bandwidth do You Need?
Determine Cell Size Shape
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Application By Use
Case
Throughput
Nominal
Web - Casual
500 Kbps
Web - Instructional
1 Mbps
Audio - Casual
100 Kbps
Audio - instructional
1 Mbps
Video - Casual
1 Mbps
Video - Instructional
2-4 Mbps
Printing
1 Mbps
1 Mbps
2-8 Mbps
Online Testing
2-4 Mbps
Device Backups
10-50 Mbps
Audio
Video/screen share
Video HD
Typical
Bandwidth
30Kbps/30kbps
130kbps/130kbps
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AP
VoIP Requirements
VoIP carries voice sound with UDP and Real Time Protocol (RTP), voice
control traffic uses Real Time Control Protocol (RTCP)
Voice sound is converted to digital packets using codecs
Resulting packet size ranges from 8 to 64 bytes per packet (+40 bytes L4/L3
headers, +L2 header)
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Video Applications
Video uses video and audio codecs
Some codecs are built for real time exchange, some for streaming
Video algorithms refresh entire images when large changes occur
The changes generate traffic bursts
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Directional
Omnidirectional
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This may limit your options if you decide to use 40 MHz channels
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Is it better now?
Blah blah blah
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Max Tx Power
16 dBm
UNII-1
14 dBm
UNII-2
13.5 dBm
UNII-2e
12 dBm
UNII-3
13 dBm
13 dBm
Source: FCC
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AP is on 40 MHz channel
Power is dynamically assigned by WLC
Current level is 2 (12 dBm),
there are 7 levels
Allowed levels, 7 to 8 are the same,
so AP is configurable down to level 7
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1 04:11:43.663: D5B70D90 r 6
1 04:11:43.664: A2CEF918 r m15-2s
49/46/42/48 54- 0803 000 m010B85 477AAF m010B85 33E0 477AA0 l46
53/63/54/61 40- 8841 030 1A096F A36F20 m333300 76B0 q0 l100
Timestamp
Client used MCS 15 (2SS)
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Client SNR
L+length of
rest of the frame
With WMM, shows the queue
without WMM, DCF queue index
Sequence number
Address 3
Iphone 5
14.6 dBm
10 dBm
Ipad 4
15.2 dBm
22.67 dBm
Samsung S3
14.9 dBm
10.18 dBm
Samsung S4
12.05 dBm
11.24 dBm
Samsung S5
13.4 dBm
10.61 dBm
HTC One
14.4 dBm
13.8 dBm
13.1 dBm
11.6 dBm
ASUS PCE-AC66
22 dBm
22.83 dBm
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Which BYOD is the worst out there? No names, but 11 dBm is a good
assumption
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Throughput (Mbps)
802.11b
7.2
9.5
802.11g
22.5
802.11a
22.5
35
75*
110
630**
These are average throughputs, with one client close to the AP (high SNR/RSSI)
* Two spatial streams note most PDAs are SISO (MCS 7) 35 Mbps max
** You could have guessed that : 256-QAM max PHY is 1.3 Gbps, max throughput is
typically less than half of max PHY
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ACK frames are sent at the first mandatory speed below the speed at which the
frame was received
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60% Before
5% After
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Mb
ps
64 Byte
DSSS
CCK CCK
DSSS
OFDM
OFDM
512 Byte
1024 Byte
2048 Bytes
2
5.5 11
Time
consumption
per voice flow
at 1 Mb/s
Time
consumption
per voice flow
at 24 Mb/s
Time
consumption
per voice flow
at 54 Mb/s
G.711
(64 Kb/s)
102.4 ms
9.45 ms
6.49 ms
G.729
(8 Kb/s)
46.4 ms
6.27 ms
5.20 ms
G.726
(32 Kb/s)
70.4 ms
7.27 ms
5.64 ms
G.728
(16 Kb/s)
42.43 ms
4.72 ms
3.74 ms
128 Byte
256 Byte
12 24 36 48 54 130 300
Frame
Size/Bytes
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Viber on Samsung S5
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You want to stop your cell in a place where the following happens:
54 Mbp
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6 Mbps
STA3
STA3 is far from AP -> lower data rate (longer transmission delay),
higher PER and loss risks
STA3 does not hear STA1 and STA2 -> higher collision risk
2015 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
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STA1
STA2
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Signal Attenuation
Your hand position may make things worse
Signal Attenuation
Through Object
Plasterboard wall
3 dB
6 dB
Cinderblock wall
4 dB
Office window
3 dB
Metal door
6 dB
12 dB
3 - 6 dB
Up to 15 dB
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AP
AP
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Iphone 5,
Antenna is at
bottom
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Time
consumption
per voice flow
at 1 Mb/s
Time
consumption
per voice flow
at 24 Mb/s
Time consumption
per voice flow
at 54 Mb/s
102.4 ms
9.45 ms
6.49 ms
G.729 (8 Kb/s)
46.4 ms
6.27 ms
5.20 ms
70.4 ms
7.27 ms
5.64 ms
42.43 ms
4.72 ms
3.74 ms
Time consumption = SLOT + DIFS + (voice packet + headers) x speed x (number of packets per second) + SIFS + ACK
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36 Mbps
24 Mbps
24 Mbps
36 Mbps
48 Mbps
54 Mbps
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54 Mbps
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51
99
80
62
60
38
40
20
0
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53
5 GHz
0.1
60
40
71
55
45
5050
29
60
40
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40 MHz rates
AP Placement Strategy
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AP Placement Guidelines
Mount APs so that antennas are vertical (we use vertical polarization)
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AP Placement Guidelines
Avoid metallic objects that can affect the signal to your clients
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RF Design Matters
Highly reflective environments
Multipath distortion/fade is a consideration
Legacy SISO technologies (802.11a/b/g)
are most prone
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> 20ft
AP Antenna Guidelines
Use matching antennas
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Network Design
Try to design small cells, with clever overlap
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24 Mbps OFDM
36 Mbps OFDM
48 Mbps OFDM
54 Mbps OFDM
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Recommended SNR
1 Mbps
-91 dBm
6 Mbps
-87 dBm
-82 dBm
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By reducing the cell size we can affect every thing from the distribution of clients
to our perception of channel utilization
This is for High Density designs and requires knowledge of the behavior you
want to support
A client needs to have someplace to go if you ignore it on the current cell
WARNING This setting is a brick wall if you set it above where your clients
are being heard they will no longer be heard. Really.
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RX-SOP configuration
Settings High, Medium, Low, Auto
Auto is default behavior, and leaves
RX-SOP function linked to CCA
threshold for automatic adjustment
Most networks can support a LOW
setting and see improvement
This affects all packets seen at the
receiver
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Floor
B
C
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1
A
B 2
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2.4G band
5G band
Some Delay
(1.5s)
Possible Delay
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2
3
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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7.
9
8.
9.
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Multicast source
sends IGMP join
response
Multicast stream
sent
WLC forwards
multicast stream to
AP
AP converts stream
to unicast and
delivers to client
Dont
send!
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10
2
Bandwidth Control
You can also control upstream and downstream bandwidth consumption:
Per QoS Profile (Gold etc.)
Per SSID
Per user type (guest etc)
Per device type
Per individual user
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Voice
Video
Best-Effort
Background
Client Traffic
Rate Limiting
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Troubleshooting Tools
Wireless Captures, RF Analysis, Configuration Analysis
Wireless sniffer
Omnipeek/Wireshark (multichannel, for roaming issues)
Mac with OS X 10.6 and above, Windows 7 with Netmon 3.4
AP in Sniffer mode
L1 analysis: SpectrumExpert
WLCCA (WLC Configuration Analyzer) TAC support
NCS / Cisco Prime Infrastructure for Historical view
and Client Troubleshooting tool
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Support Community
https://supportforums.cisco.com/community/5771/wireless-ip-voice-and-video
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Call to Action
Visit the World of Solutions for
Cisco Campus
Walk in Labs
Technical Solution Clinics
Recommended Reading: for reading material and further resources for this
session, please visit www.pearson-books.com/CLMilan 2015
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