1.

INTRODUCTON

Leveling may be the art of determining the relative heights or elevations of points are objects
on the earths surface. It deals with measurements in a vertical plane.
Definitions of terms used in Leveling:
1. A level surface:
It is any surface parallel to the mean spheroidal surface of the earth e.g. surface of a still lake.
Since the earth is a oblate spheroid, a level surface may be regarded as a curved surface,
every point on which is equidistant from the center of the earth. It is normal to the plumb line
at all points.
2. A level line:
It is line lying in a level surface. It is therefore, normal to the plumb line at all points.
3. A horizontal plane:
It is a plane tangential to the level surface at that point. It is perpendicular to direction of
gravity (plumb line).
4. A horizontal line:
It is any line lying in the horizontal plane. It is a straight line tangential to a level line.
5. A vertical line:
It is a line normal to the level surface through that point e. g. a plumb line.
6. A vertical plane:
It is a plane containing a vertical line.
7. A vertical angle:
Angle between two intersecting lines in a vertical plane, one of the two lines is commonly
taken as horizontal in surveying.
8. A datum surface or line:
It is any arbitrarily assumed level surface or line from which vertical distances are measured
in India the datum adopted for G.T.S. bench marks is the mean sea level at Karachi now in
Pakistan.
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9. The elevation:
It is vertical distance of a point above or below the datum. It is also known as the reduced
level (R.L.) The elevation of a point is plus or minus according as the point is above or below
the datum.
10. The difference in elevation (H):
It is the vertical distance between the level surfaces passing through the two different points.
11. A bench mark (B.M.):
It is fixed reference point of known elevation.
12. The line of collimation:
It is the line joining the intersection of cross hairs of the optical center of the object glass. It is
also called the line of sight.
13. An axis of the telescope:
It is a line joining the optical center of the object glass to the center of the eye piece.
14. Foresight:
(Also called a foresight reading) It is a staff (or rod) reading on a point whose elevation is to
be determined or on a change point. It is also termed as minus sight. It is the last staff reading
denoting the shifting of the instrument.
15. An Intermediate sight (I. S.):
It is any other staff reading taken on appoint of unknown elevation from the same set up of
the level. All sights taken between the back sight and the fore sight and the foresight are
intermediate sights.
16. A change point (C. P):
It is appoint denoting the shifting of the level. It is a point on which is the fore and back
sights are taken. Any stable and well defined object such as a boundary stone, curb stone rail,
rock etc. is used as a change point. A bench mark may also be taken as a changer point. It is
also called a turning point (T. P).

17. A Station:
It is a point whose elevation is to be determined. It may be noted that it is a point where the
staff is held not the point where they leveled is set up.
18. The height of instrument (H. L):
It is the elevation (or the R.L.) of the plane of collimation (or plane of sight) when the
instrument is correctly leveled. It is also called the height of plane of the collimation.
To determine elevation of points two instruments are required, viz.
1. A level
2. A leveling staff or rod.
The level:
Level consists of essentially
1. Leveling head
2. The limb
3. Telescope
4. bubble tube
Types of level:
1. Dumpy level
2. y level

2.0

OBJECTIVE

1. To get the perfect reading on the instrument

2. Recalibrate levelling instrument and staff so, the reading levelling is suitable to the
height of the earth surface
3. Diffrentiate the damage instrument on value reading for send to the supplier
4. The first procedure to prevent the error in the process of leveling gone wrong.

3.0

THEORY
The purpose of the test is to know the accurancy of the leveling instrument. It also can

find the error and the damages on the instrument. Other than that, before doing the test, we
must make sure the calibration of the instrument is perfect. So, the real distance does not have
big difference than the distance that taken during the test.
Distance from the front view to the leveling instrument must not be too far to reduce the error
on collimation. Besides, this test will be succeed and granted if the real distance smaller than
the limit distance allowed. The minimum distance after the front view staff is 6m and the
maximum is 66m.
Front view staff is the last before tranfering the instrument from the CP to the next CP.
BM which is Benchmark is the fixed station on the earth surface.

4.0

INSTRUMENTS

There were several instruments that used for running Two Peg Test and
Levelling.
Two Peg Test :1. Level and Tripod
( 1 set )
A level is required to define the reading of vertical distances
on the staff.
2. Staff
( 2 set )
A levelling staff is needed to measure vertical distances.
3. Staff bubble ( 2 set )
Staff bubble is fitted to the staff to make sure the staff stable
to the ground.
4. Measuring Tape
A tape is used to measure distances between the level and
staff.

Levelling :1. Level and Tripod

( 1 set )

A level is required to define the reading of vertical distances

on the staff.

2. Staff
( 2 set )
A levelling staff is needed to measure vertical distances.
3. Staff bubble ( 2 set )
Staff bubble is fitted to the staff to make sure the staff stable
to the ground.
4. For measuring distances for levelling, not using tape but using
foot step.
5. Hammer
6. Nail / Thumbtack

Level and Tripod

Staff bubble

Staff

Measuring
tape

5.0

PROCEDURE

Two Peg Test procedure :1. Measure out 3 points (Point A, B and C) which is 30m apart, and
mark them on the ground. Point A as back sight and point C as
foresight.
2. Set up the level instrument at point B, the centre and put the
staff at point A and point C.
3. To set up the level, first set up the tripod. Ensure the top is level.
Push legs firmly into the ground. Then, attach level. Use the foot
screws to centralise the circular bubble. Test to see if the
compensator is working and the remove the parallax to see
clearly.
4. Make sure the stuff bubble is at centre of the circle to get the
right readings.

B
30

30

6m

5. Read the staff vertical distance at point A, record the data and
read again.
6. Rotate the level to point C, read the staff reading at point C,
record the data and read again.
7. Move the level instrument to 6m beyond point C on the line point
A,B and C.
8. Set up the level, read the staff at point A and record the data.
Then, read the staff at point C and also record the data.
9. Calculate height difference.
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Levelling procedure.
Observing procedure :1. Levelling depends on area given. For group 2, the area involve are
K4, K5, K6, K7 and K8.

(Practical Area)
2. Start at TBM 1 area K4, put the staff at TBM 1. Using footsteps, 39
steps as 30m. From TBM 1, measure 39 steps and set up the level
instrument at the point. Measure another 39 steps and it will be the
change point, (Point A). Put another staff at Point A.
3. Read the first staff at TBM 1, it is a back sight reading and record
the data in the Levelling Observation form. Rotate the level to Point
A, it will be foresight reading. Read the staff at Point A and record
the data.
4. Next, move the level instrument 39 steps from Point A and measure
Point B. Put the staff from TBM 1 at Point B. The staff at point A will
stay. Set up the level, read the staff at point A and record the data
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as back sight reading. Rotate the level towards Point B, read the
staff and record the data.
5. Move the level instrument with the same distance from Point B. Set
up the level and measure Point C. Put the staff from Point A to Point
C. Read the staff at Point B, record the data. Rotate the level to Point
C, read the staff and record the data.
6. Move again the level instrument with the same distance from Point
C. Set up the level and measure Point D. Point D is the TBM point.
Mark the Point D using the hammer and nails given. Put the staff
from point B to Point D. Read the staff at Point C, record the data.
Rotate the level to Point D, read the staff and record the data.
7. Move the level instrument with the same distance from Point D. Set
up the level and measure Point E. Put the staff from Point C to Point
D. Read the staff at Point D, record the data. Rotate the level to
Point E, read the staff and record the data.
8. Next, move the level instrument with the same distance from Point
E. Set up the level and measure Point F. Put the staff from Point D to
Point F. Read the staff at Point E, record the data. Rotate the level to
Point F, read the staff and record the data.
9. Move the level instrument with the same distance from Point E. Set
up the level and measure Point F. Put the staff from Point D to Point
F. Read the staff at Point E, record the data. Rotate the level to Point
F, read the staff and record the data.
10.
Next, move the level instrument with the same distance from
Point E. Set up the level and measure Point F. Put the staff from Point
D to Point F. Read the staff at Point E, record the data. Rotate the
level to Point F, read the staff and record the data.
11.
Move the level instrument with the same distance from Point
F. Set up the level and measure Point G. Put the staff from Point E to
Point G. Read the staff at Point F, record the data. Rotate the level to
Point G, read the staff and record the data.
12.
Lastly, move the level instrument with the same distance from
Point G. Set up the level and the other Point H is back to the TBM 1.
Put the staff from Point F to TBM 1. Read the staff at Point G, record
the data. Rotate the level towards Point H (TBM 1), read the staff
and record the data.
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Booking procedures :1. The Rise and Fall Method

The terms that are commonly used in the Rise and Fall Method are:

BS = Back sight,
FS = Foresight,
IS = Intermediate Sight, and
RL = Reduced Level.

2. Height of Collimation
Height of Collimation (HOC) = Reduce Level (RL) + Back sight

(BS)
Height of Collimation (HOC) Foresight (FS) = Reduce Level
(RL)

Calculation procedures :1. Checks survey accuracy, and should be within tolerances given
below.
2. The following check the arithmetic of your level reductions and must
be exact:
BS - FS = Rise - Fall
(Back sight) (Foresight) = (RL) (last BM) RL (start BM)
3. Misclosure should be:

10

(20 D) mm, where D is the length of the traverse in

km.

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