You are on page 1of 11

The International Journal Of Engineering And Science (IJES)

|| Volume || 4 || Issue || 11 || Pages || PP -29-39|| 2015 ||


ISSN (e): 2319 1813 ISSN (p): 2319 1805

Geophysical Investigation for Groundwater Potential in Rufus Giwa


Polytechnic Owo, Southwestern Nigeria
1
1,2,3

O.O. Falowo, 2A.O. Daramola , 3O.O. Ojo

Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Rufus Giwa Polytechnic,


Owo, Ondo State, Nigeria.

------------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT--------------------------------------------------------------Geophysical investigation was conducted at Rufus Giwa Polytechnic, Owo, Southwestern, Nigeria with the aim of
evaluating the groundwater potential in the area. The geophysical survey involved Very Low Frequency
Electromagnetic (VLF-EM) and Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES). A total of twenty seven (27) traverses were
established along West East and Southwest Northeast direction in the studied area; covering a total distance of
8.45 km. The lengths of the traverses vary between 110 m and 920 m. Measurements were taken at 10 m spacing
along the traverses for the VLF-EM. The result of the VLF-EM was used to determine the data point for the VES.
The VLF-EM result reveals the presence of conductive zones. The geoelectric section revealed 3 to 5 major layers
comprising the topsoil, clay, laterite, weathered layer, partly weathered layer/fractured basement, and fresh
basement rock. The topsoil has resistivity that varies between 46 -m and 1644 -m, and depth that ranges from 0.3
m to 19.8 m. It is composed of clay/sandy clay, clayey sand, lateritic clay and laterite. The clay substratum has
resistivity that ranges from 20 to 95 -m and depth that varies from 1.5 m and 9.3 m. Laterite is characterized by
resistivity that varies between 106 -m and 1223 -m with thickness that varies from 0.8 m to 11.4 m. The
weathered layer which constitutes the first aquiferous zone and is characterized by resistivity that ranges between
28 -m and 823 -m, while its thickness varies from 0.4 m to 144.2 m. The composition of the weathered layer is
predominantly clayey sand indicating an aquitard i.e. a subsurface geological formation that stores but fairly
transmit water. The partly weathered layer/Fractured aquifer is the second aquiferous zone; it has resistivity that is
between 16 -m and 914 -m with thickness in the range of 0.3 m to 148.6 m. The fresh basement has resistivity
values that vary from 327 -m to 17578 -m. The low resistivity values (< 500 -m) are due to screening effect by
the overlying conductive material. The weathered layer and fractured basement aquifers correlate the suspected
water filled geologic formation observed by the VLF-EM. Therefore the area shows a very good prospect for
groundwater development.

Keywords aquiferous zone, conductive material, geological formation, geophysical investigation, groundwater
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------Date of Submission: 14 November 2015
Date of Accepted: 30 November 2015
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------

I. INTRODUCTION
Access to clean water is a human right and a basic requirement for economic development. The safest kind of water
supply is the use of groundwater. Groundwater accounts for about 98 % of the worlds fresh water and is fairly
evenly distributed throughout the world. It provides a reasonable constant supply which is not completely
susceptible to drying up under natural condition unlike fresh water. Water from beneath the ground has been for
domestic use, irrigation and livestock. Lakes, swamps, reservoirs and rivers account for 3.5 % and soil moisture
accounts for only 1.5 % ([4]).
The works of ([1], [3]) revealed that it is necessary to monitor water quality on regular basis. Since groundwater
normally has a natural protection against pollution by the covering layers, only minor water treatment is required.
Detailed knowledge on the extent, hydraulic properties, and vulnerability of groundwater reservoirs is necessary to
enable a sustainable use of the resources. The total replenishable water resource in Nigeria is estimated at 319 billion
cubic metres, while the groundwater component is estimated at 52 billion cubic metres. Nigeria has adequate surface
and groundwater resources to meet its current water demands. However, in spite of the tremendous efforts put by the
various Governments to improve access to potable water supply to all Nigerians, estimates shows that only 58% of
the inhabitants of the urban and semi-urban areas and 39% of rural areas have access to portable water supply.

www.theijes.com

The IJES

Page 29

Geophysical Investigation for Groundwater Potential


Water shortages are acute in some major centres and in numerous rural communities due to a variety of factors
including variations in climatic conditions, drought increasing demands, distribution system losses, and breakdown
of works and facilities. Other challenges facing the sector include funding constraints for improving and
rehabilitating broken down schemes, competition between water users, pollution from point and non-point sources
and lack of competent and skilled human resources.
1.1 Description of the Project Environment
Rufus Giwa Polytechnic, Owo, Ondo State, is located in Owo Fig. 1 which is within the south western part of
Nigeria. The institution Fig. 2 is situated in Owo local Government of Ondo State Fig. 3. It lies within
longitudes 6 00 E and 5 30 E and latitudes 7 30 N and 7 00 N. The study area is easily accessible by roads like
Ikare Owo highway, Benin Ifon highway and Akure Owo highway.
1.2 Geomorphology, Climate and Vegetation
Owo is relatively flat, as the terrain ranges from 940 ft to 1100 ft Fig. 4. The terrain slopes from Rugipo down to
Isuada town Fig. 5. Elevation is much higher at Ikare Junction and lower around Emure and Isuada towns. In
RUGIPO, the topography ranges from 311 m to 342 m above the sea level. The study area has a gently undulating
topography. The area lies geographically within the tropical rain forest belt of hot and wet equatorial climatic region
characterized by alternating wet and dry climate seasons ([6]), which is strongly controlled by seasonal fluctuation
in the rate of evaporation.
The available rain data shows that mean annual rainfall ranges from 1000 mm - 1500 mm and mean temperature
of 24 C to 27 C. There is rapid rainfall during the month of March and cessation during the month of November.
June and September are the critical month when rainfall is usually on the high side. The vegetation is of tropical
rainforest and is characterized by thick forest of broad-leaved trees that is ever green. The vegetation of the area
(especially in undeveloped areas) is dense and made up of palm trees, kolanut trees and cocoa trees. Part of this area
is also made the school farm.
1.3 Geology of the Studied Area
The area of study falls within the Southwestern basement rock Fig. 6 which is part of Nigerian Basement
complex. The area is underlain mainly by rocks of the Migmatite - Gneiss Complex Fig. 7. RUGIPO is
predominantly underlain by quartzite, granite and granite gneiss Fig. 8.
Quartzite is the most dominant rock; which mineralogically contains quartz dominating mineral, other minerals
such as muscovite, tremolite, microcline and biotite are common as well. Quartzites which are prominent as ridge
vary in texture from massive to schistocity due to the presence of flaky minerals like mica.

II. METHODS OF STUDY


Twenty seven traverses were established in W-E and SW-NE direction with length that varies between 110 m and
920 m Fig. 9. The total length of the traverses established is 8450 m (8.45 km).
o

5 30

5 00

4 30

6 00

N
Oke-Agbe

AKOKO NW
Ikun

Ogbagi
Arigidi

EKITI STATE

IFEDORE
Ijare
ILE-OLUJI

OSUN
STATE

Araromi

Uso

Alade
Idanre

Ore

Omotoso

Ofosu

IRELE
Okitipupa
OKITIPUPA Irele
ILAJE
Igbokoda

7 00

Okeluse

Otu

E
D

Igbotaku
o

6 30 N

Okpe

OSE

Ifon
Ute

Omifunfun

Loda
Ayadi

Ode-Aye

MAKURDI
ENUGU

A
T
E

Kajola

AKURE

S
T

Oniparaga

ILORIN

IBADAN
LAGOS

Ipele

Sanusi

IDANRE

ODIGBO

ABUJA

7 30 N

Ala-Ajagbusi

Jimgbe

Ibagba
Asewele
Ominia
Odigbo

MAIDUGURI

Afo
Idoani
Sasere

OWO

Odole

ONDO-WEST
OGUN
STATE

Emure

KANO

NORTH

Bolorunduro

Oba-Ile
AKURE

Akure

Ile-Oluji

Ondo

7 00

Iju
Ita ogbolu

SOKOTO

KOGI
STATE
Auga

AKOKO NE
Akungba Ikare
Ise
Oka
Ibillo
Isua
AKOKOIkun
SW
AKOKO SE
Oba

7 30
Onikoko

Ayere

6 30

Akotogbo

Igbekebo
L. Gov't. Headquarters

ESE-ODO

Towns & Villages


Minor Road

6 00 N

Major Road

ATLANTIC OCEAN

6 00 N

State Boundary

DELTA STATE
o

4 30 E

5 00

25

5 30

25 Km
o

6 00 E

Figure 1: Road/Administrative Map of Ondo State

www.theijes.com

The IJES

Page 30

Geophysical Investigation for Groundwater Potential


345000

344000E
361250N

347000

346000

349000

348000

350000E

361250N

361000

361000

SOKOTO

Stre
am

KANO

MAIDUGURI

GAMES RESERVE
ABUJA

360000

360000

Ata
m op
ere

MANAGEMENT STAFF
QUARTERS

AREA
359000

FOR

T
AR
QU

EXPANSION

ARTIFICIAL
LAKE

FUTURE

N
SE

AGRICULTURAL

IOR

ILORIN

O.S.P.O. CONSULT
ESTATE AREA

RESERVATION

IBADAN

AKURE

MAKURDI
ENUGU

LAGOS

S
ER

359000

F
AF
ST
STAFF
CLUB

DAM

DEVELOPMENT
AGRIC
EXTENSION AREA

O.S.P.O. CONSULT
358000
W.T.

ST

AF

QU

AR

TE

RS

358000

NEW SPORT
COMPLEX
RESEARCH/
PRESS
CENTRE

C.S

From
Akure

NC

PART-TIME STUDENTS
RESERVATION

REC

SCHOOL OF
BUSINESS
STUDIES

MAINTENANCE
DEPT.

STAFF
CLUB

F
O ING Y O.S.P.O.
GUEST
L
O E R OG
HOUSE
Str
HO INE OL
SCHOOL OF
SC N G H N
GENERAL
E EC
STUDIES
C OM
T
MER
CIA
L
m
ea

e
Op

357000

CENTRAL AUDITORIUM/
ADMINISTRATIVE/
CONFERENCE CENTRE

SUB.
PLACE OF
WORSHIP

AREA

CENTRAL
POOL

ALUMNI
CENTRE

Aa
u

nk
e

OSPO. COMM.
CEN.

357000

SCHOOL
G.H.
ETF
OF
FOOD
RESERVATION
TECHNOLOGY

PLACE OF
WORSHIP

HOSTEL

Quarry

HOSTEL

AREA

NIO

Stream

ACTIVITY

JU

Gate
356000N

To Oluku

356000N
344000E

345000

348000

347000

346000
560m

560

1120

349000

350000E

1680m

LEGEND
Existing Road

Streams

Hostel

Boundary Pillar

Trees and Hedges

Management Staff Quarters


Lecture Halls/Existing Buildings
New Sport Complex

Fence
Proposed Roads
School Boundary
Gate

Commercial Centre

Faculties/Conference
Centres
Administrative Blocks/
Conference Centres

R.C.

Artificial Lake/Pond

S.U.B.

Recreation Ground
Student Union Building

C.S.
Corner Shop
O.S.P.O. Ondo State Polytechnic, Owo
W.T.

Waste Treatment
Ceded Land

Stadium

Figure 2: Land-Use Master Plan of RUGIPO


5 15 E

6 00 E

7 30 N

7 30 N

EKITI STATE

AKOKO SOUTH WEST


L.G.A.

Eporo

Baga

Sasere
Ago-Panu
Ipeme

Ago-Panu

Emure

AKUR
E NOR
L.G.A. TH

Amurin

RUGIPO

L.G
.A.

Uso

Alaga
OdofinAlaro
Oluka

Daji Camp

Iyere
Ilale
Ipele
Alasa
Isijogun
Olefa
Ipele
Ijegunmo Junction
Obasoro

Igodi

Okififioko

Isewe

Sanusi

Araromi

OS
E

Emaajomo

IDA
NR

Alafiatayo

EL
A.
.G.

Igbatoro

6 45 N
5 15 E

6 45 N
6 00 E

LEGEND
SCALE

Major Road

Minor Road

5 Km

Main Paths
Towns and Villages
RUGIPO
Rivers and Streams

Figure 3: Map of Owo Local Government Area of Ondo State

www.theijes.com

The IJES

Page 31

Geophysical Investigation for Groundwater Potential

Figure 4: Topographical map of Owo and Environs

Figure 5: 3-D Surface Elevation Map around the studied Area

www.theijes.com

The IJES

Page 32

Geophysical Investigation for Groundwater Potential

Owo

Study Area

Figure 6: Geological sketch map of Nigeria showing the major geological component; Basement,
Younger Granites, and Sedimentary Basins ([5]).

Figure 7: Geological Map of Owo and Environs, showing the Study Area ([5]).

www.theijes.com

The IJES

Page 33

Geophysical Investigation for Groundwater Potential


345000

344000E
361250N

347000

346000

349000

348000

350000E

361250N

361000

Str
eam

361000

GAMES RESERVE
360000

360000

OSPO CONSULT
ESTATE AREA

Ata
mo
per
e

RESERVATION

Management Quarters
QU

EXPANSION

AREA FOR FUTURE


AGRICULTURAL
DEVELOPMENT

359000

SE

R
NIO

T
AR

ER

359000

F
AF
ST

CEDED AREA

AGRIC
EXTENSION
AREA

From

358000

STAFF
CLUB

Akure

Str

SCHOOL OF
BUSINESS
STUDIES

m
ea

Quarry

HOSTEL

358000

e
Op

357000

357000

HOSTEL

356000N

To Oluku

356000N
344000E

345000

348000

347000

346000

560m

349000

350000E

560 m

LEGEND
Quartzite

Stream

Granite Gneiss / Granite

Ceded Area

Dam

Quarry

Figure 8: Geological Map of RUGIPO


357750
Tr.19

MANAGEMENT
QUARTERS

V46

CEDED AREA

V47

Millenium Lecture
Theatre
V52

POULTRY

V48

V54

Tr.21

V49

V51

V59

FACULTY OF GENERAL STUDIES/


MASS COMMUNICATION DEPT

V56

357000

V50

Tr.20

V53

Tr.22

V55

ADMINISTRATIVE BUILDING

V58

V57

Tr.27
V72
V75

GUEST
HOUSE

V27

V60

V63

Tr.14

V39

V42

V37 V41
V35

V34

Tr.13

V33

V61
V1

.9

Tr

V22
V20

.8

V40

V36
Block-Five

V23

ICT
V25
V45 V28

V44

Hostel

Sc
ho
ol
Fa
rm

Tr.24
Tr.23

Tr.15V38

Tr.25

V66

rm

Fa

V62

Sc
ho
ol

To Akure

V65

V30

Tr.17

Tr.16

Hostel

Tr.18
V43
V67

V64

V31
HEALTH
CENTRE

V70

B.Tech.
Est.
Mgt V24
V26
LOW RISE V21

V29

LIBRARY

Tr
.1
1

Sc
ho
ol
Fa
rm

V71

Tr.26
V69

Tr
.1

Tr
.1
0

V32
V68 SUB

V2

T
T r r. 7
.6

ARTISAN

Tr

V74

V19

STADIUM

V73

V16
V12

Tr.5 V15
V13
V14

Tr.4 V11
S.S. V10
V8
Tr.3V9
V6Tr.2
V7

V3

Tr.1

V18

V17

V5

V4

To Ifon

356000N

348000E

347000E

SCALE:

200 m

LEGEND
Road

Stream

VES Point

Tr.1

Traverse Number

Minor Path

Gate

Borehole Location

V8

VES Number

Grid Lines

Traverse Line
(VLF & Magnetic)

Hand Dug
Well Location

VLF & Magnetic


Data Point

Figure 9: Data Acquisition Map of the Study Area

www.theijes.com

The IJES

Page 34

Geophysical Investigation for Groundwater Potential


2.1 VLF-EM Survey
The VLF - EM method utilized the inline profiling technique. The measurements were taken at 10 m intervals along
each traverse. The ABEM WADI EM-VLF was used for the measurements. Although both real and quadrature
components of the VLF-EM field were measured, the real component data, which are usually more diagnostic of
linear features, were processed. The real and filtered real components were plotted against stations position using
KHFFILT software version 1.0 ([7]). The 2-D modeling of the filtered real component was carried out using the
same software. The profiles were interpreted qualitatively by visual inspection of anomalies (conductor) that are
diagnostic of possible geological structures in the bedrock while the 2-D modeling output was used for quantitative
interpretation.
2.2
Electrical Resistivity Survey
The electrical resistivity method utilized Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) using the Schlumberger array. The
same traverses were used in each locality as in VLF method. Sounding stations were determined from conductive
zones delineated by the VLF EM. The location of each sounding stations in both geographic and Universal
Traverse Mercator (UTM) coordinates was recorded with the aid of the GARMIN 12 channel personal navigator Geographic Positioning System (GPS) - unit. The instrument used for the resistivity data collection was the Omega.
The current electrode spacing (AB/2) was varied from 1 m to 225 m. The apparent resistivity( ) resistivity
measurements at each station were plotted against electrode spacing (AB/2) on bilogarithmic graph sheets.
The resulting curves were then inspected visually to determine the nature of the subsurface layering. In each way,
each curve was characterized depending upon the number and nature of the subsurface layers.
Partial curve matching ([9]) was carried out for the quantitative interpretation of the curves. The results of the
curve matching (layer resistivities and thicknesses) were fed into the computer as starting model parameter in an
iterative forward modeling technique using RESIST version 1.0 ([10]). From the interpretation results, geoelectric
sections along the traverses were produced. The interpreted result was considered satisfactory since a good fit of
RMS between the field curves and computer generated curves.

III. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION


3.1 Field Curves
The number of layers varies between 3-layers and 6-layers. Nine curve types have been identified in the study area:
KH, HKH, H, KHKH, QH, HK, KQ, AK, and KAH. The most occurring curve types identified are KH and HKH
curve types Fig. 10. The root mean square (RMS) error of the generated curves ranges between 1.8 and 10.7; this
shows models of well smoothened, iterated curves ([2]).
3.2. 2-D VLF EM Modeling and Geoelectric
Section
The 2-D structure of the real component of the VLF EM along Traverse 2 is shown in Fig. 11a. The 2-D
structure reveals one strongly conductive zone located around 45 and 87 m. This structure has a depth greater than
20 m. This conductive is suspected to be a thick weathered zone or fractured zone. The geoelectric section along this
Traverse shows that VES 1, 2 and 3 have thick weathered layer indicating good aquiferous unit for groundwater
prospect. The most occurring resistivity range of 400 -m 700 -m suggests a clayey sand/sand formation which
is an aquitard i.e. a subsurface geological formation that can store water but poorly transmits.
Fig. 12 displays the 2-D modeling of the VLF-EM and the geoelectric section along Traverse 8. The 2-D
model identifies a highly resistive body suspected to be an outcropping basement at 25 m; and water filled
geological formation with a highly weathered/fractured zone between distances 48 and 75 m and 10 and 40 m
respectively. The depth of this strongly conductive target ranges between 0 and 35 m. The zone will be good for
groundwater development.

Figure 10: Bar-Chat of Curve Types obtained from the Study Area

www.theijes.com

The IJES

Page 35

Geophysical Investigation for Groundwater Potential

(a)
Distance (m)

20

40

60

80

VES 6

VES 7
1644

199

Depth (m)

335

575
283

52

330

3061
10

136

325
661

320

LEGEND
10 m

Weathered Layer

Laterite

Top soil

Partly Weathered Layer/


Fracture Basement

5m

Resistivity (

785

Fresh Basement

-m )

(b)
Figure 11: (a) 2-D modeling; (b) Geoelectric section along Traverse 2

(a)
SW

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

NE

160
180
Existing Borehole
Location 4

Depth (m)

VES 24

345
340
335
330
325
320
315
310

VES 23

VES 22
719

171

219

1474
141
1406

270

60

562

40

64
84

376

327

522

LEGEND
0
5m

20 m

Top soil

Weathered Layer

Partly Weathered Layer/


Fractured Basement

64

Resistivity (

-m )

Fresh Basement

(b)
Figure 12: (a) 2-D modeling; (b) Geoelectric section along Traverse 8

www.theijes.com

The IJES

Page 36

Geophysical Investigation for Groundwater Potential


The geoelectric section Fig. 12b along this Traverse revealed that weathered layer and the fractured basement
(unconfined) constitute the major aquifers as evidenced by the existing boreholes under VES 24 with resistivity that
ranges between 64 -m and 562 -m; and 40 -m and 522 -m respectively. The composition of the weathered
layer is predominantly clayey sand. The thickness of the weathered layer varies from 5 m to 50 m.
The 2-D structure of the real component of the VLF EM along Traverse 10 is shown in Fig.13a. The 2D structure reveals a strongly conductive zone suspected to be water filled geological formation with a highly
weathered /fracture zone at distances between 70 and 115 m. The 2-D also identified a very poor conductive zone
typical of lateritic hard pan between distances 10 and 60 m. Both have a depth extent greater than 20 m. The 2-D
model corroborates the thickly weathered layer (with thickness greater than 20 m) under VES 29 but thin under VES
28. The resistivity of this weathered layer which constitutes the major aquifer unit along this Traverse varies from 28
-m to 229 -m
Fig. 14 displays the 2-D structure of the real component of the VLF-EM and the geoelectric section along
Traverse 12. The top of the main conductive target (at distance 80 m) as indicated by the 2-D model correlates with
the geoelectric section Fig. 14b which identifies this target as a low resistivity (< 50 -m) suspected to be a clayey
material.
The 2-D structure of the real component of the VLF EM along Traverse 21 is shown in Fig. 15a. It
identifies a strongly conductive feature suspected to be water filled geological formation/weathered zone or
fractured zone at distances between 15 m and 45 m. This conductive target has a depth extent of 25 m. The
geoelectric section delineates this feature as a low resistivity geomaterial composed of clay weathered layer and
clayey sand as the topsoil. Therefore, the aquifer unit along this Traverse is clay with resistivity that is generally less
than 100 -m.
Fig. 16 displays the 2-D structure of the real component of the VLF-EM and the geoelectric section along
Traverse 25. The 2-D Fig. 16a model identifies a strongly conductive cross cutting linear feature at distance 400
m. This conductive target has a depth extent greater than 60 m. The presence of this cross cutting linear structure is
indicative of weak/incompetent geologic formation. However, on the geoelectric section beneath VES 66 where this
cross cutting feature occurred, its revealed as fractured basement at a shallow depth (less than 10 m).

IV.

CONCLUSIONS

Geophysical investigation of Rufus Giwa of Rufus Giwa Polytechnic has been carried out, with the aim of
evaluating the groundwater potential of the institution. The 2-D modeling real component of the VLF-EM revealed
the presence of conductive zones which were used as data points for the vertical electrical soundings. The
geoelectric section revealed 3 to 5 major layers comprising the topsoil, clay, laterite, weathered layer, partly
weathered layer/fractured basement, and fresh basement rock. The weathered layer and fractured basement aquifers
correlate with the suspected water filled geologic formation as lineated by the VLF-EM. Therefore the area has a
good prospect for groundwater development.

REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]

A.F. Abimbola, O.M Ajibade, A.A. Odewande, W.O. Okunola, T.A. Laniyan, and T.T. Kolawole, Hydrochemical Characterization of
Water Resources around the Semi-Urban Area of Ijebu-Igbo Southwestern, Nigeria. Journal of Water Resources Vol.20, 2008, 10-15.
R. Barker, L. Blunt, and I. Smith, Geophysical consideration in the design of U.K. National Sounding Database. First Break, Vol. 14,
1996, No. 2, pp. 45-53.
A.E. Edet, and O.E. Offiong, Surface Water Quality Evaluation in Odukpani, Calabar Flank, Southwestern, Nigeria. Journal of
Environmental Geology, 36 (3/4), 1998b: 343348.
R.A. Freeze, and J.A. Cherry, Groundwater (Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1979), 604.
Geological Survey of Nigeria, Geological map of Akure Area, Sheet 61. Geological Survey Department, Ministry of Mines, Power
and Steel, Nigeria. 1966.
N.P. Iloeje, A new geography of Nigeria (New Revised Edition) Longman Nig. Ltd., Lagos, 1981, 201pp.
KHFFILT, Karous-Hjelt and Frazer filtering of VLF measurements, Version 1.1a,
Markku Pirttijarvi, 2004.
Ondo State Surveys Akure, Nigeria. Administrative map of Ondo State, Ministry of works and Housing, Akure Ondo State, Nigeria,
1998.
E. Orellana, and H.M. Mooney, Master Tables and Curves for Vertical Electrical Sounding over Layered Structure, Geophy. Prospect
29, 1966: 932-955.
B.P.A Vander Velper, Resist Version 1.0, M.Sc. research Project ITC Delf. Netherlands, 1988.

www.theijes.com

The IJES

Page 37

Geophysical Investigation for Groundwater Potential

(a)
Distance (m)

SW

40

60

NE

80

100

VES 28

VES 29

50

335

726

331

82

229

Depth (m)

330
16

325

46

320
315
2498

310

284

LEGEND
0

20 m

Top soil

Weathered Layer

Partly Weathered Layer/


Fracture Basement

5m
58

Resistivity (

Fresh Basement

-m )

(b)
Figure 13: (a) 2-D modeling; (b) Geoelectric section along Traverse 10

(a)
Distance (m)
30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

75

VES 31

80

Depth (m)

65
20

14979

310

90

VES 32
1258

516
83

320

85

19
14478

300

3941

LEGEND
0

5m

Top soil

Clay

Fresh Basement

Partly Weathered Layer/


Fracture Basement

19 Resistivity ( -m)

10 m

(b)
Figure 14: (a) 2-D modeling; (b) Geoelectric section along Traverse 12

www.theijes.com

The IJES

Page 38

Geophysical Investigation for Groundwater Potential

(a)
W
20

40

60

80

100

Distance (m)
140
160

120

180

200

220

240

260

VES 52
VES 54

VES 53

369

330

251

305

538

Depth (m)

320
38
310

105

93

300

278

240

17578

290

20 m

Weathered Layer

Top Soil
10 m

Partly Weathered Layer/


Fracture Basement

Fresh Basement
(

Resistivity

105

-m )

(b)
Figure 15: (a) 2-D modeling; (b) Geoelectric section along Traverse 21

(a)
Distance (m)

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

340

VES 64
229

Depth (m)

450

500

550 E

VES 67

302

247
501

618

901

320

400

VES 66

VES 65

627

936

252

163
207

355

300

914
907

752
7581

280
0

LEGEND

50 m

Top soil

Laterite

Partly Weathered Layer/


Fracture Basement

20 m
252

Resistivity (

Weathered Layer

Fresh Basement

-m )

(b)
Figure 16: (a) 2-D modeling; (b) Geoelectric section along Traverse 25

www.theijes.com

The IJES

Page 39

You might also like