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------------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT--------------------------------------------------------------Geophysical investigation was conducted at Rufus Giwa Polytechnic, Owo, Southwestern, Nigeria with the aim of
evaluating the groundwater potential in the area. The geophysical survey involved Very Low Frequency
Electromagnetic (VLF-EM) and Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES). A total of twenty seven (27) traverses were
established along West East and Southwest Northeast direction in the studied area; covering a total distance of
8.45 km. The lengths of the traverses vary between 110 m and 920 m. Measurements were taken at 10 m spacing
along the traverses for the VLF-EM. The result of the VLF-EM was used to determine the data point for the VES.
The VLF-EM result reveals the presence of conductive zones. The geoelectric section revealed 3 to 5 major layers
comprising the topsoil, clay, laterite, weathered layer, partly weathered layer/fractured basement, and fresh
basement rock. The topsoil has resistivity that varies between 46 -m and 1644 -m, and depth that ranges from 0.3
m to 19.8 m. It is composed of clay/sandy clay, clayey sand, lateritic clay and laterite. The clay substratum has
resistivity that ranges from 20 to 95 -m and depth that varies from 1.5 m and 9.3 m. Laterite is characterized by
resistivity that varies between 106 -m and 1223 -m with thickness that varies from 0.8 m to 11.4 m. The
weathered layer which constitutes the first aquiferous zone and is characterized by resistivity that ranges between
28 -m and 823 -m, while its thickness varies from 0.4 m to 144.2 m. The composition of the weathered layer is
predominantly clayey sand indicating an aquitard i.e. a subsurface geological formation that stores but fairly
transmit water. The partly weathered layer/Fractured aquifer is the second aquiferous zone; it has resistivity that is
between 16 -m and 914 -m with thickness in the range of 0.3 m to 148.6 m. The fresh basement has resistivity
values that vary from 327 -m to 17578 -m. The low resistivity values (< 500 -m) are due to screening effect by
the overlying conductive material. The weathered layer and fractured basement aquifers correlate the suspected
water filled geologic formation observed by the VLF-EM. Therefore the area shows a very good prospect for
groundwater development.
Keywords aquiferous zone, conductive material, geological formation, geophysical investigation, groundwater
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------Date of Submission: 14 November 2015
Date of Accepted: 30 November 2015
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------
I. INTRODUCTION
Access to clean water is a human right and a basic requirement for economic development. The safest kind of water
supply is the use of groundwater. Groundwater accounts for about 98 % of the worlds fresh water and is fairly
evenly distributed throughout the world. It provides a reasonable constant supply which is not completely
susceptible to drying up under natural condition unlike fresh water. Water from beneath the ground has been for
domestic use, irrigation and livestock. Lakes, swamps, reservoirs and rivers account for 3.5 % and soil moisture
accounts for only 1.5 % ([4]).
The works of ([1], [3]) revealed that it is necessary to monitor water quality on regular basis. Since groundwater
normally has a natural protection against pollution by the covering layers, only minor water treatment is required.
Detailed knowledge on the extent, hydraulic properties, and vulnerability of groundwater reservoirs is necessary to
enable a sustainable use of the resources. The total replenishable water resource in Nigeria is estimated at 319 billion
cubic metres, while the groundwater component is estimated at 52 billion cubic metres. Nigeria has adequate surface
and groundwater resources to meet its current water demands. However, in spite of the tremendous efforts put by the
various Governments to improve access to potable water supply to all Nigerians, estimates shows that only 58% of
the inhabitants of the urban and semi-urban areas and 39% of rural areas have access to portable water supply.
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5 30
5 00
4 30
6 00
N
Oke-Agbe
AKOKO NW
Ikun
Ogbagi
Arigidi
EKITI STATE
IFEDORE
Ijare
ILE-OLUJI
OSUN
STATE
Araromi
Uso
Alade
Idanre
Ore
Omotoso
Ofosu
IRELE
Okitipupa
OKITIPUPA Irele
ILAJE
Igbokoda
7 00
Okeluse
Otu
E
D
Igbotaku
o
6 30 N
Okpe
OSE
Ifon
Ute
Omifunfun
Loda
Ayadi
Ode-Aye
MAKURDI
ENUGU
A
T
E
Kajola
AKURE
S
T
Oniparaga
ILORIN
IBADAN
LAGOS
Ipele
Sanusi
IDANRE
ODIGBO
ABUJA
7 30 N
Ala-Ajagbusi
Jimgbe
Ibagba
Asewele
Ominia
Odigbo
MAIDUGURI
Afo
Idoani
Sasere
OWO
Odole
ONDO-WEST
OGUN
STATE
Emure
KANO
NORTH
Bolorunduro
Oba-Ile
AKURE
Akure
Ile-Oluji
Ondo
7 00
Iju
Ita ogbolu
SOKOTO
KOGI
STATE
Auga
AKOKO NE
Akungba Ikare
Ise
Oka
Ibillo
Isua
AKOKOIkun
SW
AKOKO SE
Oba
7 30
Onikoko
Ayere
6 30
Akotogbo
Igbekebo
L. Gov't. Headquarters
ESE-ODO
6 00 N
Major Road
ATLANTIC OCEAN
6 00 N
State Boundary
DELTA STATE
o
4 30 E
5 00
25
5 30
25 Km
o
6 00 E
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344000E
361250N
347000
346000
349000
348000
350000E
361250N
361000
361000
SOKOTO
Stre
am
KANO
MAIDUGURI
GAMES RESERVE
ABUJA
360000
360000
Ata
m op
ere
MANAGEMENT STAFF
QUARTERS
AREA
359000
FOR
T
AR
QU
EXPANSION
ARTIFICIAL
LAKE
FUTURE
N
SE
AGRICULTURAL
IOR
ILORIN
O.S.P.O. CONSULT
ESTATE AREA
RESERVATION
IBADAN
AKURE
MAKURDI
ENUGU
LAGOS
S
ER
359000
F
AF
ST
STAFF
CLUB
DAM
DEVELOPMENT
AGRIC
EXTENSION AREA
O.S.P.O. CONSULT
358000
W.T.
ST
AF
QU
AR
TE
RS
358000
NEW SPORT
COMPLEX
RESEARCH/
PRESS
CENTRE
C.S
From
Akure
NC
PART-TIME STUDENTS
RESERVATION
REC
SCHOOL OF
BUSINESS
STUDIES
MAINTENANCE
DEPT.
STAFF
CLUB
F
O ING Y O.S.P.O.
GUEST
L
O E R OG
HOUSE
Str
HO INE OL
SCHOOL OF
SC N G H N
GENERAL
E EC
STUDIES
C OM
T
MER
CIA
L
m
ea
e
Op
357000
CENTRAL AUDITORIUM/
ADMINISTRATIVE/
CONFERENCE CENTRE
SUB.
PLACE OF
WORSHIP
AREA
CENTRAL
POOL
ALUMNI
CENTRE
Aa
u
nk
e
OSPO. COMM.
CEN.
357000
SCHOOL
G.H.
ETF
OF
FOOD
RESERVATION
TECHNOLOGY
PLACE OF
WORSHIP
HOSTEL
Quarry
HOSTEL
AREA
NIO
Stream
ACTIVITY
JU
Gate
356000N
To Oluku
356000N
344000E
345000
348000
347000
346000
560m
560
1120
349000
350000E
1680m
LEGEND
Existing Road
Streams
Hostel
Boundary Pillar
Fence
Proposed Roads
School Boundary
Gate
Commercial Centre
Faculties/Conference
Centres
Administrative Blocks/
Conference Centres
R.C.
Artificial Lake/Pond
S.U.B.
Recreation Ground
Student Union Building
C.S.
Corner Shop
O.S.P.O. Ondo State Polytechnic, Owo
W.T.
Waste Treatment
Ceded Land
Stadium
6 00 E
7 30 N
7 30 N
EKITI STATE
Eporo
Baga
Sasere
Ago-Panu
Ipeme
Ago-Panu
Emure
AKUR
E NOR
L.G.A. TH
Amurin
RUGIPO
L.G
.A.
Uso
Alaga
OdofinAlaro
Oluka
Daji Camp
Iyere
Ilale
Ipele
Alasa
Isijogun
Olefa
Ipele
Ijegunmo Junction
Obasoro
Igodi
Okififioko
Isewe
Sanusi
Araromi
OS
E
Emaajomo
IDA
NR
Alafiatayo
EL
A.
.G.
Igbatoro
6 45 N
5 15 E
6 45 N
6 00 E
LEGEND
SCALE
Major Road
Minor Road
5 Km
Main Paths
Towns and Villages
RUGIPO
Rivers and Streams
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Page 31
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Owo
Study Area
Figure 6: Geological sketch map of Nigeria showing the major geological component; Basement,
Younger Granites, and Sedimentary Basins ([5]).
Figure 7: Geological Map of Owo and Environs, showing the Study Area ([5]).
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Page 33
344000E
361250N
347000
346000
349000
348000
350000E
361250N
361000
Str
eam
361000
GAMES RESERVE
360000
360000
OSPO CONSULT
ESTATE AREA
Ata
mo
per
e
RESERVATION
Management Quarters
QU
EXPANSION
359000
SE
R
NIO
T
AR
ER
359000
F
AF
ST
CEDED AREA
AGRIC
EXTENSION
AREA
From
358000
STAFF
CLUB
Akure
Str
SCHOOL OF
BUSINESS
STUDIES
m
ea
Quarry
HOSTEL
358000
e
Op
357000
357000
HOSTEL
356000N
To Oluku
356000N
344000E
345000
348000
347000
346000
560m
349000
350000E
560 m
LEGEND
Quartzite
Stream
Ceded Area
Dam
Quarry
MANAGEMENT
QUARTERS
V46
CEDED AREA
V47
Millenium Lecture
Theatre
V52
POULTRY
V48
V54
Tr.21
V49
V51
V59
V56
357000
V50
Tr.20
V53
Tr.22
V55
ADMINISTRATIVE BUILDING
V58
V57
Tr.27
V72
V75
GUEST
HOUSE
V27
V60
V63
Tr.14
V39
V42
V37 V41
V35
V34
Tr.13
V33
V61
V1
.9
Tr
V22
V20
.8
V40
V36
Block-Five
V23
ICT
V25
V45 V28
V44
Hostel
Sc
ho
ol
Fa
rm
Tr.24
Tr.23
Tr.15V38
Tr.25
V66
rm
Fa
V62
Sc
ho
ol
To Akure
V65
V30
Tr.17
Tr.16
Hostel
Tr.18
V43
V67
V64
V31
HEALTH
CENTRE
V70
B.Tech.
Est.
Mgt V24
V26
LOW RISE V21
V29
LIBRARY
Tr
.1
1
Sc
ho
ol
Fa
rm
V71
Tr.26
V69
Tr
.1
Tr
.1
0
V32
V68 SUB
V2
T
T r r. 7
.6
ARTISAN
Tr
V74
V19
STADIUM
V73
V16
V12
Tr.5 V15
V13
V14
Tr.4 V11
S.S. V10
V8
Tr.3V9
V6Tr.2
V7
V3
Tr.1
V18
V17
V5
V4
To Ifon
356000N
348000E
347000E
SCALE:
200 m
LEGEND
Road
Stream
VES Point
Tr.1
Traverse Number
Minor Path
Gate
Borehole Location
V8
VES Number
Grid Lines
Traverse Line
(VLF & Magnetic)
Hand Dug
Well Location
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Figure 10: Bar-Chat of Curve Types obtained from the Study Area
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(a)
Distance (m)
20
40
60
80
VES 6
VES 7
1644
199
Depth (m)
335
575
283
52
330
3061
10
136
325
661
320
LEGEND
10 m
Weathered Layer
Laterite
Top soil
5m
Resistivity (
785
Fresh Basement
-m )
(b)
Figure 11: (a) 2-D modeling; (b) Geoelectric section along Traverse 2
(a)
SW
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
NE
160
180
Existing Borehole
Location 4
Depth (m)
VES 24
345
340
335
330
325
320
315
310
VES 23
VES 22
719
171
219
1474
141
1406
270
60
562
40
64
84
376
327
522
LEGEND
0
5m
20 m
Top soil
Weathered Layer
64
Resistivity (
-m )
Fresh Basement
(b)
Figure 12: (a) 2-D modeling; (b) Geoelectric section along Traverse 8
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IV.
CONCLUSIONS
Geophysical investigation of Rufus Giwa of Rufus Giwa Polytechnic has been carried out, with the aim of
evaluating the groundwater potential of the institution. The 2-D modeling real component of the VLF-EM revealed
the presence of conductive zones which were used as data points for the vertical electrical soundings. The
geoelectric section revealed 3 to 5 major layers comprising the topsoil, clay, laterite, weathered layer, partly
weathered layer/fractured basement, and fresh basement rock. The weathered layer and fractured basement aquifers
correlate with the suspected water filled geologic formation as lineated by the VLF-EM. Therefore the area has a
good prospect for groundwater development.
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
A.F. Abimbola, O.M Ajibade, A.A. Odewande, W.O. Okunola, T.A. Laniyan, and T.T. Kolawole, Hydrochemical Characterization of
Water Resources around the Semi-Urban Area of Ijebu-Igbo Southwestern, Nigeria. Journal of Water Resources Vol.20, 2008, 10-15.
R. Barker, L. Blunt, and I. Smith, Geophysical consideration in the design of U.K. National Sounding Database. First Break, Vol. 14,
1996, No. 2, pp. 45-53.
A.E. Edet, and O.E. Offiong, Surface Water Quality Evaluation in Odukpani, Calabar Flank, Southwestern, Nigeria. Journal of
Environmental Geology, 36 (3/4), 1998b: 343348.
R.A. Freeze, and J.A. Cherry, Groundwater (Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1979), 604.
Geological Survey of Nigeria, Geological map of Akure Area, Sheet 61. Geological Survey Department, Ministry of Mines, Power
and Steel, Nigeria. 1966.
N.P. Iloeje, A new geography of Nigeria (New Revised Edition) Longman Nig. Ltd., Lagos, 1981, 201pp.
KHFFILT, Karous-Hjelt and Frazer filtering of VLF measurements, Version 1.1a,
Markku Pirttijarvi, 2004.
Ondo State Surveys Akure, Nigeria. Administrative map of Ondo State, Ministry of works and Housing, Akure Ondo State, Nigeria,
1998.
E. Orellana, and H.M. Mooney, Master Tables and Curves for Vertical Electrical Sounding over Layered Structure, Geophy. Prospect
29, 1966: 932-955.
B.P.A Vander Velper, Resist Version 1.0, M.Sc. research Project ITC Delf. Netherlands, 1988.
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(a)
Distance (m)
SW
40
60
NE
80
100
VES 28
VES 29
50
335
726
331
82
229
Depth (m)
330
16
325
46
320
315
2498
310
284
LEGEND
0
20 m
Top soil
Weathered Layer
5m
58
Resistivity (
Fresh Basement
-m )
(b)
Figure 13: (a) 2-D modeling; (b) Geoelectric section along Traverse 10
(a)
Distance (m)
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
VES 31
80
Depth (m)
65
20
14979
310
90
VES 32
1258
516
83
320
85
19
14478
300
3941
LEGEND
0
5m
Top soil
Clay
Fresh Basement
19 Resistivity ( -m)
10 m
(b)
Figure 14: (a) 2-D modeling; (b) Geoelectric section along Traverse 12
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(a)
W
20
40
60
80
100
Distance (m)
140
160
120
180
200
220
240
260
VES 52
VES 54
VES 53
369
330
251
305
538
Depth (m)
320
38
310
105
93
300
278
240
17578
290
20 m
Weathered Layer
Top Soil
10 m
Fresh Basement
(
Resistivity
105
-m )
(b)
Figure 15: (a) 2-D modeling; (b) Geoelectric section along Traverse 21
(a)
Distance (m)
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
340
VES 64
229
Depth (m)
450
500
550 E
VES 67
302
247
501
618
901
320
400
VES 66
VES 65
627
936
252
163
207
355
300
914
907
752
7581
280
0
LEGEND
50 m
Top soil
Laterite
20 m
252
Resistivity (
Weathered Layer
Fresh Basement
-m )
(b)
Figure 16: (a) 2-D modeling; (b) Geoelectric section along Traverse 25
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