[Chemical Engineering Laboratory 2]

SEGi University
EXPERIMENT 1: BERNOULIS PRINCPLE

Candidates Name: John Loro Emmanuel

Student ID: SCM-029934
Group Members Name: Moshsen Mohamad Awadh
Abdalla Salh Suliman
Mohammad Numair Naeem
Emad Al-Shadadi
Lecturer/ Supervisor:
Date of Submission: 16/10/2015

1.0 OBJECTIVE
The objective of this experiment is to invertigate Bernoulli's law and
pressure dispersion along the endeavor tube. The "Bernoulli's
guideline" trial investigates the Bernoulli's legitimacy mathematical
statement by applying it to the stream of water in a decreasing even
tube. This is done to figure out whether the aggregate weight head
stays consistent along the tube's length as anticipated by the
comparison since the Bernoulli's mathematical statement expresses
that varieties in static weight head along the tube can be computed
through the mathematical statement. Toward the test's end,
diagrams of stream speed versus estimation focuses and weight
appropriation along venture tube is readied for both set 1 and set 2.

2.0 THEORY/INTRODUCTION
The Bernoullis equation simply states that pressure of the same
liquid at the same level is the same. This theory is applied onto a
simple device to measure the pressure distribution along the
venture tube. Consider first a simple device to measure the local
velocity in a fluid stream along the venture tube. At the same level,
there are several narrow tubes inserted into the venture tube.
Friction is negligible along the streamline through the venture tube,
so that the Bernoullis equation for the constant head, h:
2

P1 V1
P V

2 2
g 2 g 2 g constant
This equation also states that the pressure head, elevation head and
velocity head are constant along the venture tube. The friction along
the
tube
is
negligible.
Allowance for friction losses and conversion of the pressure, P 1 and
P2 into static pressure heads, h1 and h2 yields:
2

h1

V1
V
h2 2 h f
2g
2g

Where,

P1 = pressure at cross-section, A1

h1 = pressure head at cross-section, A1

V1 = flow velocity at cross-section, A1
P2 = pressure at cross-section, A2
h2 = pressure head at cross-section, A2
V2 = flow velocity at cross-section, A2
= density of medium

hf = pressure loss head

Figure 1 Conditions in venturi tube with 6 measurement

points

Figure 2 Mass flow conditions in venturi tube

The mass flow is constant in closed systems:

Given,

m=V

m1=m2

V 1 =V 2

V 1=V 2
Given, V = A w

A 1 V 1=A 2 V 2=constant

For dynamic pressure head:

hdyn =htot h stat

Figure 3 Zero-point difference of 80mm between the pressures

gauges

If there is a zero-point difference of 80mm between the

pressures gauges, 80mm must be subtracted:
hdyn =htot h stat
The velocity, Wmeans was calculated from the dynamic pressure:

Vmea 2 ghdyn.

3.0 APPARATUS
i.

HM150.07 Bernoullis Theorem Demonstration which shown in

Figure 4
a.

Assembly board

b.

Single water pressure gauge

c.

Discharge pipe

d.

Outlet valve

e.

Venturi tube with 6 measurement points

f.

Compression gland

g.

Probe for measuring overall pressure

h.

Hose connection (water supply)

i.

Valve at water inlet

j.

6-fold water pressure gauge (pressure distribution

in venture tube)

Figure 4 HM150.07 Bernoullis theorem demonstration

Figure 5Detail view X

Figure 6 Detail view Y

Figure 7 Six measurement points

Table 1 shows cross section area of venturi tube in the six

measurement points.

Table 1 Cross Section Area

Point, i

A, (mm2)

A, (10-4 m2)

338.6

3.386

233.5

2.335

84.60

0.8460

170.2

1.702

255.2

2.552

338.6

3.386

4.0 PROCEDURES

1. Perform a quick inspection to ensure that the unit is in proper

operating condition.
2. Make a hose connection and connect the unit to the nearest
power supply.
3. Open the discharge pipe.
4. Set the cap nut (1) of probe compression gland such that the
slight resistance is felt on moving probe.
5. Open inlet and outlet valves.
6. Switch on pump and slowly open main cock.
7. Open vent valves (2) on water pressure gauge and carefully
close outlet cock until pressure gauges are flushed.
8. By simultaneously setting inlet and outlet cock, regulate water
level in pressure gauges such that neither upper nor lower
range limit (UL, LL) is overshot or undershot.
9. Record pressures at all measurement points. Then, move
overall pressure probe to corresponding measurement level

and note down overall pressure.

10.

Determine volumetric flow rate. To do so, use stopwatch

to establish time required for raising the level in the

volumetric tank from 20 to 30 liters.
11.

Repeat steps 8,9 and 10 for different flow rate.

5.0 RESULTS

Table 1 Flow Rate and Pressures at all measurement points

h1
(mmWs)

h2

h3

(mmW

(mmW

s)

s)

h4
(mmWs)

h5

h6

Time,

(mmW

(mmW

s)

s)

(10L)

hstat.

270

260

40

180

210

220

htotal

290

290

290

290

290

290

hdyn.

20

30

50

110

80

70

Wmeans

19.8

24.2

31.3

46.4

39.6

37.0

Wcalc.

434.1

629.5

1737.5

863.6

576.0

434.1

hstat.

195

180

10

120

140

150

htotal

200

200

200

200

200

200

hdyn.

20

190

80

60

50

Wmeans

9.90

19.80

61.05

39.61

34.31

31.32

Wcalc.

395.7

573.8

1583.9

787.3

525.0

395.7

V
(L/s)

(m

67.68 0.147 1

74.31 0.134 1

i) Set 1

Flow velocity (W) Versus measurement points

2000
1500

Flow velocity,W

Wcalc.

1000

Wmeans
500
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Measurement points

Set 2

Flow velocity (W) versus measurement points

2000
1500

Flow velocity, W

Wcalc

1000

Wmeans
500
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Meaurement points

ii) Set 1
Pressure distibution versus measurement points
350
300
250
200

Htotal

Pressure distibution 150

Hstatic
Dynamic

100
50
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Measurement points

Set 2

Pressure distribution versus measurement points

250
200
150

Htotal

Pressure distribution 100

Hstatic
Dynamic

50
0
01234567

Measurement points

6.0 DISCUSSION

The objectives of this experiment is to investigate the validity of the

Bernoulli equation when applied to the steady flow of water in a
tapered duct and to measure the flowrates and both static and total
pressure heads in a rigid convergent and divergent tube of known
geometry for a range of steady flow rates. This experiment is
based on the Bernoullis principle which relates between velocities
with the pressure for an inviscid flow.
For
both set 1 and 2, the Wmeans is more than the W calc. The diagram
demonstrates that at point 2, the speed increments somewhat.
Between point 2 and point 3, there is a huge change in the speed.
From point 3 to point 4, the speed diminishes massively. From point
4 to point 5 and point 6, the speed diminishes marginally. From this
example of stream speed, it is realized that the outcome is because
of the blunder happened amid the analysis.
Both
the set 1 and set 2 appear to be having the same example of weight
appropriation in which the static weight is conflicting whereby it
increments till point 3 then begins to diminishing till point 6. For the
dynamic weight, it join upwards at point 3 while downwards for
static weight.

7.0 CONCLUSION

From this experiment we found out that fluid flowing under

horizontal streamline will folows the bernoullis principle where
when the speed of fliud increase, the pressure of the fluid will
decrease. A venturi tube can be used for flow rate measurements.
In comparison with orifice or nozzle, there is afar more smaller
pressure loss durning measurement of flow rate. The pressure loss
between largest and smallest diametter of the tube is used as
measure for the flow rate. The mistakes happened during the
experiment definitely affects the result. The blunder found was the
blockage of pitot tube, this erro can be adjusted by cleaning the
pitot tube utilizing an in number and sharp strick. The outlet is too
low because of this bockage.
8.0 REFERENCES

Fluid mechanics and hydraulic machines Dr. R. K. Bansal.

2015. Fluid mechanics and hydraulic machines Dr. R. K. Bansal.
[ONLINE] Available at:http://www.slideshare.net/asifzhcet/fluidmechanics-and-hydraulic-machines-dr-r-k-bansal. [Accessed 15
October 2015].
1.

Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 6th Edition By Munson.pdf Google Drive. 2015. Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 6th Edition
By Munson.pdf - Google Drive. [ONLINE] Available
at:https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B6hjEAwn8lBUVA1Tm9leWwtcnM/edit. [Accessed 15 October 2015].
2.

. 2015. . [ONLINE] Available

at:http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~jbryant/Fluids/Fluidslect4.pdf.
[Accessed 15 October 2015].
3.