INTRODUCTION OF STATISTICS

Statistics is the scientific application of mathematical principles to the collection,

analysis, and presentation of numerical data.
Statistics is also the study of data that includes descriptive the study of methods and
tools for collecting data. Mathematical models to describe and interpret data and
inferential statistics the systems and techniques for making probability-based
decisions and accurate predictions based on incomplete sample of data.
Statistics is a discipline which is concerned with:
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Use data to solve a wide variety of fields

Designing experiments and other data collections
Summarizing information to aid understanding
Drawing conclusions from data
Estimating the present or predicting the future

In making predictions, statistics uses the companion subject of Probability, which

models chance mathematically and enables calculations of chance in complicated
cases.
Data are not just numbers, but it is numbers that carry information about specific
setting and need to be interpreted in that setting. With the growth in the use of data
comes a growing demand for the services of statisticians, who are expert in the
following:
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Producing trustworthy data

Analyzing data to make their meaning clear
Drawing practical conclusions from data

The main objective of Statistics is to make inference for example prediction and
making decisions about certain characteristics of a population based on information
contained in a random sample from the entire population. The condition for
randomness is essential to make sure the sample is representative of the population.
Statistics is a science of good decision making in the face of uncertainty and is used
in many disciplines, such as financial analysis, econometrics, auditing, production
and operations and marketing research. It provides knowledge and skills to interpret
and use statistical techniques in a variety if business applications.
For prediction, it is based on the concept of generalizability which is if enough data is
compiled about a particular context for example students studying writing in a
specific set of classrooms. The patterns of prediction revealed through analysis of
the data collected about that context can be generalized (or predicted to occur in)
similar contexts. The prediction of what will happen in a similar context is
probabilistic. That is, the researcher is not certain that the same things will happen in

other contexts instead the researcher can only reasonably expect that the same
things will happen.
Instead of that, statistics is also used in almost all fields of human activities. As
example, a teacher may use statistics to analyze the results of his/her students in an
exam. This can be done by finding the percentage of passes or failures of the
students. In public health, for example, an administrator might be concerned with the
number of residents who contract a new strain virus during a certain year.
There are a few example of statistics in mathematics which is:
1. There is an 80% chance that in a room full of 30 people that at least two
people will share the same birthday.
2. Find the range of the graph.
3. Find the mean, median and mode.
4. Draw the histogram, frequency of polygon and ogive for the given data.
Here are a few example of graph that is used in statistics which is:
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HISTOGRAM

FREQUENCY POLYGON

OGIVE

OBJECTIVE OF STATISTICS
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Statistics is widely used in almost all institutions for examples business, industrial,
medical, engineering, public administration, sciences and computer that required to
make decisions on the basis of empirical data. Instead of that, statistics also helps in
providing a better understanding and exact description of a phenomenon of nature,
helps in proper and efficient planning of a statistical inquiry in any field of study, helps
in presenting complex data in a suitable tabular, diagrammatic and graphic form for
an easy and clear comprehension of the data, helps in understanding the nature and
pattern of variability of a phenomenon through quantitative observations and it also
helps in drawing valid inference, along with a measure of their reliability about the
populations parameters from the sample data. Hence, the correct usage of statistical
technique will enable the decision maker to extract useful conclusion from a set of
data. Statistics also been used in field of astronomy. It is impossible to take out a
ruler and measure the distance of the Earth from the sun. It would likely take a very
long time to measure such a distance anyway. Instead, astronomers use estimates
and mathematical theories to devise their best guess to just how far items in the
universe are away from each other.