Professional Documents
Culture Documents
vermicularis
(pinworm)
Who
Morpholog
y
S/Sx
Dx
Tx
Life cycle
Preventio
n
Most
common
helminth;
daycares
Eggs
flattened on
one side
Perianal itching
Scotch tape
test for
adults or
eggs
Eggs in
feces
Pyrental
palmoate,
mebendazole,
or albendazole
Mebendazole,
albendazole
Humans
definitive host,
fecal-oral
transmission
Humans
definitive host;
eggs must
embryonate in soil
before being
infectious
Eggs hatch in
environment,
enters thru skin;
can migrate from
skin to blood,
heart, lungs and
other organs;
cough them up
and swallow them
Eggs need to
embryonate to be
infectious; worms
can transit from
blood to lung to
intestinal tract,
can cause
Loefflers
Hygiene
Trichuriasis
(whipworm)
Hookworm
Adults have
teeth, eggs
have clear
outer shell,
produces
anticoagulant
Eggs in
feces
Mebendazole,
albendazole,
maybe iron if
anemic
Ascariasis
Eggs have
irregular
outer coating
Eggs in
feces
Mebendazole,
albendazole,
ivermectin
Toxocara
canis and T.
cati
Strongyloide
Dogs, cats,
people
Humans
accidental host;
dogs and cats
cause visceral
form, hookworm of
other species
cause cutaneous
form
Larva in
Ivermectin,
Autoinfection
Shoes
Proper
sewage
disposal,
wash food,
sanitize,
dont spray
poop on
fruits and
veggies
Wear shoes
to prevent
cutaneous
larva
migrans
s stercoralis
Trichinella
spiralis
Pork,
undercooke
d meat,
bear meat
Adult in
intestine,
larva in
tissue
Wuchereria
bancrofti
Tropical
areas,
mosquito
vector
Adults in
lymphatics,
microfilaria in
bloodstream
Taenia
saginata, T.
solium
(tapeworm)
Developing
world
Scolex
head,
proglottid
make eggs,
hermaphrodit
ic and no
digestive
tract
Smallest of
all
tapeworms,
scolex, 1
immature, 1
mature, 1
gravid
proglottid
Mansoni
side spine,
hematobium
terminal
spine,
Echinococcu
s granulosus
(hydatid cyst
disease)
Schistosomia
sis
Depends on
region
asymptomatic with
eosinophilia, can invade skin
(purpuric papules), lung
(Loefflers), intestines (GI
symptoms); hyperinfection
in immunocompromised (no
eosinophilia)
Depends on worm burden,
can cause gastroenteritis,
fever, muscle pain,
periorbital edema,
weakness, elevated WBC
and eosinophilia
Inflammation and
obstruction of lymphatic
channels (lymphatic
filariasis, elephantiasis),
adults die and calcify and
cause occlusion
T. solium (pork) more
infectious, can cause
cysticercosis involving brain
(cerebral), eyes, liver, lung,
or muscles, leading to
seizures; eggs cause
neurocysticercosis, cysts
cause gut cysticercosis
Forms cysts in various
tissues that grow slowly
over time, can present like a
slow growing tumor; liver
cyst (obstructive jaundice),
brain cyst (ICP and
seizures), ruptured cyst
(anaphylaxis)
Mansoni and japonicum GI
(periportal fibrosis, portal
HTN, hepatosplenomegaly),
hematobium GU (bladder
granuloma, hematuria,
stool or
sputum,
serology
albendazole
(chronic infection
for decades),
rhabditiform larva
can be shed or
autoinfect the host
History,
eosinophilia
, serology,
larva in
muscle
Supportive tx;
mebendazole
or albendazole
kills adults but
not larva
Humans dead
end host; larva
become encysted
in muscle of
animal hosts and
eaten
Microfilaria
in blood at
night
Diethylcarbama
zine kills
microfilaria,
doxycycline
kills adults,
steroids
Praziquantel,
niclosamide
Eggs or
proglottids
in stool,
serology or
imaging for
extraintesti
nal disease
History
(sheep
herding),
serology,
space
occupying
lesion with
eosinophilia
History;
eggs in
urine
(hematobiu
m) or stool
Properly
clean and
cook meat
Treat to
prevent
transmissio
n
Humans
definitive host,
cysts can also be
caused by
ingesting eggs
from human fecal
matter
Properly
cook beef
and pork to
kill
cysticerci,
hygiene
Surgery for
cyst,
albendazole or
mebendazole,
PAIR
Definitive dog;
intermediate
goat and sheep;
accidental
human
Hygiene,
avoid dog
feces
Praziquantel
Humans
intermediate host
Snail
control,
proper
sewage
disposal
Entamoeba
histolytica
1-3% of US
population
Naegleria
fowleri
(brain eating
amoeba)
Rare, netipots
Trichomonas
vaginalis
STD
Giardia
intestinalis
Common,
esp.
daycares,
increased
in immunocompromis
ed
Gambiense
in W Africa,
rhodesiens
e in E
Africa;
tsetse fly
vector
Central and
S America;
reduviid
bug vector
African
trypanosomi
asis (T.
brucei,
sleeping
sickness)
American
trypanosomi
asis (T. cruzi,
Chagas
disease)
japonicum
no spine
Trophozoite
active form,
single
nucleus with
ingested
RBC; flaskshaped
ulcers
Portal of
entry nose,
craws up
cribriform
plate
Flagellated,
single
nucleus,
undulating
membrane
bladder cancer),
hypersensitivity to eggs
Acute dysentery with
abdominal pain, chronic
recurrent episodes with
blood and mucus in feces,
can disseminate to form
abscesses in liver (anchovy
paste), lung, brain
(mansoni,
japonicum)
Cysts in
stool,
serology,
amoeba
antigen,
PCR and
DNA tests
Causes amebic
meningoencephalitis
Trophozoite
s in CSF and
tissue
Amphotericin B
Trophozoite
s in
discharge,
PCR
Metronidazole,
tinidazole
Flagellated, 2
nuclei and
bilateral
symmetry,
suction disks
Uncontrollable flatulence,
abdominal distension, foulsmelling diarrhea,
malabsorption (trophozoites
cover and flatten intestinal
epithelium)
Cysts and
trophozoite
s in stool
Metronidazole,
tinidazole,
nitazoxanide
Trypomastigo
te with
kinetoplast
and
undulating
membrane
Parasites in
blood or
lymph
nodes; Card
agglutinatio
n test
Blood
pentamidine,
suramin; CNS
melarsoprol,
nifurtimox,
eflornithine
Immune evasion
via antigenic
variation (VSG,
variable surface
glycoproteins)
Mosquito
nets, avoid
tsetse flies,
protective
clothing
Trypomastigo
te in blood,
amastigote in
tissue
Bloor
smear,
tissue
histology
Complex;
benznidazole,
nifurtimox
Metronidazole
or tinidazole for
symptomatic,
iodoquinol or
paromyomycin
for
asymptomatic
Transmitted by
free-living amoeba
in the water
Multiplies by
binary fission,
sexually
transmitted, no
cysts, no
reservoirs
Have cysts, cysts
are ingested, can
have animal
reservoirs
Dont drink
or eat
fecally
contaminat
ed things
Dont swim
in
freshwater,
dont use
neti pots
Safe sex
Not killed
by chlorine;
kill by
heating and
desiccation
Leishmaniasi
s
Depends on
species and
immune
status;
sandfly
vector
Promastigote
taken up by
macrophages
and become
amastigote
Toxoplasma
gondii
Congenital,
direct
contact
with cat
feces, blood
transfusion,
undercooke
d meat
Pseudocysts
Cryptosporid
i hominis or
parvum
Outbreaks
via
contaminat
ed water,
water
parks, pools
Different by
region;
anopheles
mosquito
vector
Oocysts,
sporozoites,
merozoites
Malaria
(plasmodium
)
Ring-form
trophozoites
in blood
smear,
hypnozoites
are dormant
and cause
relapsing
disease
cardiomyopathy,
megaesophagus, megacolon
Cutaneous (ulcers, boils and
sores), mucocutaneous
(face, nose deformities),
visceral (hepatomegaly,
splenomegaly), damage
mainly due to immunologic
response
Rarely symptomatic in
immunocompetent people,
can cause congenital
infections and serious illness
via reactivation in
immunocompromised
people, extra caution for
pregnant and HIV/AIDS
patients
Diarrhea (dose-dependent),
can disseminate and cause
severe disease in
immunocompromised,
dehydration from diarrhea
RBC rupture, cyclic
symptoms, headache, n/v,
anemia, seizures,
pulmonary symptoms,
ARDS, hypoglycemia, lactic
acidosis; P. falciparum is
deadliest
inside cells
Blood or
tissue
exam,
serology,
clinical hx
Sodium
stibogluconate,
miltefosine,
amphotericin B
Obligate
intracellular
organism
Control
sandflies,
sleep
higher,
permethrin
bed sheets
Special
antibodies
Pyrimethamine
and
sulfadiazine, or
TMP-SMX
Cat definitive
host, forms
pseudocysts in
intermediate
hosts, can infect
placenta and
vertical
transmission
Avoid cat
litter, cook
meat, TMPSMX
prophylaxis
in HIV/AIDS
patients
Antigen
testing,
stool
microscopy
Nitazoxanide
Ingest oocysts,
release
sporozoites,
differentiate into
merozoites
UV and
filters, boil
water,
resistant to
chlorine
Giemsa
stain blood
smear,
rapid
antigen test
Variable
resistance,
primaquine to
kill hypnozoites
(P. vivax and P.
ovale)
DEET, bed
nets, avoid
mosquito
bites,
mefloquine
prophylaxis
in kids
Schistosoma
Leischmaniasis
Malaria