Diapositiva 1

INSTALACIONES-2
DEPARTAMENTO DE CONSTRUCCIONES ARQUITECTNICAS

CURSO 08-09

TEMA 5
INTRODUCCIN A LAS INSTALACIONES DE
CALEFACCIN
TIPOS Y ALMACENAMIENTO DE LOS
COMBUSTIBLES

4 C
Profesor: Dr. D. Julin Domene Garca

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Diapositiva 2

Diagrama de bloques de un sistema de

calefaccin

Produccin de calor

Emisin de calor
Distribucin

Si incorporamos los flujos de energa entre estos subsistemas,

o con el ambiente exterior, se queda:

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Diapositiva 3

Diagrama de bloques de un sistema de

calefaccin

Qnom
Energa
exterior

Produccin de
calor

Qu

Qo
Distribucin

Emisin de
calor
Aportacin emisores

Ganancias exteriores

Ambiente exterior

Locales

Prdidas
Ganancias internas

Para terminar con el esquema general de un sistema de

calefaccin, se deber introducir un sistema de control.

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Diapositiva 4

Diagrama de bloques de un sistema

de calefaccin

Interaccin EMISORES-GENERADOR

Qnom
Energa
exterior

Produccin de
calor

Qu

Qo
Distribucin
Control de
emisores
Ganancias exteriores

Control propio del

generador

Ambiente exterior

Emisin de
calor
Aportacin emisores

Locales

Prdidas
Ganancias internas

Control de generacin de calor

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Diapositiva 5

La eleccin de uno de los sistemas existentes en calefaccin

presenta una sistemtica de trabajo en el que se pueden
introducir gran cantidad de factores. Se plantearn
necesidades de:
Espacios

Adopcin o no de sala de calderas

Determinadas tcnicas de aislamiento

Pero sobre todo existe otro factor muy significativo:

seguir el sistema seguido en la explotacin y uso de la
instalacin
Su repercusin es de inters en la adopcin del combustible
y, por tanto, en el factor seguridad de la instalacin.
5

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Diapositiva 6

INTRODUCCIN
Clasificacin y caractersticas de los combustibles y su
almacenamiento
Salas de mquinas, chimeneas y conductos de humos
Las calderas y quemadores
Redes de tuberas y aislamiento trmico
Elementos de caldeo
Elementos complementarios y accesorios
Regulacin, tipos y caractersticas

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Diapositiva 7

CLASIFICACIN Y CARACTERSTICAS DE LOS COMBUSTIBLES

Es de la mayor importancia una adecuada seleccin del tipo

de energa a utilizar, ya que ello repercute de manera muy
directa sobre el coste de explotacin.
As mismo, deben considerarse otros factores ajenos a los
econmicos que influyen en la eleccin de la fuente de
energa, como son:
La facilidad de almacenamiento
La limpieza
Contaminacin
Mantenimiento
etc.

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Diapositiva 8

CLASIFICACIN Y CARACTERSTICAS DE LOS COMBUSTIBLES

Slidos

Los combustibles se dividen en:

Lquidos

Gaseosos

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Diapositiva 9

CLASIFICACIN Y CARACTERSTICAS DE LOS COMBUSTIBLES

De todas formas, en la prctica, se reducen a:

Gas natural
Propano
Gasleo C
Electricidad

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Diapositiva 10

Combustibles slidos

Se reducen a:
Lea
Carbn

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Diapositiva 11

Combustibles lquidos
Dentro de este grupo de combustibles, desde el punto de vista
de utilizacin domstica, el ms utilizado es sin lugar a dudas,
el gasleo C.
Se obtiene del petrleo, del cual se provienen otros productos,
se clasifican como sigue (Orden 21/6/1968. BOE 159):
Clase A. Hidrocarburos que a presin normal son gases (metano, propano,
butano

Clase B. Hidrocarburos cuyo punto de inflamacin es menor de 55C

(gasolina, disolventes)

Clase C. Hidrocarburos cuyo punto de inflamacin esta comprendido entre

55C 120C (fuel oil, gasleo)

Clase D. Hidrocarburos cuyo punto de inflamacin es superior a 120C

(asfaltos, parafinas, lubricantes)
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Diapositiva 12

Los combustibles de clase A, estn sometidos al Reglamento de

Combustibles Gaseosos
Los combustibles de clase B y C, estn sometidos al
Reglamento de Combustibles Lquidos y se encuentran
reguladas por el Real decreto 1523/1999, del 1 de octubre, de
ttulo:
"instalaciones de almacenamiento de combustibles y
carburantes lquidos para su consumo en la propia instalacin".

Es obligada la consulta del anexo 1 del mismo decreto, Instruccin

Tcnica Complementaria MI-IP03:
instalaciones de almacenamiento para el consumo en la propia
instalacin.
contiene todas las prescripciones tcnicas para las instalaciones
de combustibles de calefaccin, climatizacin y ACS.
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Diapositiva 13

Almacenamiento de los combustibles lquidos

Pueden ser horizontales y verticales
Tubo ventilacin

Boca de hombre

Timbrado
UNE EN 976
UNE 53432
UNE 53496
UNE 62351
UNE 62352

Chapa de acero
Polietileno alta densidad
Plstico reforzado con fibra de vidrio
Otros materiales anlogos

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Diapositiva 14

Instalacin de los depsitos de almacenamiento

Los depsitos de almacenamiento para combustibles lquidos,
se clasifican en:
Enterrados, en interior o exterior del edificio
De superficie, en interior o exterior del edificio
En fosas, cerradas, abiertas y semiabiertas
Semienterrados

Para su instalacin, se seguirn las normas:

UNE EN 976 (2)

UNE 109500

UNE 5399

UNE 109501

UNE 53990

UNE 109502
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Diapositiva 15

Depsitos enterrados, interior del edificio

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Diapositiva 16

Instalacin de los tanques de almacenamiento

Los depsitos de almacenamiento para combustibles lquidos,

se clasifican en:
Enterrados, en interior o exterior del edificio
De superficie, en interior o exterior del edificio
En fosas, cerradas, abiertas y semiabiertas
Semienterrados

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Diapositiva 17

Instalacin de depsitos de superficie

En el interior de la edificacin

La capacidad de almacenamiento ser en este caso de:

- 3 m para los productos de clase B
- 100 m para los de clase C y D

Todos los almacenamientos de la clase B, y los de

capacidad mayor de 5000 litros de las C y D, se
colocarn en recinto dedicado exclusivamente a este fin.
Las puertas y ventanas se abrirn hacia el exterior,
teniendo el acceso restringido y debidamente
sealizado

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Diapositiva 18

Instalacin de depsitos de superficie

En el interior de la edificacin

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Diapositiva 19

Instalacin de depsitos de superficie

En el interior de la edificacin cuando la
caldera y el tanque estn en el mismo local

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Diapositiva 20

Instalacin de los tanques de almacenamiento

Los depsitos de almacenamiento para combustibles lquidos,

se clasifican en:
Enterrados, en interior o exterior del edificio
De superficie, en interior o exterior del edificio
En fosas, cerradas, abiertas y semiabiertas
Semienterrados

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Diapositiva 21

Instalacin de depsitos en fosa cerrada

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Diapositiva 22

Instalacin de los tanques de almacenamiento

Los depsitos de almacenamiento para combustibles lquidos,

se clasifican en:
Enterrados, en interior o exterior del edificio
De superficie, en interior o exterior del edificio
En fosas, cerradas, abiertas y semiabiertas
Semienterrados
Debern cumplir lo establecido en las normas:
UNE EN 976
UNE 109502
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Diapositiva 23

Combustibles gaseosos
Se clasifican segn la norma UNE 60002-90 en:

Familia 1. Gas ciudad y sus variantes, el ndice de Wobbe es bajo.

Familia 2. Gas natural y sus variantes, ndice de Wobbe con valor medio.

Familia 3. Gas propano y butano, ndice de Wobbe alto.

Los gases de una misma familia son intercambiables entre si, pero no ocurre lo
mismo con gases de distinta familia.
Los gases de una misma familia son intercambiables entre si, cuando
mantienen las mismas caractersticas de combustin:
Gasto calorfico
Estabilidad de la llama

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Diapositiva 24

En el mtodo de intercambiabilidad de gases, el gasto calorfico se basa en el

ndice de Wobbe, que queda definido mediante la expresin:

PCS
d

Siendo:
PCS, el poder calorfico superior del gas.
d, la densidad del gas con respecto al aire.

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Diapositiva 25

En lo referente a dimensiones de los depsitos, no existe una

normalizacin oficial, pero como orientacin se indicaran los
modelos recogidos en la antigua NTE correspondiente, en su tabla
5.1 a y b, con los siguientes valores:

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Diapositiva 26

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Diapositiva 27

Segn su construccin y montaje, se clasifican en:

Areos o de superficie
Vlvula de retencin
Limitador presin

Vlvula de seguridad

Vlvula de salida

Indicador
nivel
Boca de carga

Indicador de nivel
magntico de
medida continua
Toma de tierra

Drenaje

Vlvula de salida de GLP,

en fase lquida

Manmetro

Dispositivo de salida de GLP,

en fase gaseosa

Cerca metlica
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Diapositiva 28

Enterrados o subterrneos

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Diapositiva 29

Semienterrados

a, mayor o igual a 50 cm
b, mayor o igual a 20 cm

c, mayor o igual a 30 cm a capa y 50 cm a nivel del terreno

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Diapositiva 30

En azoteas

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Diapositiva 31

ENERGA ELCTRICA

Las nicas soluciones que permiten mejorar, si

bien de forma limitada, los bajos rendimientos
que las centrales de produccin de energa
elctrica proporcionan, son las bombas de calor
y los sistemas de acumulacin en las horas
nocturnas.

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