Chapter3d 2

CHAPTER
Reinforced Concrete Design
Fifth Edition
REINFORCED CONCRETE
BEAMS: T-BEAMS AND
DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS
A. J. Clark School of Engineering Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Part I Concrete Design and Analysis
3d
FALL 2002
By
Dr . Ibrahim. Assakkaf
ENCE 355 - Introduction to Structural Design

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
University of Maryland, College Park
CHAPTER 3d. R/C BEAMS: T-BEAMS AND DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS
Doubly Reinforced Beams

Q
Slide No. 1
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Introduction
If a beam cross section is limited because
of architectural or other considerations, it
may happen that concrete cannot develop
the compression force required to resist
the given bending moment.
In this case, reinforcing steel bars are
added in the compression zone, resulting
in a so-called doubly reinforced beam,
that is one with compression as well as
tension reinforcement. (Fig. 1)
Slide No. 2

Q
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Introduction (contd)
Figure 1. Doubly Reinforced Beam
d
As
d
As

Q
Slide No. 3
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
The use of compression reinforcement has
decreased markedly with the use of
strength design methods, which account
for the full strength potential of the
concrete on the compressive side of the
neutral axis.
However, there are situations in which
compressive reinforcement is used for
reasons other than strength.

Q
Slide No. 4
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
It has been found that the inclusion of
some compression steel has the following
advantages:
It will reduce the long-term deflections of
members.
It will set a minimum limit on bending loading
It act as stirrup-support bars continuous
through out the beam span.

Q
Slide No. 5
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Another reason for placing reinforcement in
the compression zone is that when beams
span more than two supports (continuous
construction), both positive and negative
moments will exist as shown in Fig. 2.
In Fig. 2, positive moments exist at A and
C; therefore, the main tensile
reinforcement would be placed in the
bottom of the beam.
Slide No. 6

Q
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
w
A
Moment
Diagram
Figure 2. Continuous Beam

Q
Slide No. 7
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
At B, however, a negative moment exists
and the bottom of the beam is in
compression. The tensile reinforcement,
therefore, must be placed near the top of
the beam.
Slide No. 8
Doubly Reinforced Beam Analysis
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Condition I: Tension and Compression

Steel Both at Yield Stress
The basic assumption for the analysis of
doubly reinforced beams are similar to
those for tensile reinforced beams.
The steel will behave elastically up to the
point where the strain exceeds the yield
strain y. As a limit f s= fy when the
compression strain s y.
If s < y, the compression steel stress will
be f s = s Es.
Slide No. 9
ENCE 355 Assakkaf

Steel Both at Yield Stress (contd)
If, in a doubly reinforced beam, the tensile
steel ratio is equal to or less than b, the
strength of the beam may be approximated
within acceptable limits by disregarding the
compression bars.
The strength of such a beam will be
controlled be tensile yielding, and the lever
arm of the resisting moment will be little
affected by the presence of comp. bars.
Slide No. 10
ENCE 355 Assakkaf

If the tensile steel ratio is larger than b, a

somewhat elaborate analysis is required.
In Fig. 3a, a rectangular beam cross
section is shown with compression steel As
placed at distance d from the compression
face and with tensile steel As at the
effective depth d.
Slide No. 11
ENCE 355 Assakkaf

d
0.85 f
Figure 3
c = 0.003
c
N C 2 = As f s
As
N.A
N C1 = 0.85 f cab
a
a
Z1 = d
2
As
N T 1 = As1 f y
s
Cross Section
(a)
Strain at Ultimate
Moment
(b)
Z2 = d d
Concrete-Steel
Couple
(c)
N T 2 = As 2 f y
Steel-Steel
Couple
(d)
Slide No. 12
ENCE 355 Assakkaf

Notation for Doubly Reinforced Beam:
As = total compression steel cross-sectional area

d = effective depth of tension steel
d = depth to centroid of compressive steel from compression fiber
As1 = amount of tension steel used by the concrete-steel couple
As2 = amount of tension steel used by the steel-steel couple
As = total tension steel cross-sectional area (As = As1 + As2)
Mn1 = nominal moment strength of the concrete-steel couple
Mn2 = nominal moment strength of the steel-steel couple
Mn = nominal moment strength of the beam
s = unit strain at the centroid of the tension steel
s = unit strain at the centroid of the compressive steel
Slide No. 13
ENCE 355 Assakkaf

Method of Analysis:
The total compression will now consist of two
forces
NC1, the compression resisted by the concrete
NC2, the compression resisted by the steel
For analysis, the total resisting moment of the
beam will be assumed to consist of two parts or two
internal couples: The part due to the resistance of
the compressive concrete and tensile steel and the
part due to the compressive steel and additional
tensile steel.
Slide No. 14
ENCE 355 Assakkaf

The total nominal capacity may be derived
as the sum of the two internal couples,
neglecting the concrete that is displaced by
the compression steel.
The strength of the steel-steel couple is
given by (see Fig. 3)
M n 2 = NT 2 Z 2
(1)
Slide No. 15
ENCE 355 Assakkaf

d
0.85 f
Figure 3
c = 0.003
c
N C 2 = As f s
As
N.A
N C1 = 0.85 f cab
a
a
Z1 = d
2
As
N T 1 = As1 f y
s
Cross Section
(a)
Strain at Ultimate
Moment
(b)
Z2 = d d
Concrete-Steel
Couple
(c)
N T 2 = As 2 f y
Steel-Steel
Couple
(d)
Slide No. 16
ENCE 355 Assakkaf

M n 2 = As 2 f y (d d )
assuming f s = f y
N C 2 = N T 2 As f s = As 2 f y As = As 2
Therefore,
M n 2 = As f y (d d )
(2)
The strength of the concrete-steel couple is

given by
M n1 = N T 1Z1
(3)
Slide No. 17
ENCE 355 Assakkaf

a
assuming f s = f y
M n1 = As1 f y d
2
As = As1 + As 2 As1 = As As 2
since As 2 = As , then
As1 = As As
Therefore
a
M n1 = ( As As ) f y d
2
(4)
Slide No. 18
ENCE 355 Assakkaf

Nominal Moment Capacity
From Eqs. 2 and 4, the nominal moment
capacity can be evaluated as
M n = M n1 + M n 2
a
= ( As As ) f y d + As f y (d d )
2
(5)
Slide No. 19
ENCE 355 Assakkaf

Determination of the Location of Neutral
Axis:
c=
a
1
N T = N C1 + N C 2
As f y = (0.85 f c)ab + As f y
Therefore,
a=
( As As ) f y
0.85 f cb
As1 f y
0.85 f cb
10
Slide No. 20
ENCE 355 Assakkaf

Location of Neutral Axis c
a=
c=
NOTE: if
( As As ) f y
0.85 f cb
As1 f y
0.85 f cb
a ( As As ) f y
=
1 0.851 f cb
(6)
(7)
f c 4,000 psi, then 1 = 0.85, otherwise see next slide
Slide No. 21
ENCE 355 Assakkaf

The value of 1 may determined by
0.85
1 = 1.05 5 10- 5 f c
0.65
for f c 4,000 psi
(8)
for 4,000 psi < f c 8,000 psi

for f c > 8,000 psi
11
Slide No. 22
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
ACI Code Ductility Requirements

The ACI Code limitation on applies to
doubly reinforced beams as well as to
singly reinforced beams.
Steel ratio can be determined from
=
As1
bd
(9)
This value of shall not exceed 0.75b as

provided in Table 1 (Table A-5, Textbook)
Slide No. 23
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
(Table A-5 Text)

f c (psi )
Table 1.
Design Constants
3 f c 200
f y
f y
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
0.0050
0.0050
0.0053
0.0058
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
0.0040
0.0040
0.0042
0.0046
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
0.0033
0.0033
0.0035
0.0039
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
0.0027
0.0027
0.0028
0.0031
Recommended Design Values

max = 0.75 b
Fy = 40,000 psi
0.0278
0.0372
0.0436
0.0490
Fy = 50,000 psi
0.0206
0.0275
0.0324
0.0364
Fy = 60,000 psi
0.0161
0.0214
0.0252
0.0283
Fy = 75,000 psi
0.0116
0.0155
0.0182
0.0206
k (ksi)
0.0135
0.0180
0.0225
0.0270
0.4828
0.6438
0.8047
0.9657
0.0108
0.0144
0.0180
0.0216
0.4828
0.6438
0.8047
0.9657
0.0090
0.0120
0.0150
0.0180
0.4828
0.6438
0.8047
0.9657
0.0072
0.0096
0.0120
0.0144
0.4828
0.6438
0.8047
0.9657
12
Slide No. 24
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Example 1
Compute the
practical moment
2#10
capacity Mn for
the beam having
#3 stirrup
a cross section
1
as shown in the 1 clear (typ)
figure. Use f c= 2 3#9
3#9
3,000 psi and fy =
60,000 psi.
11
1
2
20
Slide No. 25
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Example 1 (contd)
Determine the values for As and As:
From Table 2 (A-2, Textbook),
As = area of 2 #10 = 2.54 in 2
As = area of 6 #9 = 6.0 in 2
We assume that all the steel yields:
f s = f y and f s = f y
Therefore,
As 2 = As = 2.54 in 2
As1 = As As 2 = 6.0 2.54 = 3.46 in 2
13
Slide No. 26
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Example 1 (contd)
Table 2. Areas of Multiple of Reinforcing Bars (in2)

Number
of bars
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
#3
0.11
0.22
0.33
0.44
0.55
0.66
0.77
0.88
0.99
1.10
#4
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
2.00
$5
0.31
0.62
0.93
1.24
1.55
1.86
2.17
2.48
2.79
3.10
#6
0.44
0.88
1.32
1.76
2.20
2.64
3.08
3.52
3.96
4.40
Bar number
#7
#8
0.60
0.79
1.20
1.58
1.80
2.37
2.40
3.16
3.00
3.95
3.60
4.74
4.20
5.53
4.80
6.32
5.40
7.11
6.00
7.90
#9
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
#10
1.27
2.54
3.81
5.08
6.35
7.62
8.89
10.16
11.43
12.70
#11
1.56
3.12
4.68
6.24
7.80
9.36
10.92
12.48
14.04
15.60
Table A-2 Textbook
Slide No. 27
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Example 1 (contd)
b
Figure 3
0.85 f c
c = 0.003
N C 2 = As f s
As
N.A
N C1 = 0.85 f cab
a
a
Z1 = d
2
As
N T 1 = As1 f y
s
Cross Section
(a)
Strain at Ultimate
Moment
(b)
Z2 = d d
Concrete-Steel
Couple
(c)
N T 2 = As 2 f y
Steel-Steel
Couple
(d)
14
Slide No. 28
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Example 1 (contd)
From Eq. 6 (concrete-steel couple):
a=
( As As ) f y
0.85 f cb
As1 f y
3.46(60)
=
= 7.40 in.
0.85 f cb 0.85(3)(11)
From Eq. 7 (note that f c< 4,000 psi, thus 1 =

0.85):
a 7.40
c=
=
= 8.71 in.
1 0.85
Slide No. 29
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Example 1 (contd)
Check assumptions for yielding of both the
compressive and tensile steels:
From Fig. 3b:
s
0.003
0.003(c d ) 0.003(8.71 2.5)
=
s =
=
= 0.00214
8.71
c d
c
c
Also
s
0.003
0.003(d c ) 0.003(20 8.71)
=
s =
=
= 0.00389
8,71
d c
c
c
y =
fy
Es
60,000
= 0.00207 > [ s = 0.00214 and s = 0.00389]
29 106
OK
Therefore, the assumptions are valid
15
Slide No. 30
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Example 1 (contd)
From Eq. 8:
M n = M n1 + M n 2
a
= ( As As ) f y d + As f y (d d )
2
7.4
= 3.46(60 )20
+ 2.54(60 )(20 2.5) = 6,050.9 in - k
2
Mn =
6,050.9
ft - kips = 504.2 ft - kips
12
Slide No. 31
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Example 1 (contd)
The practical moment capacity is evaluated
as follows:
M u = 0.9(504.2 ) = 454 ft - kips

Check ductility according to ACI Code:
3.46
As1
From Table 1
=
= 0.0157
bd 11(20)
Since ( = 0.0157) < ( max = 0.0161) OK
=
16
Slide No. 32
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Condition II: Compression Steel Below

Yield Stress
The preceding equations are valid only if
the compression steel has yielded when
the beam reaches its ultimate strength.
In many cases, however, such as for wide,
shallow beams reinforced with higherstrength steels, the yielding of compression
steel may not occur when the beam
reaches its ultimate capacity.
Slide No. 33
ENCE 355 Assakkaf

Yield Stress
It is therefore necessary to to develop
more generally applicable equations to
account for the possibility that the
compression reinforcement has not yielded
when the doubly reinforced beam fails in
flexure.
The development of these equations will
be based on
s < y
(10)
17
Slide No. 34
ENCE 355 Assakkaf

Yield Stress
Development of the Equations for
Condition II
Referring to Fig. 3,
N T = N C1 + N C 2
As f y = (0.85 f c)ba + f sAs
But
and
(11)
a = 1c
(12)
0.003(c d )
f s = s Es =
Es
c
(13)
Slide No. 35
ENCE 355 Assakkaf

Yield Stress
d
0.85 f
Figure 3
c = 0.003
c
N C 2 = As f s
As
N.A
N C1 = 0.85 f cab
a
a
Z1 = d
2
As
N T 1 = As1 f y
s
Cross Section
(a)
Strain at Ultimate
Moment
(b)
Z2 = d d
Concrete-Steel
Couple
(c)
N T 2 = As 2 f y
Steel-Steel
Couple
(d)
18
Slide No. 36
ENCE 355 Assakkaf

Yield Stress
Substituting Eqs 12 and 13 into Eq. 11, yields
0.003(c d )
As f y = (0.85 f c)b1c +
Es As
(14)
Multiplying by c, expanding, and rearranging, yield
(0.85 f cb )1 c 2 + (0.003Es As As f y )c 0.003d Es As = 0 (15)

If Es is taken as 29 103 ksi, Eq. 15 will take the
following form:
Slide No. 37
ENCE 355 Assakkaf

Yield Stress
The following quadratic equation can be
used to find c when s < y :
(0.85 f cb1 ) c 2 + (87 As As f y ) c 87d As = 0 (16)

a
Analogous to:
ax 2 + bx + c = 0
x=
b b 2 4ac
2a
19
Slide No. 38
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Example 2
Compute the practical
moment Mn for a
beam having a cross
section shown in the
figure. Use f c = 5,000 2#8
psi and fy = 60,000 psi. #3 stirrup
1
1 clear (typ)
2
See Textbook for complete

solution for this example.
1
2
11
20
3#11
20

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CHAPTER

Reinforced Concrete Design

Part I Concrete Design and Analysis

ENCE 355 - Introduction to Structural Design

CHAPTER 3d. R/C BEAMS: T-BEAMS AND DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS

Doubly Reinforced Beams

CHAPTER 3d. R/C BEAMS: T-BEAMS AND DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS

Doubly Reinforced Beams

ENCE 355 Assakkaf

CHAPTER 3d. R/C BEAMS: T-BEAMS AND DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS

Doubly Reinforced Beams

CHAPTER 3d. R/C BEAMS: T-BEAMS AND DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS

Doubly Reinforced Beams

CHAPTER 3d. R/C BEAMS: T-BEAMS AND DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS

Doubly Reinforced Beams

CHAPTER 3d. R/C BEAMS: T-BEAMS AND DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS

Doubly Reinforced Beams

ENCE 355 Assakkaf

Figure 2. Continuous Beam

CHAPTER 3d. R/C BEAMS: T-BEAMS AND DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS

Doubly Reinforced Beams

CHAPTER 3d. R/C BEAMS: T-BEAMS AND DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS

Doubly Reinforced Beam Analysis

ENCE 355 Assakkaf

Condition I: Tension and Compression

CHAPTER 3d. R/C BEAMS: T-BEAMS AND DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS

Doubly Reinforced Beam Analysis

ENCE 355 Assakkaf

Condition I: Tension and Compression

CHAPTER 3d. R/C BEAMS: T-BEAMS AND DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS

Doubly Reinforced Beam Analysis

ENCE 355 Assakkaf

Condition I: Tension and Compression

If the tensile steel ratio is larger than b, a

CHAPTER 3d. R/C BEAMS: T-BEAMS AND DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS

Doubly Reinforced Beam Analysis

ENCE 355 Assakkaf

Condition I: Tension and Compression

CHAPTER 3d. R/C BEAMS: T-BEAMS AND DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS

Doubly Reinforced Beam Analysis

ENCE 355 Assakkaf

Condition I: Tension and Compression

As = total compression steel cross-sectional area

CHAPTER 3d. R/C BEAMS: T-BEAMS AND DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS

Doubly Reinforced Beam Analysis

ENCE 355 Assakkaf

Condition I: Tension and Compression

CHAPTER 3d. R/C BEAMS: T-BEAMS AND DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS

Doubly Reinforced Beam Analysis

ENCE 355 Assakkaf

Condition I: Tension and Compression

CHAPTER 3d. R/C BEAMS: T-BEAMS AND DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS

Doubly Reinforced Beam Analysis

ENCE 355 Assakkaf

Condition I: Tension and Compression

CHAPTER 3d. R/C BEAMS: T-BEAMS AND DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS

Doubly Reinforced Beam Analysis

ENCE 355 Assakkaf

Condition I: Tension and Compression

The strength of the concrete-steel couple is

CHAPTER 3d. R/C BEAMS: T-BEAMS AND DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS

Doubly Reinforced Beam Analysis

ENCE 355 Assakkaf