IFRS for Banks and Financial Institutions

If you work for a bank or any other financial institution, then you are very well aware of the fact that IFRS is a little
bit different there.
OK, not quite like that: IFRS is still the same, just the way how you use it is a bit different.
Why is it so?
Unlike product-based and other service-based companies, banks work basically with money itself.
For other types of companies, money is mostly only the mediator of their transactions and most goods or services do
not revolve around money.
In other words, money transactions like having a bank account are supporting transactions to the main
business line.
But the main product or service of any bank or a financial institution (let me just call them banks) is money in
various forms:

Lending money,
Saving money,

Multiplying your money (or sometimes shrinking your money, too!),

Taking care of your money,

Enabling you using your money (credit cards, cheques, etc.), just name it.

As a result, the financial reporting of banks activities looks pretty different from what you would expect based on
normal company.
In this article, I would like to outline the main specifics of the IFRS use by banks and the IFRS standards that are
top priority for any CFO, accountant or a finance person working in banks and financial institutions.
We will look at 3 hottest IFRS topics for the banks and financial institutions.

#1 Financial Instruments (IFRS 9/IAS 39, IAS 32)

If you are working in a bank, then the standards about financial instruments are absolutely a MUST for you.
Of course money is a financial instrument itself!
Financial instruments are very complex and involve lots of considerations and topics. Not only banks face financial
instruments any trading company has some financial instruments, too (if selling and invoicing).
The truth is that banks enter into many complicated transactions, issue various types of compound financial
instruments (in which both equity and liability element is present, e.g. convertible bond), generate loans to different
portfolios of clients with different credit risk and many others.

Within the financial instruments, the hottest issues are as follows:

1.1 Impairment of financial assets

The impairment of financial assets as introduced by IFRS 9 in July 2014 brings many big challenges especially to
banks.
In brief: IFRS 9 introduced expected credit loss model for recognizing loss allowance to financial assets. And banks
are affected severely.
Why?
Majority of other types of companies can use simplified approach permitted by IFRS 9 for the impairment of
financial assets and calculate loss allowances solely in the amount of life-time expected credit losses.
To make it clear, I have written an article with numerical example illustrating simplified approach here.
However, banks cannot use simplified approach for the biggest group of their financial assets loans, because the
loans do not fall within the exception.
Banks need to apply 3-stage general model for recognizing loss allowances.

It means that banks must:

Decide whether the individual financial assets will be monitored collectively (lots of similar loans with
lower volumes?) or individually (big loans?)
Carefully analyze the financial assets and assess to what stage does the financial asset belong:
1.

Performing, or

2.

With significantly increased credit risk, or

3.

Credit impaired.

Based on the stage, bank must evaluate how to calculate loss allowance equal to:
o

12-month expected credit loss, or

Life-time expected credit loss

For the above calculation, bank must collect big volume of data to estimate:
o

Probability of default within 12 months;

Probability of default beyond 12 months;

Credit losses in the case of default

Bank may need to categorize its loan into various portfolios and monitor relevant information for each
portfolio separately, based on some common characteristics.
All these tasks bring significant tasks for IT department, account managers dealing with the clients, statistic people
and many other involved in order to upgrade the internal systems, so that all the information is provided on time
and in sufficient quality.
Not an easy task!

1.2 Classification and measurement of financial instruments

Financial assets make up most of banks assets.
Currently, standard IFRS 9 classifies the financial assets based on 2 tests:

Contractual cash flows test, and

Business model test.

Based on the assessment of these tests, the financial asset can be classified either as measured at:

Amortized cost, or
At fair value through profit or loss (FVTPL), or

At fair value through other comprehensive income (FVOCI; and here, further accounting depends on the
type of an asset).

The banks and other financial institutions, mainly companies trading securities, investment funds and similar
entities, need to dedicate their time and effort in order to analyze their own business model for individual portfolios
of financial assets (Trading? Collecting cash flows? Both?), and then decide on their classification and
measurement.
Regardless analyzing the 2 tests above Id like to stress here, that every single financial asset and liability needs to
be initially recognized at its fair value (well, sometimes you add transaction cost).
Here, the standard IFRS 13 Fair Value Measurement comes to the light. This standard sets principles for determining
the fair value and therefore, it becomes very important in the financial reporting of any bank.

1.3 Distinguishing liabilities from equity

Banks enter into various contracts and transactions related to money and financial instruments we have already
said that.
Thanks to complexity and diversity of banks operations it might be demanding to classify correctly whether the
banks instrument is equity or liability, or even a mixture of both.
The standard IAS 32 Presentation of financial instruments gives us more precise rules on how to correctly
distinguish between these two types of instruments and this becomes particularly hot in banks.

Why?
Because incorrect identification of equity/liability/mix can lead to wrong presentation of banks financial results
including various rations assessing banks capital and financial situation.

#2 Presentations of financial statements (IAS 1, IAS 7, IFRS 7)

Banks present their financial position and financial performance in totally different way than other companies.
Lets break it down.

2.1 Statement of financial position in a bank (IAS 1)

The standard IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements does not prescribe the format of the statement of financial
position however, it brings some examples of accepted formats.
As soon as you include items mandatorily required by IAS 1, you are OK with your selected format.
When you look at the statement of financial position of any bank, you will not see the balance sheet that you are
used to in other types of companies, starting with non-current assets (property, plant and equipment, intangibles),
followed by current assets (inventories, receivables, cash), and then the second part starting with equity, non-current
liabilities finishing with current liabilities.
What you would see instead is the statement in which individual items are ordered by their liquidity, starting from
the most liquid assets, finishing with the least liquid ones. The equity & liabilities part corresponds with the assets
it starts with the current liabilities in a descending order of liquidity and finishing with equity.

Why is it so?
I have said it several times by now: money is the key. When you look to banks financial statements, you want to see
how much money and liquid asset it owns rather than how many buildings and computers there are.
In other words liquidity order is much more relevant for banks.

2.2 Statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income in a bank (IAS 1)
Similarly as with the statement of financial position, IAS 1 does not prescribe the exact format of the statement of
total comprehensive income.
It is up to entitys choice to present its results in a format fitting the best the entitys business.

No surprise that banks statements of profit or loss and other comprehensive income usually start with interest
income and interest expenses!
Normally, you would expect to see the interest reported somewhere close to the end of the statement, in the financial
operations, and often netted off.
However, interest income and expenses are the most important caption for the bank as thats what banks usually do
they deposit your money and give you the interest (=their interest expense) and they lend you money + charge you
the interest (=their interest revenue).
As the banks usually charge you some fees for your bank account, fee and commission income follows (just a side
note as the interest rates are quite low right now and fees are climbing the roof, I just wonder when the fee and
commission income goes in the top line before interest).
We can continue, but the main principle here is to present the most important revenue generating activities at the
top.
For your illustration, heres the comparison of 2 statements of profit or loss and other comprehensive income -1 for a
product-based company and 1 for a bank:

2.3 Statement of cash flows

I am going to repeat myself a bit. Money rules in the banks and therefore, cash flow statements look different.
When you prepare the statement of cash flows, you normally classify individual cash flows into 3 parts:
1.
2.

Operating part,
Investing part, and

3.

Financing part.

Although IAS 7 Statement of Cash Flows gives you examples of items reported under each heading, this basically
does not apply for banks.
The reason is that the banks principal revenue and cash flow generating activities are totally different from other
companies.
Therefore, while you normally see interest paid in financing part and acquisition of securities in investing part, for
banks all these activities are reported in operating part. We can continue like that with the other items too: including
profit from trading activities, etc.

2.4 Disclosures
On top of disclosures presented by other non-financial companies, banks must present a number of other disclosures
related to their activities.
The most important disclosures are:
1.

2.

Capital disclosures under IAS 1:

Here, the bank presents how it manages capital, with focus on:
o Descriptive information about capital management strategies,
o

Some numerical data about capital managed,

Whether there are some externally imposed capital requirements for the bank (and you bet there
are!) and

Whether the bank complied and if not, what are consequences.

Whole range of disclosures in line with IFRS 7 Financial Instruments: Disclosures.

These disclosures relate mainly to financial instruments which is what the bank is about anyway. The focus
is on:
o

Significance of financial instruments, including the breakdowns by categories, fair values and how
they were set, accounting policies for financial instruments,

Risks attached to financial instruments and their nature and extent, including credit risk, market
risk and liquidity risk;

Transfers of financial assets;

And other.

#3 Consolidation and special purpose entities IFRS 10, IFRS 12)

Banks love to use special purpose entities.
Before some time, it was a great and creative way of hiding some undesirable or toxic assets from the eyes of
public, as the special purpose entities were usually not included in the consolidation (understand: no one saw them).
However, after a few accounting scandals (for example, Enron), there were new and strong rules adopted. In IFRS,
we have the standards IFRS 10 Consolidated Financial Statements and IFRS 12 Disclosure of Interests in Other
Entities, that require inclusion of structured entities in the consolidation when they meet the conditions (basically,
when banks has control over SPE).
Even today, many banks use literally hundreds of SPEs for various purposes, mostly for securitization of their loan
receivables, holding some tax-efficient leases, for asset-backed financing, etc.
Example of securitization scheme:

The bank needs to evaluate very carefully whether they control structured entity using the same methodology as for
any other entities controlled by voting rights.
As a result, you can see lots of entities including in the banks consolidated financial statements.

Other issues to watch out

Other critical areas for banks and financial institutions to watch out are mostly the same as for any other company,
but they might be more significant and material:

Leases some arrangements are not called lease, but their substance is often a finance lease. As a result,
some contracts might be shifted from off-balance sheet into the balance sheet.
Employee benefits banks often provide a range of employee benefits, such as:
o

Employee loans at the reduced beneficial interest rate;

Free bank accounts or other banks services to employees,

Contributions to pension funds

Health-care schemes for both current and retired employees and many other.

As a result, the standard IAS 19 Employee Benefits with all its specifics, curls and curves comes to the
daylight.

Hedge accounting banks undertake hedges quite often, but they do need to realize that in order to apply
hedge accounting, all the conditions including hedge documentation, must be met.

I know this list is not exhaustive, but I hope that I gave you at least some hints and intro into the complex topic of
IFRS accounting in banks.
If you liked this article, please share it with your friends and if you have experienced other specific situation in a
bank or a financial institution you work for, please share it with me and other readers below in the comments. Thank
you!